fix-redirects.sh: adding forced redirect

Fixes #426

.gitignore

@@ -1,11 +1,23 @@
 *.pyc
 *.swp
 *~
-prepare-vms/ips.txt
-prepare-vms/ips.html
-prepare-vms/ips.pdf
-prepare-vms/settings.yaml
 prepare-vms/tags
+prepare-vms/infra
 slides/*.yml.html
 slides/autopilot/state.yaml
+slides/index.html
+slides/past.html
+slides/slides.zip
 node_modules
+
+### macOS ###
+# General
+.DS_Store
+.AppleDouble
+.LSOverride
+
+### Windows ###
+# Windows thumbnail cache files
+Thumbs.db
+ehthumbs.db
+ehthumbs_vista.db

CHECKLIST.md

@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
-This is the checklist that I (Jérôme) use when delivering a workshop.
+Checklist to use when delivering a workshop
+Authored by Jérôme; additions by Bridget
 
-- [ ] Create branch + `_redirects` + push to GitHub + Netlify setup
-- [ ] Add branch to index.html
-- [ ] Update the slides that says which versions we are using
-- [ ] Update the version of Compose and Machine in settings
-- [ ] Create chatroom
-- [ ] Set chatroom in YML and deploy
-- [ ] Put chat room in index.html
-- [ ] Walk the room to count seats, check power supplies, lectern, A/V setup
-- [ ] How many VMs do we need?
-- [ ] Provision VMs
+- [ ] Create event-named branch (such as `conferenceYYYY`) in the [main repo](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/)
+  - [ ] Create file `slides/_redirects` containing a link to the desired tutorial: `/ /kube-halfday.yml.html 200`
+  - [ ] Push local branch to GitHub and merge into main repo
+  - [ ] [Netlify setup](https://app.netlify.com/sites/container-training/settings/domain): create subdomain for event-named branch
+- [ ] Add link to event-named branch to [container.training front page](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/blob/master/slides/index.html)
+- [ ] Update the slides that says which versions we are using for [kube](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/blob/master/slides/kube/versions-k8s.md) or [swarm](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/blob/master/slides/swarm/versions.md) workshops
+- [ ] Update the version of Compose and Machine in [settings](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/master/prepare-vms/settings)
+- [ ] (optional) Create chatroom
+- [ ] (optional) Set chatroom in YML ([kube half-day example](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/blob/master/slides/kube-halfday.yml#L6-L8)) and deploy
+- [ ] (optional) Put chat link on [container.training front page](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/blob/master/slides/index.html)
+- [ ] How many VMs do we need? Check with event organizers ahead of time
+- [ ] Provision VMs (slightly more than we think we'll need)
+- [ ] Change password on presenter's VMs (to forestall any hijinx)
+- [ ] Onsite: walk the room to count seats, check power supplies, lectern, A/V setup
 - [ ] Print cards
 - [ ] Cut cards
-- [ ] Last minute merge from master
+- [ ] Last-minute merge from master
 - [ ] Check that all looks good
 - [ ] DELIVER!
-- [ ] Shutdown VMs
+- [ ] Shut down VMs
 - [ ] Update index.html to remove chat link and move session to past things

README.md

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ this section is for you!
   locked-down computer, host firewall, etc.
 - Horrible wifi, or ssh port TCP/22 not open on network! If wifi sucks you
   can try using MOSH https://mosh.org which handles SSH over UDP. TMUX can also
-  prevent you from loosing your place if you get disconnected from servers.
+  prevent you from losing your place if you get disconnected from servers.
   https://tmux.github.io
 - Forget to print "cards" and cut them up for handing out IP's.
 - Forget to have fun and focus on your students!
@@ -292,15 +292,31 @@ If there is a bug and you can't even reproduce it:
 sorry. It is probably an Heisenbug. We can't act on it
 until it's reproducible, alas.
 
-If you have attended this workshop and have feedback,
-or if you want somebody  to deliver that workshop at your
-conference or for your company: you can contact one of us!
 
-- jerome at docker dot com
+# “Please teach us!”
+
+If you have attended one of these workshops, and want
+your team or organization to attend a similar one, you
+can look at the list of upcoming events on
+http://container.training/.
+
+You are also welcome to reuse these materials to run
+your own workshop, for your team or even at a meetup
+or conference. In that case, you might enjoy watching
+[Bridget Kromhout's talk at KubeCon 2018 Europe](
+https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYsp_cGY2O0), explaining
+precisely how to run such a workshop yourself.
+
+Finally, you can also contact the following persons,
+who are experienced speakers, are familiar with the
+material, and are available to deliver these workshops
+at your conference or for your company:
+
+- jerome dot petazzoni at gmail dot com
 - bret at bretfisher dot com
 
-If you are willing and able to deliver such workshops,
-feel free to submit a PR to add your name to that list!
+(If you are willing and able to deliver such workshops,
+feel free to submit a PR to add your name to that list!)
 
 **Thank you!**
 

dockercoins/hasher/Dockerfile

@@ -5,6 +5,3 @@ RUN gem install thin
 ADD hasher.rb /
 CMD ["ruby", "hasher.rb"]
 EXPOSE 80
-HEALTHCHECK \
-  --interval=1s --timeout=2s --retries=3 --start-period=1s \
-  CMD curl http://localhost/ || exit 1

dockercoins/rng/rng.py

@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ def rng(how_many_bytes):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=80)
+    app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=80, threaded=False)
 

elk/docker-compose.yml

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ version: "2"
 
 services:
   elasticsearch:
-    image: elasticsearch
+    image: elasticsearch:2
     # If you need to access ES directly, just uncomment those lines.
     #ports:
     #  - "9200:9200"
     #  - "9300:9300"
 
   logstash:
-    image: logstash
+    image: logstash:2
     command: |
       -e '
       input {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ services:
       - "12201:12201/udp"
 
   kibana:
-    image: kibana
+    image: kibana:4
     ports:
       - "5601:5601"
     environment:

k8s/consul.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRole
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+  labels:
+    app: consul
+rules:
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources:
+      - pods
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: consul
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: consul
+    namespace: default
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+  labels:
+    app: consul
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+spec:
+  ports:
+  - port: 8500
+    name: http
+  selector:
+    app: consul
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: StatefulSet
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+spec:
+  serviceName: consul
+  replicas: 3
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: consul
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: consul
+    spec:
+      serviceAccountName: consul
+      affinity:
+        podAntiAffinity:
+          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
+            - labelSelector:
+                matchExpressions:
+                  - key: app
+                    operator: In
+                    values:
+                      - consul
+              topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 10
+      containers:
+        - name: consul
+          image: "consul:1.4.0"
+          args:
+            - "agent"
+            - "-bootstrap-expect=3"
+            - "-retry-join=provider=k8s label_selector=\"app=consul\""
+            - "-client=0.0.0.0"
+            - "-data-dir=/consul/data"
+            - "-server"
+            - "-ui"
+          lifecycle:
+            preStop:
+              exec:
+                command:
+                - /bin/sh
+                - -c
+                - consul leave

k8s/docker-build.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: build-image
+spec:
+  restartPolicy: OnFailure
+  containers:
+  - name: docker-build
+    image: docker
+    env:
+    - name: REGISTRY_PORT
+      value: #"30000"
+    command: ["sh", "-c"]
+    args:
+    - |
+      apk add --no-cache git &&
+      mkdir /workspace &&
+      git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training /workspace &&
+      docker build -t localhost:$REGISTRY_PORT/worker /workspace/dockercoins/worker &&
+      docker push localhost:$REGISTRY_PORT/worker
+    volumeMounts:
+    - name: docker-socket
+      mountPath: /var/run/docker.sock
+  volumes:
+  - name: docker-socket
+    hostPath:
+      path: /var/run/docker.sock
+

k8s/efk.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: fluentd
+
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+kind: ClusterRole
+metadata:
+  name: fluentd
+rules:
+- apiGroups:
+  - ""
+  resources:
+  - pods
+  - namespaces
+  verbs:
+  - get
+  - list
+  - watch
+
+---
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: fluentd
+roleRef:
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: fluentd
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: fluentd
+  namespace: default
+
+---
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+kind: DaemonSet
+metadata:
+  name: fluentd
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: fluentd-logging
+    version: v1
+    kubernetes.io/cluster-service: "true"
+spec:
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        k8s-app: fluentd-logging
+        version: v1
+        kubernetes.io/cluster-service: "true"
+    spec:
+      serviceAccount: fluentd
+      serviceAccountName: fluentd
+      tolerations:
+      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
+        effect: NoSchedule
+      containers:
+      - name: fluentd
+        image: fluent/fluentd-kubernetes-daemonset:elasticsearch
+        env:
+          - name:  FLUENT_ELASTICSEARCH_HOST
+            value: "elasticsearch"
+          - name:  FLUENT_ELASTICSEARCH_PORT
+            value: "9200"
+          - name: FLUENT_ELASTICSEARCH_SCHEME
+            value: "http"
+          # X-Pack Authentication
+          # =====================
+          - name: FLUENT_ELASTICSEARCH_USER
+            value: "elastic"
+          - name: FLUENT_ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD
+            value: "changeme"
+          - name: FLUENT_UID
+            value: "0"
+        resources:
+          limits:
+            memory: 200Mi
+          requests:
+            cpu: 100m
+            memory: 200Mi
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: varlog
+          mountPath: /var/log
+        - name: varlibdockercontainers
+          mountPath: /var/lib/docker/containers
+          readOnly: true
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
+      volumes:
+      - name: varlog
+        hostPath:
+          path: /var/log
+      - name: varlibdockercontainers
+        hostPath:
+          path: /var/lib/docker/containers
+
+---
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "1"
+  creationTimestamp: null
+  generation: 1
+  labels:
+    run: elasticsearch
+  name: elasticsearch
+  selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/default/deployments/elasticsearch
+spec:
+  progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
+  replicas: 1
+  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      run: elasticsearch
+  strategy:
+    rollingUpdate:
+      maxSurge: 1
+      maxUnavailable: 1
+    type: RollingUpdate
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      creationTimestamp: null
+      labels:
+        run: elasticsearch
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - image: elasticsearch:5.6.8
+        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
+        name: elasticsearch
+        resources: {}
+        terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
+        terminationMessagePolicy: File
+        env:
+        - name: ES_JAVA_OPTS
+          value: "-Xms1g -Xmx1g"
+      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
+      restartPolicy: Always
+      schedulerName: default-scheduler
+      securityContext: {}
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
+
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  creationTimestamp: null
+  labels:
+    run: elasticsearch
+  name: elasticsearch
+  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/services/elasticsearch
+spec:
+  ports:
+  - port: 9200
+    protocol: TCP
+    targetPort: 9200
+  selector:
+    run: elasticsearch
+  sessionAffinity: None
+  type: ClusterIP
+
+---
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "1"
+  creationTimestamp: null
+  generation: 1
+  labels:
+    run: kibana
+  name: kibana
+  selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/default/deployments/kibana
+spec:
+  progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
+  replicas: 1
+  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      run: kibana
+  strategy:
+    rollingUpdate:
+      maxSurge: 1
+      maxUnavailable: 1
+    type: RollingUpdate
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      creationTimestamp: null
+      labels:
+        run: kibana
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - env:
+        - name: ELASTICSEARCH_URL
+          value: http://elasticsearch:9200/
+        image: kibana:5.6.8
+        imagePullPolicy: Always
+        name: kibana
+        resources: {}
+        terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
+        terminationMessagePolicy: File
+      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
+      restartPolicy: Always
+      schedulerName: default-scheduler
+      securityContext: {}
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
+
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  creationTimestamp: null
+  labels:
+    run: kibana
+  name: kibana
+  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/services/kibana
+spec:
+  externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
+  ports:
+  - port: 5601
+    protocol: TCP
+    targetPort: 5601
+  selector:
+    run: kibana
+  sessionAffinity: None
+  type: NodePort

k8s/grant-admin-to-dashboard.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: cluster-admin
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kube-system

k8s/haproxy.cfg

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+global
+  daemon
+  maxconn 256
+
+defaults
+  mode tcp
+  timeout connect 5000ms
+  timeout client 50000ms
+  timeout server 50000ms
+
+frontend the-frontend
+  bind *:80
+  default_backend the-backend
+
+backend the-backend
+  server google.com-80 google.com:80 maxconn 32 check
+  server ibm.fr-80 ibm.fr:80 maxconn 32 check
+

k8s/haproxy.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: haproxy
+spec:
+  volumes:
+  - name: config
+    configMap:
+      name: haproxy
+  containers:
+  - name: haproxy
+    image: haproxy
+    volumeMounts:
+    - name: config
+      mountPath: /usr/local/etc/haproxy/
+

k8s/ingress.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+kind: Ingress
+metadata:
+  name: cheddar
+spec:
+  rules:
+  - host: cheddar.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+    http:
+      paths:
+      - path: /
+        backend:
+          serviceName: cheddar
+          servicePort: 80
+

k8s/just-a-pod.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+Kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: hello
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  containers:
+  - name: hello
+    image: nginx
+

k8s/kaniko-build.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: kaniko-build
+spec:
+  initContainers:
+  - name: git-clone
+    image: alpine
+    command: ["sh", "-c"]
+    args: 
+    - |
+      apk add --no-cache git &&
+      git clone git://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training /workspace
+    volumeMounts:
+    - name: workspace
+      mountPath: /workspace
+  containers:
+  - name: build-image
+    image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
+    args:
+      - "--context=/workspace/dockercoins/rng"
+      - "--insecure"
+      - "--destination=registry:5000/rng-kaniko:latest"
+    volumeMounts:
+    - name: workspace
+      mountPath: /workspace
+  volumes:
+  - name: workspace
+

k8s/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# Configuration to deploy release version of the Dashboard UI compatible with
+# Kubernetes 1.8.
+#
+# Example usage: kubectl create -f <this_file>
+
+# ------------------- Dashboard Secret ------------------- #
+
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Secret
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
+  namespace: kube-system
+type: Opaque
+
+---
+# ------------------- Dashboard Service Account ------------------- #
+
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kube-system
+
+---
+# ------------------- Dashboard Role & Role Binding ------------------- #
+
+kind: Role
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-minimal
+  namespace: kube-system
+rules:
+  # Allow Dashboard to create 'kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder' secret.
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["secrets"]
+  verbs: ["create"]
+  # Allow Dashboard to create 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["configmaps"]
+  verbs: ["create"]
+  # Allow Dashboard to get, update and delete Dashboard exclusive secrets.
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["secrets"]
+  resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder", "kubernetes-dashboard-certs"]
+  verbs: ["get", "update", "delete"]
+  # Allow Dashboard to get and update 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["configmaps"]
+  resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-settings"]
+  verbs: ["get", "update"]
+  # Allow Dashboard to get metrics from heapster.
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["services"]
+  resourceNames: ["heapster"]
+  verbs: ["proxy"]
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["services/proxy"]
+  resourceNames: ["heapster", "http:heapster:", "https:heapster:"]
+  verbs: ["get"]
+
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: RoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-minimal
+  namespace: kube-system
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: Role
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-minimal
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kube-system
+
+---
+# ------------------- Dashboard Deployment ------------------- #
+
+kind: Deployment
+apiVersion: apps/v1beta2
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - name: kubernetes-dashboard
+        image: k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.8.3
+        ports:
+        - containerPort: 8443
+          protocol: TCP
+        args:
+          - --auto-generate-certificates
+          # Uncomment the following line to manually specify Kubernetes API server Host
+          # If not specified, Dashboard will attempt to auto discover the API server and connect
+          # to it. Uncomment only if the default does not work.
+          # - --apiserver-host=http://my-address:port
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
+          mountPath: /certs
+          # Create on-disk volume to store exec logs
+        - mountPath: /tmp
+          name: tmp-volume
+        livenessProbe:
+          httpGet:
+            scheme: HTTPS
+            path: /
+            port: 8443
+          initialDelaySeconds: 30
+          timeoutSeconds: 30
+      volumes:
+      - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
+        secret:
+          secretName: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
+      - name: tmp-volume
+        emptyDir: {}
+      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
+      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
+      tolerations:
+      - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
+        effect: NoSchedule
+
+---
+# ------------------- Dashboard Service ------------------- #
+
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 443
+      targetPort: 8443
+  selector:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard

k8s/netpol-allow-testcurl-for-testweb.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: allow-testcurl-for-testweb
+spec:
+  podSelector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: testweb
+  ingress:
+  - from:
+    - podSelector:
+        matchLabels:
+          run: testcurl
+

k8s/netpol-deny-all-for-testweb.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: deny-all-for-testweb
+spec:
+  podSelector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: testweb
+  ingress: []
+

k8s/netpol-dockercoins.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: deny-from-other-namespaces
+spec:
+  podSelector:
+    matchLabels:
+  ingress:
+  - from:
+    - podSelector: {}
+---
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: allow-webui
+spec:
+  podSelector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: webui
+  ingress:
+  - from: []
+

k8s/nginx-with-volume.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: nginx-with-volume
+spec:
+  volumes:
+  - name: www
+  containers:
+  - name: nginx
+    image: nginx
+    volumeMounts:
+    - name: www
+      mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html/
+  - name: git
+    image: alpine
+    command: [ "sh", "-c", "apk add --no-cache git && git clone https://github.com/octocat/Spoon-Knife /www" ]
+    volumeMounts:
+    - name: www
+      mountPath: /www/
+  restartPolicy: OnFailure
+

k8s/portworx.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+# SOURCE: https://install.portworx.com/?kbver=1.11.2&b=true&s=/dev/loop4&c=px-workshop&stork=true&lh=true
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ConfigMap
+metadata:
+  name: stork-config
+  namespace: kube-system
+data:
+  policy.cfg: |-
+    {
+      "kind": "Policy",
+      "apiVersion": "v1",
+      "extenders": [
+        {
+          "urlPrefix": "http://stork-service.kube-system.svc:8099",
+          "apiVersion": "v1beta1",
+          "filterVerb": "filter",
+          "prioritizeVerb": "prioritize",
+          "weight": 5,
+          "enableHttps": false,
+          "nodeCacheCapable": false
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: stork-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+kind: ClusterRole
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+   name: stork-role
+rules:
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["pods"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "delete"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "delete"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["persistentvolumeclaims"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "update"]
+  - apiGroups: ["storage.k8s.io"]
+    resources: ["storageclasses"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["events"]
+    verbs: ["list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch"]
+  - apiGroups: ["apiextensions.k8s.io"]
+    resources: ["customresourcedefinitions"]
+    verbs: ["create", "list", "watch", "delete"]
+  - apiGroups: ["volumesnapshot.external-storage.k8s.io"]
+    resources: ["volumesnapshots"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch", "delete"]
+  - apiGroups: ["volumesnapshot.external-storage.k8s.io"]
+    resources: ["volumesnapshotdatas"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch", "delete"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["configmaps"]
+    verbs: ["get", "create", "update"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["services"]
+    verbs: ["get"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["nodes"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: ["*"]
+    resources: ["deployments", "deployments/extensions"]
+    verbs: ["list", "get", "watch", "patch", "update", "initialize"]
+  - apiGroups: ["*"]
+    resources: ["statefulsets", "statefulsets/extensions"]
+    verbs: ["list", "get", "watch", "patch", "update", "initialize"]
+---
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: stork-role-binding
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: stork-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+roleRef:
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: stork-role
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+---
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  name: stork-service
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  selector:
+    name: stork
+  ports:
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 8099
+      targetPort: 8099
+---
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod: ""
+  labels:
+    tier: control-plane
+  name: stork
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  strategy:
+    rollingUpdate:
+      maxSurge: 1
+      maxUnavailable: 1
+    type: RollingUpdate
+  replicas: 3
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      annotations:
+        scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod: ""
+      labels:
+        name: stork
+        tier: control-plane
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - command:
+        - /stork
+        - --driver=pxd
+        - --verbose
+        - --leader-elect=true
+        - --health-monitor-interval=120
+        imagePullPolicy: Always
+        image: openstorage/stork:1.1.3
+        resources:
+          requests:
+            cpu: '0.1'
+        name: stork
+      hostPID: false
+      affinity:
+        podAntiAffinity:
+          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
+            - labelSelector:
+                matchExpressions:
+                  - key: "name"
+                    operator: In
+                    values:
+                    - stork
+              topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
+      serviceAccountName: stork-account
+---
+kind: StorageClass
+apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: stork-snapshot-sc
+provisioner: stork-snapshot
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: stork-scheduler-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+kind: ClusterRole
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: stork-scheduler-role
+rules:
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["endpoints"]
+    verbs: ["get", "update"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["configmaps"]
+    verbs: ["get"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["events"]
+    verbs: ["create", "patch", "update"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["endpoints"]
+    verbs: ["create"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resourceNames: ["kube-scheduler"]
+    resources: ["endpoints"]
+    verbs: ["delete", "get", "patch", "update"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["nodes"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["pods"]
+    verbs: ["delete", "get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["bindings", "pods/binding"]
+    verbs: ["create"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["pods/status"]
+    verbs: ["patch", "update"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["replicationcontrollers", "services"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: ["app", "extensions"]
+    resources: ["replicasets"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: ["apps"]
+    resources: ["statefulsets"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: ["policy"]
+    resources: ["poddisruptionbudgets"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["persistentvolumeclaims", "persistentvolumes"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+  - apiGroups: ["storage.k8s.io"]
+    resources: ["storageclasses"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+---
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: stork-scheduler-role-binding
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: stork-scheduler-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+roleRef:
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: stork-scheduler-role
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1beta1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    component: scheduler
+    tier: control-plane
+    name: stork-scheduler
+  name: stork-scheduler
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  replicas: 3
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        component: scheduler
+        tier: control-plane
+      name: stork-scheduler
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - command:
+        - /usr/local/bin/kube-scheduler
+        - --address=0.0.0.0
+        - --leader-elect=true
+        - --scheduler-name=stork
+        - --policy-configmap=stork-config
+        - --policy-configmap-namespace=kube-system
+        - --lock-object-name=stork-scheduler
+        image: gcr.io/google_containers/kube-scheduler-amd64:v1.11.2
+        livenessProbe:
+          httpGet:
+            path: /healthz
+            port: 10251
+          initialDelaySeconds: 15
+        name: stork-scheduler
+        readinessProbe:
+          httpGet:
+            path: /healthz
+            port: 10251
+        resources:
+          requests:
+            cpu: '0.1'
+      affinity:
+        podAntiAffinity:
+          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
+            - labelSelector:
+                matchExpressions:
+                  - key: "name"
+                    operator: In
+                    values:
+                    - stork-scheduler
+              topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
+      hostPID: false
+      serviceAccountName: stork-scheduler-account
+---
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  name: portworx-service
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    name: portworx
+spec:
+  selector:
+    name: portworx
+  ports:
+    - name: px-api
+      protocol: TCP
+      port: 9001
+      targetPort: 9001
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: px-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+kind: ClusterRole
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+   name: node-get-put-list-role
+rules:
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["nodes"]
+  verbs: ["watch", "get", "update", "list"]
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["pods"]
+  verbs: ["delete", "get", "list"]
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["persistentvolumeclaims", "persistentvolumes"]
+  verbs: ["get", "list"]
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["configmaps"]
+  verbs: ["get", "list", "update", "create"]
+- apiGroups: ["extensions"]
+  resources: ["podsecuritypolicies"]
+  resourceNames: ["privileged"]
+  verbs: ["use"]
+---
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: node-role-binding
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: px-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+roleRef:
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: node-get-put-list-role
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Namespace
+metadata:
+  name: portworx
+---
+kind: Role
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: px-role
+  namespace: portworx
+rules:
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["secrets"]
+  verbs: ["get", "list", "create", "update", "patch"]
+---
+kind: RoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: px-role-binding
+  namespace: portworx
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: px-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+roleRef:
+  kind: Role
+  name: px-role
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+---
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+kind: DaemonSet
+metadata:
+  name: portworx
+  namespace: kube-system
+  annotations:
+    portworx.com/install-source: "https://install.portworx.com/?kbver=1.11.2&b=true&s=/dev/loop4&c=px-workshop&stork=true&lh=true"
+spec:
+  minReadySeconds: 0
+  updateStrategy:
+    type: RollingUpdate
+    rollingUpdate:
+      maxUnavailable: 1
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        name: portworx
+    spec:
+      affinity:
+        nodeAffinity:
+          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
+            nodeSelectorTerms:
+            - matchExpressions:
+              - key: px/enabled
+                operator: NotIn
+                values:
+                - "false"
+              - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
+                operator: DoesNotExist
+      hostNetwork: true
+      hostPID: false
+      containers:
+        - name: portworx
+          image: portworx/oci-monitor:1.4.2.2
+          imagePullPolicy: Always
+          args:
+            ["-c", "px-workshop", "-s", "/dev/loop4", "-b",
+             "-x", "kubernetes"]
+          env:
+            - name: "PX_TEMPLATE_VERSION"
+              value: "v4"
+            
+          livenessProbe:
+            periodSeconds: 30
+            initialDelaySeconds: 840 # allow image pull in slow networks
+            httpGet:
+              host: 127.0.0.1
+              path: /status
+              port: 9001
+          readinessProbe:
+            periodSeconds: 10
+            httpGet:
+              host: 127.0.0.1
+              path: /health
+              port: 9015
+          terminationMessagePath: "/tmp/px-termination-log"
+          securityContext:
+            privileged: true
+          volumeMounts:
+            - name: dockersock
+              mountPath: /var/run/docker.sock
+            - name: etcpwx
+              mountPath: /etc/pwx
+            - name: optpwx
+              mountPath: /opt/pwx
+            - name: proc1nsmount
+              mountPath: /host_proc/1/ns
+            - name: sysdmount
+              mountPath: /etc/systemd/system
+            - name: diagsdump
+              mountPath: /var/cores
+            - name: journalmount1
+              mountPath: /var/run/log
+              readOnly: true
+            - name: journalmount2
+              mountPath: /var/log
+              readOnly: true
+            - name: dbusmount
+              mountPath: /var/run/dbus
+      restartPolicy: Always
+      serviceAccountName: px-account
+      volumes:
+        - name: dockersock
+          hostPath:
+            path: /var/run/docker.sock
+        - name: etcpwx
+          hostPath:
+            path: /etc/pwx
+        - name: optpwx
+          hostPath:
+            path: /opt/pwx
+        - name: proc1nsmount
+          hostPath:
+            path: /proc/1/ns
+        - name: sysdmount
+          hostPath:
+            path: /etc/systemd/system
+        - name: diagsdump
+          hostPath:
+            path: /var/cores
+        - name: journalmount1
+          hostPath:
+            path: /var/run/log
+        - name: journalmount2
+          hostPath:
+            path: /var/log
+        - name: dbusmount
+          hostPath:
+            path: /var/run/dbus
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: px-lh-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+kind: Role
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+   name: px-lh-role
+   namespace: kube-system
+rules:
+- apiGroups: [""]
+  resources: ["configmaps"]
+  verbs: ["get", "create", "update"]
+---
+kind: RoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: px-lh-role-binding
+  namespace: kube-system
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: px-lh-account
+  namespace: kube-system
+roleRef:
+  kind: Role
+  name: px-lh-role
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: px-lighthouse
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    tier: px-web-console
+spec:
+  type: NodePort
+  ports:
+    - name: http
+      port: 80
+      nodePort: 32678
+    - name: https
+      port: 443
+      nodePort: 32679
+  selector:
+    tier: px-web-console
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1beta2
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: px-lighthouse
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    tier: px-web-console
+spec:
+  strategy:
+    rollingUpdate:
+      maxSurge: 1
+      maxUnavailable: 1
+    type: RollingUpdate
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      tier: px-web-console
+  replicas: 1
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        tier: px-web-console
+    spec:
+      initContainers:
+      - name: config-init
+        image: portworx/lh-config-sync:0.2
+        imagePullPolicy: Always
+        args:
+        - "init"
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: config
+          mountPath: /config/lh
+      containers:
+      - name: px-lighthouse
+        image: portworx/px-lighthouse:1.5.0
+        imagePullPolicy: Always
+        ports:
+        - containerPort: 80
+        - containerPort: 443
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: config
+          mountPath: /config/lh
+      - name: config-sync
+        image: portworx/lh-config-sync:0.2
+        imagePullPolicy: Always
+        args:
+        - "sync"
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: config
+          mountPath: /config/lh
+      serviceAccountName: px-lh-account
+      volumes:
+      - name: config
+        emptyDir: {}

k8s/postgres.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: StatefulSet
+metadata:
+  name: postgres
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: postgres
+  serviceName: postgres
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: postgres
+    spec:
+      schedulerName: stork
+      containers:
+      - name: postgres
+        image: postgres:10.5
+        volumeMounts:
+        - mountPath: /var/lib/postgresql/data
+          name: postgres
+  volumeClaimTemplates:
+  - metadata:
+      name: postgres
+    spec:
+      accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
+      resources:
+        requests:
+          storage: 1Gi
+

k8s/registry.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: registry
+spec:
+  containers:
+  - name: registry
+    image: registry
+    env:
+    - name: REGISTRY_HTTP_ADDR
+      valueFrom:
+        configMapKeyRef:
+          name: registry
+          key: http.addr
+

k8s/socat.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "2"
+  creationTimestamp: null
+  generation: 1
+  labels:
+    app: socat
+  name: socat
+  namespace: kube-system
+  selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/deployments/socat
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: socat
+  strategy:
+    rollingUpdate:
+      maxSurge: 1
+      maxUnavailable: 1
+    type: RollingUpdate
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      creationTimestamp: null
+      labels:
+        app: socat
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - args:
+        - sh
+        - -c
+        - apk add --no-cache socat && socat TCP-LISTEN:80,fork,reuseaddr OPENSSL:kubernetes-dashboard:443,verify=0
+        image: alpine
+        imagePullPolicy: Always
+        name: socat
+        resources: {}
+        terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
+        terminationMessagePolicy: File
+      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
+      restartPolicy: Always
+      schedulerName: default-scheduler
+      securityContext: {}
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
+status: {}
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  creationTimestamp: null
+  labels:
+    app: socat
+  name: socat
+  namespace: kube-system
+  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/socat
+spec:
+  externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
+  ports:
+  - port: 80
+    protocol: TCP
+    targetPort: 80
+  selector:
+    app: socat
+  sessionAffinity: None
+  type: NodePort
+status:
+  loadBalancer: {}

k8s/storage-class.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+kind: StorageClass
+apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: portworx-replicated
+  annotations:
+    storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class: "true"
+provisioner: kubernetes.io/portworx-volume
+parameters:
+ repl: "2"
+ priority_io: "high"
+

k8s/traefik.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+kind: DaemonSet
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+spec:
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+        name: traefik-ingress-lb
+    spec:
+      tolerations:
+      - effect: NoSchedule
+        operator: Exists
+      hostNetwork: true
+      serviceAccountName: traefik-ingress-controller
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60
+      containers:
+      - image: traefik
+        name: traefik-ingress-lb
+        ports:
+        - name: http
+          containerPort: 80
+          hostPort: 80
+        - name: admin
+          containerPort: 8080
+          hostPort: 8080
+        securityContext:
+          capabilities:
+            drop:
+            - ALL
+            add:
+            - NET_BIND_SERVICE
+        args:
+        - --api
+        - --kubernetes
+        - --logLevel=INFO
+---
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-service
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  selector:
+    k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+  ports:
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 80
+      name: web
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 8080
+      name: admin
+---
+kind: ClusterRole
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+rules:
+  - apiGroups:
+      - ""
+    resources:
+      - services
+      - endpoints
+      - secrets
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+      - watch
+  - apiGroups:
+      - extensions
+    resources:
+      - ingresses
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+      - watch
+---
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system

prepare-local/README.md

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Virtualbox, Vagrant and Ansible
 
           $ source path/to/your-ansible-clone/hacking/env-setup
 
-  - you need to repeat the last step everytime you open a new terminal session
+  - you need to repeat the last step every time you open a new terminal session
     and want to use any Ansible command (but you'll probably only need to run
     it once).
 

prepare-vms/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-# Trainer tools to create and prepare VMs for Docker workshops on AWS
+# Trainer tools to create and prepare VMs for Docker workshops
+
+These tools can help you to create VMs on:
+
+- Azure
+- EC2
+- OpenStack
 
 ## Prerequisites
 
@@ -6,6 +12,9 @@
 - [Docker Compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/)
 - [Parallel SSH](https://code.google.com/archive/p/parallel-ssh/) (on a Mac: `brew install pssh`) - the configuration scripts require this
 
+Depending on the infrastructure that you want to use, you also need to install
+the Azure CLI, the AWS CLI, or terraform (for OpenStack deployment).
+
 And if you want to generate printable cards:
 
 - [pyyaml](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyYAML) (on a Mac: `brew install pyyaml`)
@@ -14,19 +23,25 @@ And if you want to generate printable cards:
 ## General Workflow
 
 - fork/clone repo
-- set required environment variables for AWS
+- create an infrastructure configuration in the `prepare-vms/infra` directory
+  (using one of the example files in that directory)
 - create your own setting file from `settings/example.yaml`
-- run `./workshopctl` commands to create instances, install docker, setup each users environment in node1, other management tasks
-- run `./workshopctl cards` command to generate PDF for printing handouts of each users host IP's and login info
+- if necessary, increase allowed open files: `ulimit -Sn 10000`
+- run `./workshopctl start` to create instances
+- run `./workshopctl deploy` to install Docker and setup environment
+- run `./workshopctl kube` (if you want to install and setup Kubernetes)
+- run `./workshopctl cards` (if you want to generate PDF for printing handouts of each users host IP's and login info)
+- run `./workshopctl stop` at the end of the workshop to terminate instances
 
 ## Clone/Fork the Repo, and Build the Tools Image
 
 The Docker Compose file here is used to build a image with all the dependencies to run the `./workshopctl` commands and optional tools. Each run of the script will check if you have those dependencies locally on your host, and will only use the container if you're [missing a dependency](workshopctl#L5).
 
-    $ git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/orchestration-workshop.git
-    $ cd orchestration-workshop/prepare-vms
+    $ git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
+    $ cd container.training/prepare-vms
     $ docker-compose build
 
+
 ## Preparing to Run `./workshopctl`
 
 ### Required AWS Permissions/Info
@@ -35,27 +50,37 @@ The Docker Compose file here is used to build a image with all the dependencies
 - Using a non-default VPC or Security Group isn't supported out of box yet, so you will have to customize `lib/commands.sh` if you want to change that.
 - These instances will assign the default VPC Security Group, which does not open any ports from Internet by default. So you'll need to add Inbound rules for `SSH | TCP | 22 | 0.0.0.0/0` and `Custom TCP Rule | TCP | 8000 - 8002 | 0.0.0.0/0`, or run `./workshopctl opensg` which opens up all ports.
 
-### Required Environment Variables
+### Create your `infra` file
 
-- `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID`
-- `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY`
-- `AWS_DEFAULT_REGION`
+You need to do this only once. (On AWS, you can create one `infra`
+file per region.)
 
-If you're not using AWS, set these to placeholder values:
+Make a copy of one of the example files in the `infra` directory.
 
+For instance:
+
+```bash
+cp infra/example.aws infra/aws-us-west-2
 ```
-export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="foo"
-export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="foo"
-export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION="foo"
-```
+
+Edit your infrastructure file to customize it.
+You will probably need to put your cloud provider credentials,
+select region...
 
 If you don't have the `aws` CLI installed, you will get a warning that it's a missing dependency. If you're not using AWS you can ignore this.
 
-### Update/copy `settings/example.yaml`
+### Create your `settings` file
 
-Then pass `settings/YOUR_WORKSHOP_NAME-settings.yaml` as an argument to `./workshopctl deploy`, `./workshopctl cards`, etc.
+Similarly, pick one of the files in `settings` and copy it
+to customize it.
 
-./workshopctl cards 2016-09-28-00-33-bret settings/orchestration.yaml
+For instance:
+
+```bash
+cp settings/example.yaml settings/myworkshop.yaml
+```
+
+You're all set!
 
 ## `./workshopctl` Usage
 
@@ -65,7 +90,7 @@ Commands:
 ami          Show the AMI that will be used for deployment
 amis         List Ubuntu AMIs in the current region
 build        Build the Docker image to run this program in a container
-cards        Generate ready-to-print cards for a batch of VMs
+cards        Generate ready-to-print cards for a group of VMs
 deploy       Install Docker on a bunch of running VMs
 ec2quotas    Check our EC2 quotas (max instances)
 help         Show available commands
@@ -73,14 +98,14 @@ ids          List the instance IDs belonging to a given tag or token
 ips          List the IP addresses of the VMs for a given tag or token
 kube         Setup kubernetes clusters with kubeadm (must be run AFTER deploy)
 kubetest     Check that all notes are reporting as Ready
-list         List available batches in the current region
+list         List available groups in the current region
 opensg       Open the default security group to ALL ingress traffic
 pull_images  Pre-pull a bunch of Docker images
-retag        Apply a new tag to a batch of VMs
-start        Start a batch of VMs
-status       List instance status for a given batch
+retag        Apply a new tag to a group of VMs
+start        Start a group of VMs
+status       List instance status for a given group
 stop         Stop (terminate, shutdown, kill, remove, destroy...) instances
-test         Run tests (pre-flight checks) on a batch of VMs
+test         Run tests (pre-flight checks) on a group of VMs
 wrap         Run this program in a container
 ```
 
@@ -92,24 +117,24 @@ wrap         Run this program in a container
 - The `./workshopctl` script can be executed directly.
 - It will run locally if all its dependencies are fulfilled; otherwise it will run in the Docker container you created with `docker-compose build` (preparevms_prepare-vms).
 - During `start` it will add your default local SSH key to all instances under the `ubuntu` user.
-- During `deploy` it will create the `docker` user with password `training`, which is printing on the cards for students. For now, this is hard coded.
+- During `deploy` it will create the `docker` user with password `training`, which is printing on the cards for students. This can be configured with the `docker_user_password` property in the settings file.
 
-### Example Steps to Launch a Batch of AWS Instances for a Workshop
+### Example Steps to Launch a group of AWS Instances for a Workshop
 
-- Run `./workshopctl start N` Creates `N` EC2 instances
+- Run `./workshopctl start --infra infra/aws-us-east-2 --settings/myworkshop.yaml --count 60` to create 60 EC2 instances
   - Your local SSH key will be synced to instances under `ubuntu` user
   - AWS instances will be created and tagged based on date, and IP's stored in `prepare-vms/tags/`
-- Run `./workshopctl deploy TAG settings/somefile.yaml` to run `lib/postprep.py` via parallel-ssh
+- Run `./workshopctl deploy TAG` to run `lib/postprep.py` via parallel-ssh
   - If it errors or times out, you should be able to rerun
   - Requires good connection to run all the parallel SSH connections, up to 100 parallel (ProTip: create dedicated management instance in same AWS region where you run all these utils from)
-- Run `./workshopctl pull-images TAG` to pre-pull a bunch of Docker images to the instances
-- Run `./workshopctl cards TAG settings/somefile.yaml` generates PDF/HTML files to print and cut and hand out to students
+- Run `./workshopctl pull_images TAG` to pre-pull a bunch of Docker images to the instances
+- Run `./workshopctl cards TAG` generates PDF/HTML files to print and cut and hand out to students
 - *Have a great workshop*
 - Run `./workshopctl stop TAG` to terminate instances.
 
 ### Example Steps to Launch Azure Instances
 
-- Install the [Azure CLI](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/install-azure-cli?view=azure-cli-latest) and authenticate with a valid account
+- Install the [Azure CLI](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/install-azure-cli?view=azure-cli-latest) and authenticate with a valid account (`az login`)
 - Customize `azuredeploy.parameters.json`
   - Required:
     - Provide the SSH public key you plan to use for instance configuration
@@ -154,27 +179,16 @@ az group delete --resource-group workshop
 
 ### Example Steps to Configure Instances from a non-AWS Source
 
-- Launch instances via your preferred method. You'll need to get the instance IPs and be able to ssh into them.
-- Set placeholder values for [AWS environment variable settings](#required-environment-variables).
-- Choose a tag. It could be an event name, datestamp, etc. Ensure you have created a directory for your tag: `prepare-vms/tags/<tag>/`
-- If you have not already generated a file with the IPs to be configured:
-  - The file should be named `prepare-vms/tags/<tag>/ips.txt`
-  - Format is one IP per line, no other info needed.
-- Ensure the settings file is as desired (especially the number of nodes): `prepare-vms/settings/kube101.yaml`
-- For a tag called `myworkshop`, configure instances: `workshopctl deploy myworkshop settings/kube101.yaml`
-- Optionally, configure Kubernetes clusters of the size in the settings: `workshopctl kube myworkshop`
-- Optionally, test your Kubernetes clusters. They may take a little time to become ready: `workshopctl kubetest myworkshop`
-- Generate cards to print and hand out: `workshopctl cards myworkshop settings/kube101.yaml`
-- Print the cards file: `prepare-vms/tags/myworkshop/ips.html`
-
-
-## Other Tools
-
-### Deploying your SSH key to all the machines
-
-- Make sure that you have SSH keys loaded (`ssh-add -l`).
-- Source `rc`.
-- Run `pcopykey`.
+- Copy `infra/example.generic` to `infra/generic`
+- Run `./workshopctl start --infra infra/generic --settings settings/...yaml`
+- Note the `prepare-vms/tags/TAG/` path that has been auto-created.
+- Launch instances via your preferred method. You'll need to get the instance IPs and be able to SSH into them.
+- Edit the file `prepare-vms/tags/TAG/ips.txt`, it should list the IP addresses of the VMs (one per line, without any comments or other info)
+- Continue deployment of cluster configuration with `./workshopctl deploy TAG`
+- Optionally, configure Kubernetes clusters of the size in the settings: workshopctl kube `TAG`
+- Optionally, test your Kubernetes clusters. They may take a little time to become ready: workshopctl kubetest `TAG`
+- Generate cards to print and hand out: workshopctl cards `TAG`
+- Print the cards file: prepare-vms/tags/`TAG`/ips.html
 
 
 ## Even More Details
@@ -187,7 +201,7 @@ To see which local key will be uploaded, run `ssh-add -l | grep RSA`.
 
 #### Instance + tag creation
 
-10 VMs will be started, with an automatically generated tag (timestamp + your username).
+The VMs will be started, with an automatically generated tag (timestamp + your username).
 
 Your SSH key will be added to the `authorized_keys` of the ubuntu user.
 
@@ -195,25 +209,21 @@ Your SSH key will be added to the `authorized_keys` of the ubuntu user.
 
 Following the creation of the VMs, a text file will be created containing a list of their IPs.
 
-This ips.txt file will be created in the $TAG/ directory and a symlink will be placed in the working directory of the script.
-
-If you create new VMs, the symlinked file will be overwritten.
-
 #### Deployment
 
 Instances can be deployed manually using the `deploy` command:
 
-    $ ./workshopctl deploy TAG settings/somefile.yaml
+    $ ./workshopctl deploy TAG
 
 The `postprep.py` file will be copied via parallel-ssh to all of the VMs and executed.
 
 #### Pre-pull images
 
-    $ ./workshopctl pull-images TAG
+    $ ./workshopctl pull_images TAG
 
 #### Generate cards
 
-    $ ./workshopctl cards TAG settings/somefile.yaml
+    $ ./workshopctl cards TAG
 
 If you want to generate both HTML and PDF cards, install [wkhtmltopdf](https://wkhtmltopdf.org/downloads.html); without that installed, only HTML cards will be generated.
 
@@ -221,13 +231,11 @@ If you don't have `wkhtmltopdf` installed, you will get a warning that it is a m
 
 #### List tags
 
-    $ ./workshopctl list
+    $ ./workshopctl list infra/some-infra-file
 
-#### List VMs
+    $ ./workshopctl listall
 
-    $ ./workshopctl list TAG
-
-This will print a human-friendly list containing some information about each instance.
+    $ ./workshopctl tags
 
 #### Stop and destroy VMs
 

prepare-vms/cncsetup.sh

@@ -7,15 +7,6 @@ fi
 if id docker; then
   sudo userdel -r docker
 fi
-pip install --user awscli jinja2 pdfkit
-sudo apt-get install -y wkhtmltopdf xvfb
-tmux new-session \; send-keys "
-[ -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa ] || ssh-keygen
-
-eval \$(ssh-agent)
-ssh-add
-Xvfb :0 &
-export DISPLAY=:0
-mkdir -p ~/www
-sudo docker run -d -p 80:80 -v \$HOME/www:/usr/share/nginx/html nginx
-"
+sudo apt-get update -q
+sudo apt-get install -qy jq python-pip wkhtmltopdf xvfb
+pip install --user awscli jinja2 pdfkit pssh

prepare-vms/docker-compose.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ services:
         working_dir: /root/prepare-vms
         volumes:
             - $HOME/.aws/:/root/.aws/
-            - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
             - $SSH_AUTH_SOCK:$SSH_AUTH_SOCK
             - $PWD/:/root/prepare-vms/
         environment:

prepare-vms/infra/example.aws

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+INFRACLASS=aws
+# If you are using AWS to deploy, copy this file (e.g. to "aws", or "us-east-1")
+# and customize the variables below.
+export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION=us-east-1
+export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=AKI...
+export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=...

prepare-vms/infra/example.generic

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+INFRACLASS=generic
+# This is for manual provisioning. No other variable or configuration is needed.

prepare-vms/infra/example.openstack

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+INFRACLASS=openstack
+# If you are using OpenStack, copy this file (e.g. to "openstack" or "enix")
+# and customize the variables below.
+export TF_VAR_user="jpetazzo"
+export TF_VAR_tenant="training"
+export TF_VAR_domain="Default"
+export TF_VAR_password="..."
+export TF_VAR_auth_url="https://api.r1.nxs.enix.io/v3"
+export TF_VAR_flavor="GP1.S"

prepare-vms/lib/aws.sh

@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-aws_display_tags() {
-    # Print all "Name" tags in our region with their instance count
-    echo "[#] [Status] [Token] [Tag]" \
-        | awk '{ printf "%-7s %-12s %-25s %-25s\n", $1, $2, $3, $4}'
-    aws ec2 describe-instances \
-        --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].[State.Name,ClientToken,Tags[0].Value]" \
-        | tr -d "\r" \
-        | uniq -c \
-        | sort -k 3 \
-        | awk '{ printf "%-7s %-12s %-25s %-25s\n", $1, $2, $3, $4}'
-}
-
-aws_get_tokens() {
-    aws ec2 describe-instances --output text \
-        --query 'Reservations[*].Instances[*].[ClientToken]' \
-        | sort -u
-}
-
-aws_display_instance_statuses_by_tag() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-
-    IDS=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
-        --filters "Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG" \
-        --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].InstanceId" | tr '\t' ' ')
-
-    aws ec2 describe-instance-status \
-        --instance-ids $IDS \
-        --query "InstanceStatuses[*].{ID:InstanceId,InstanceState:InstanceState.Name,InstanceStatus:InstanceStatus.Status,SystemStatus:SystemStatus.Status,Reachability:InstanceStatus.Status}" \
-        --output table
-}
-
-aws_display_instances_by_tag() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    result=$(aws ec2 describe-instances --output table \
-        --filter "Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG" \
-        --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].[ \
-                        InstanceId, \
-                        State.Name, \
-                        Tags[0].Value, \
-                        PublicIpAddress, \
-                        InstanceType \
-                        ]"
-    )
-    if [[ -z $result ]]; then
-        die "No instances found with tag $TAG in region $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION."
-    else
-        echo "$result"
-    fi
-}
-
-aws_get_instance_ids_by_filter() {
-    FILTER=$1
-    aws ec2 describe-instances --filters $FILTER \
-        --query Reservations[*].Instances[*].InstanceId \
-        --output text | tr "\t" "\n" | tr -d "\r"
-}
-
-aws_get_instance_ids_by_client_token() {
-    TOKEN=$1
-    need_tag $TOKEN
-    aws_get_instance_ids_by_filter Name=client-token,Values=$TOKEN
-}
-
-aws_get_instance_ids_by_tag() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    aws_get_instance_ids_by_filter Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG
-}
-
-aws_get_instance_ips_by_tag() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    aws ec2 describe-instances --filter "Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG" \
-        --output text \
-        --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].PublicIpAddress" \
-        | tr "\t" "\n" \
-        | sort -n -t . -k 1,1 -k 2,2 -k 3,3 -k 4,4 # sort IPs
-}
-
-aws_kill_instances_by_tag() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    IDS=$(aws_get_instance_ids_by_tag $TAG)
-    if [ -z "$IDS" ]; then
-        die "Invalid tag."
-    fi
-
-    info "Deleting instances with tag $TAG."
-
-    aws ec2 terminate-instances --instance-ids $IDS \
-        | grep ^TERMINATINGINSTANCES
-
-    info "Deleted instances with tag $TAG."
-}
-
-aws_tag_instances() {
-    OLD_TAG_OR_TOKEN=$1
-    NEW_TAG=$2
-    IDS=$(aws_get_instance_ids_by_client_token $OLD_TAG_OR_TOKEN)
-    [[ -n "$IDS" ]] && aws ec2 create-tags --tag Key=Name,Value=$NEW_TAG --resources $IDS >/dev/null
-    IDS=$(aws_get_instance_ids_by_tag $OLD_TAG_OR_TOKEN)
-    [[ -n "$IDS" ]] && aws ec2 create-tags --tag Key=Name,Value=$NEW_TAG --resources $IDS >/dev/null
-}

prepare-vms/lib/cli.sh

@@ -50,27 +50,41 @@ sep() {
     fi
 }
 
-need_tag() {
+need_infra() {
     if [ -z "$1" ]; then
+        die "Please specify infrastructure file. (e.g.: infra/aws)"
+    fi
+    if [ "$1" = "--infra" ]; then
+        die "The infrastructure file should be passed directly to this command. Remove '--infra' and try again."
+    fi
+    if [ ! -f "$1" ]; then
+        die "Infrastructure file $1 doesn't exist."
+    fi
+    . "$1"
+    . "lib/infra/$INFRACLASS.sh"
+}
+
+need_tag() {
+    if [ -z "$TAG" ]; then
         die "Please specify a tag or token. To see available tags and tokens, run: $0 list"
     fi
+    if [ ! -d "tags/$TAG" ]; then
+        die "Tag $TAG not found (directory tags/$TAG does not exist)."
+    fi
+    for FILE in settings.yaml ips.txt infra.sh; do
+        if [ ! -f "tags/$TAG/$FILE" ]; then
+          warning "File tags/$TAG/$FILE not found."
+        fi
+    done
+    . "tags/$TAG/infra.sh"
+    . "lib/infra/$INFRACLASS.sh"
 }
 
 need_settings() {
     if [ -z "$1" ]; then
-        die "Please specify a settings file."
-    elif [ ! -f "$1" ]; then
+        die "Please specify a settings file. (e.g.: settings/kube101.yaml)"
+    fi
+    if [ ! -f "$1" ]; then
         die "Settings file $1 doesn't exist."
     fi
 }
-
-need_ips_file() {
-    IPS_FILE=$1
-    if [ -z "$IPS_FILE" ]; then
-        die "IPS_FILE not set."
-    fi
-
-    if [ ! -s "$IPS_FILE" ]; then
-        die "IPS_FILE $IPS_FILE not found. Please run: $0 ips <TAG>"
-    fi
-}

prepare-vms/lib/commands.sh

@@ -7,21 +7,11 @@ _cmd() {
 
 _cmd help "Show available commands"
 _cmd_help() {
-    printf "$(basename $0) - the orchestration workshop swiss army knife\n"
+    printf "$(basename $0) - the container training swiss army knife\n"
     printf "Commands:"
     printf "%s" "$HELP" | sort
 }
 
-_cmd amis "List Ubuntu AMIs in the current region"
-_cmd_amis() {
-    find_ubuntu_ami -r $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION "$@"
-}
-
-_cmd ami "Show the AMI that will be used for deployment"
-_cmd_ami() {
-    find_ubuntu_ami -r $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION -a amd64 -v 16.04 -t hvm:ebs -N -q
-}
-
 _cmd build "Build the Docker image to run this program in a container"
 _cmd_build() {
     docker-compose build
@@ -32,64 +22,53 @@ _cmd_wrap() {
     docker-compose run --rm workshopctl "$@"
 }
 
-_cmd cards "Generate ready-to-print cards for a batch of VMs"
+_cmd cards "Generate ready-to-print cards for a group of VMs"
 _cmd_cards() {
     TAG=$1
-    SETTINGS=$2
-    need_tag $TAG
-    need_settings $SETTINGS
+    need_tag
 
-    # If you're not using AWS, populate the ips.txt file manually
-    if [ ! -f tags/$TAG/ips.txt ]; then
-      aws_get_instance_ips_by_tag $TAG >tags/$TAG/ips.txt
-    fi
-
-    # Remove symlinks to old cards
-    rm -f ips.html ips.pdf
-
-    # This will generate two files in the base dir: ips.pdf and ips.html
-    python lib/ips-txt-to-html.py $SETTINGS
-
-    for f in ips.html ips.pdf; do
-        # Remove old versions of cards if they exist
-        rm -f tags/$TAG/$f
-
-        # Move the generated file and replace it with a symlink
-        mv -f $f tags/$TAG/$f && ln -s tags/$TAG/$f $f
-    done
+    # This will process ips.txt to generate two files: ips.pdf and ips.html
+    (
+        cd tags/$TAG
+        ../../lib/ips-txt-to-html.py settings.yaml
+    )
 
     info "Cards created. You can view them with:"
-    info "xdg-open ips.html ips.pdf (on Linux)"
-    info "open ips.html ips.pdf (on MacOS)"
+    info "xdg-open tags/$TAG/ips.html tags/$TAG/ips.pdf (on Linux)"
+    info "open tags/$TAG/ips.html (on macOS)"
 }
 
 _cmd deploy "Install Docker on a bunch of running VMs"
 _cmd_deploy() {
     TAG=$1
-    SETTINGS=$2
-    need_tag $TAG
-    need_settings $SETTINGS
-    link_tag $TAG
-    count=$(wc -l ips.txt)
+    need_tag
 
     # wait until all hosts are reachable before trying to deploy
     info "Trying to reach $TAG instances..."
-    while ! tag_is_reachable $TAG; do
+    while ! tag_is_reachable; do
         >/dev/stderr echo -n "."
         sleep 2
     done
     >/dev/stderr echo ""
 
+    echo deploying > tags/$TAG/status
     sep "Deploying tag $TAG"
-    pssh -I tee /tmp/settings.yaml <$SETTINGS
+
+    # Wait for cloudinit to be done
+    pssh "
+    while [ ! -f /var/lib/cloud/instance/boot-finished ]; do
+        sleep 1
+    done"
+
+    # Copy settings and install Python YAML parser
+    pssh -I tee /tmp/settings.yaml <tags/$TAG/settings.yaml
     pssh "
     sudo apt-get update &&
-    sudo apt-get install -y python-setuptools &&
-    sudo easy_install pyyaml"
+    sudo apt-get install -y python-yaml"
 
     # Copy postprep.py to the remote machines, and execute it, feeding it the list of IP addresses
     pssh -I tee /tmp/postprep.py <lib/postprep.py
-    pssh --timeout 900 --send-input "python /tmp/postprep.py >>/tmp/pp.out 2>>/tmp/pp.err" <ips.txt
+    pssh --timeout 900 --send-input "python /tmp/postprep.py >>/tmp/pp.out 2>>/tmp/pp.err" <tags/$TAG/ips.txt
 
     # Install docker-prompt script
     pssh -I sudo tee /usr/local/bin/docker-prompt <lib/docker-prompt
@@ -117,14 +96,17 @@ _cmd_deploy() {
     fi"
 
     sep "Deployed tag $TAG"
+    echo deployed > tags/$TAG/status
     info "You may want to run one of the following commands:"
     info "$0 kube $TAG"
     info "$0 pull_images $TAG"
-    info "$0 cards $TAG $SETTINGS"
+    info "$0 cards $TAG"
 }
 
 _cmd kube "Setup kubernetes clusters with kubeadm (must be run AFTER deploy)"
 _cmd_kube() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag
 
     # Install packages
     pssh --timeout 200 "
@@ -132,15 +114,15 @@ _cmd_kube() {
     sudo apt-key add - &&
     echo deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main |
     sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list"
-    pssh "
+    pssh --timeout 200 "
     sudo apt-get update -q &&
-    sudo apt-get install -qy kubelet kubeadm kubectl
+    sudo apt-get install -qy kubelet kubeadm kubectl &&
     kubectl completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl"
 
     # Initialize kube master
     pssh --timeout 200 "
     if grep -q node1 /tmp/node && [ ! -f /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf ]; then
-        kubeadm token generate > /tmp/token
+        kubeadm token generate > /tmp/token &&
 	sudo kubeadm init --token \$(cat /tmp/token)
     fi"
 
@@ -157,34 +139,80 @@ _cmd_kube() {
     # Install weave as the pod network
     pssh "
     if grep -q node1 /tmp/node; then
-        kubever=\$(kubectl version | base64 | tr -d '\n')
+        kubever=\$(kubectl version | base64 | tr -d '\n') &&
         kubectl apply -f https://cloud.weave.works/k8s/net?k8s-version=\$kubever
     fi"
 
     # Join the other nodes to the cluster
     pssh --timeout 200 "
     if ! grep -q node1 /tmp/node && [ ! -f /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf ]; then
-        TOKEN=\$(ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no node1 cat /tmp/token)
+        TOKEN=\$(ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no node1 cat /tmp/token) &&
         sudo kubeadm join --discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification --token \$TOKEN node1:6443
     fi"
 
+    # Install kubectx and kubens
+    pssh "
+    [ -d kubectx ] || git clone https://github.com/ahmetb/kubectx &&
+    sudo ln -sf /home/ubuntu/kubectx/kubectx /usr/local/bin/kctx &&
+    sudo ln -sf /home/ubuntu/kubectx/kubens /usr/local/bin/kns &&
+    sudo cp /home/ubuntu/kubectx/completion/*.bash /etc/bash_completion.d &&
+    [ -d kube-ps1 ] || git clone https://github.com/jonmosco/kube-ps1 &&
+    sudo -u docker sed -i s/docker-prompt/kube_ps1/ /home/docker/.bashrc &&
+    sudo -u docker tee -a /home/docker/.bashrc <<EOF
+. /home/ubuntu/kube-ps1/kube-ps1.sh
+KUBE_PS1_PREFIX=""
+KUBE_PS1_SUFFIX=""
+KUBE_PS1_SYMBOL_ENABLE="false"
+KUBE_PS1_CTX_COLOR="green"
+KUBE_PS1_NS_COLOR="green"
+EOF"
+
+    # Install stern
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/stern ]; then
+        ##VERSION##
+        sudo curl -L -o /usr/local/bin/stern https://github.com/wercker/stern/releases/download/1.10.0/stern_linux_amd64 &&
+        sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/stern &&
+        stern --completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/stern
+    fi"
+
+    # Install helm
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/helm ]; then
+        curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/helm/master/scripts/get | sudo bash &&
+        helm completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/helm
+    fi"
+
     sep "Done"
 }
 
-_cmd kubetest "Check that all notes are reporting as Ready"
+_cmd kubereset "Wipe out Kubernetes configuration on all nodes"
+_cmd_kubereset() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag
+
+    pssh "sudo kubeadm reset --force"
+}
+
+_cmd kubetest "Check that all nodes are reporting as Ready"
 _cmd_kubetest() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag
+
     # There are way too many backslashes in the command below.
     # Feel free to make that better ♥
     pssh "
     set -e
+    [ -f /tmp/node ]
     if grep -q node1 /tmp/node; then
+      which kubectl
       for NODE in \$(awk /\ node/\ {print\ \\\$2} /etc/hosts); do
         echo \$NODE ; kubectl get nodes | grep -w \$NODE | grep -w Ready
       done
     fi"
 }
 
-_cmd ids "List the instance IDs belonging to a given tag or token"
+_cmd ids "(FIXME) List the instance IDs belonging to a given tag or token"
 _cmd_ids() {
     TAG=$1
     need_tag $TAG
@@ -197,248 +225,264 @@ _cmd_ids() {
     aws_get_instance_ids_by_client_token $TAG
 }
 
-_cmd ips "List the IP addresses of the VMs for a given tag or token"
-_cmd_ips() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    mkdir -p tags/$TAG
-    aws_get_instance_ips_by_tag $TAG | tee tags/$TAG/ips.txt
-    link_tag $TAG
-}
-
-_cmd list "List available batches in the current region"
+_cmd list "List available groups for a given infrastructure"
 _cmd_list() {
-    info "Listing batches in region $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION:"
-    aws_display_tags
+    need_infra $1
+    infra_list
 }
 
-_cmd status "List instance status for a given batch"
-_cmd_status() {
-    info "Using region $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION."
+_cmd listall "List VMs running on all configured infrastructures"
+_cmd_listall() {
+    for infra in infra/*; do
+        case $infra in
+        infra/example.*)
+            ;;
+        *)
+            info "Listing infrastructure $infra:"
+            need_infra $infra
+            infra_list
+            ;;
+        esac
+    done
+}
+
+_cmd netfix "Disable GRO and run a pinger job on the VMs"
+_cmd_netfix () {
     TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    describe_tag $TAG
-    tag_is_reachable $TAG
-    info "You may be interested in running one of the following commands:"
-    info "$0 ips $TAG"
-    info "$0 deploy $TAG <settings/somefile.yaml>"
+    need_tag
+
+    pssh "
+    sudo ethtool -K ens3 gro off
+    sudo tee /root/pinger.service <<EOF
+[Unit]
+Description=pinger
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+
+[Service]
+WorkingDirectory=/
+ExecStart=/bin/ping -w60 1.1
+User=nobody
+Group=nogroup
+Restart=always
+EOF
+    sudo systemctl enable /root/pinger.service
+    sudo systemctl start pinger"
 }
 
 _cmd opensg "Open the default security group to ALL ingress traffic"
 _cmd_opensg() {
-    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
-        --group-name default \
-        --protocol icmp \
-        --port -1 \
-        --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
+    need_infra $1
+    infra_opensg
+}
 
-    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
-        --group-name default \
-        --protocol udp \
-        --port 0-65535 \
-        --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
+_cmd pssh "Run an arbitrary command on all nodes"
+_cmd_pssh() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag
+    shift
 
-    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
-        --group-name default \
-        --protocol tcp \
-        --port 0-65535 \
-        --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
+    pssh "$@"
 }
 
 _cmd pull_images "Pre-pull a bunch of Docker images"
 _cmd_pull_images() {
     TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    pull_tag $TAG
+    need_tag
+    pull_tag
 }
 
-_cmd retag "Apply a new tag to a batch of VMs"
+_cmd quotas "Check our infrastructure quotas (max instances)"
+_cmd_quotas() {
+    need_infra $1
+    infra_quotas
+}
+
+_cmd retag "(FIXME) Apply a new tag to a group of VMs"
 _cmd_retag() {
     OLDTAG=$1
     NEWTAG=$2
-    need_tag $OLDTAG
+    TAG=$OLDTAG
+    need_tag
     if [[ -z "$NEWTAG" ]]; then
         die "You must specify a new tag to apply."
     fi
     aws_tag_instances $OLDTAG $NEWTAG
 }
 
-_cmd start "Start a batch of VMs"
+_cmd start "Start a group of VMs"
 _cmd_start() {
-    # Number of instances to create
-    COUNT=$1
-    # Optional settings file (to carry on with deployment)
-    SETTINGS=$2
-
+    while [ ! -z "$*" ]; do
+        case "$1" in
+        --infra) INFRA=$2; shift 2;;
+        --settings) SETTINGS=$2; shift 2;;
+        --count) COUNT=$2; shift 2;;
+        --tag) TAG=$2; shift 2;;
+        *) die "Unrecognized parameter: $1."
+        esac
+    done
+    
+    if [ -z "$INFRA" ]; then
+        die "Please add --infra flag to specify which infrastructure file to use."
+    fi
+    if [ -z "$SETTINGS" ]; then
+        die "Please add --settings flag to specify which settings file to use."
+    fi
     if [ -z "$COUNT" ]; then
-        die "Indicate number of instances to start."
+        COUNT=$(awk '/^clustersize:/ {print $2}' $SETTINGS)
+        warning "No --count option was specified. Using value from settings file ($COUNT)."
     fi
+    
+    # Check that the specified settings and infrastructure are valid.        
+    need_settings $SETTINGS
+    need_infra $INFRA
 
-    # Print our AWS username, to ease the pain of credential-juggling
-    greet
-
-    # Upload our SSH keys to AWS if needed, to be added to each VM's authorized_keys
-    key_name=$(sync_keys)
-
-    AMI=$(_cmd_ami)    # Retrieve the AWS image ID
-    if [ -z "$AMI" ]; then
-        die "I could not find which AMI to use in this region. Try another region?"
+    if [ -z "$TAG" ]; then
+        TAG=$(make_tag)
     fi
-    TOKEN=$(get_token) # generate a timestamp token for this batch of VMs
-    AWS_KEY_NAME=$(make_key_name)
-
-    sep "Starting instances"
-    info "         Count: $COUNT"
-    info "        Region: $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION"
-    info "     Token/tag: $TOKEN"
-    info "           AMI: $AMI"
-    info "      Key name: $AWS_KEY_NAME"
-    result=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
-        --key-name $AWS_KEY_NAME \
-        --count $COUNT \
-        --instance-type ${AWS_INSTANCE_TYPE-t2.medium} \
-        --client-token $TOKEN \
-        --image-id $AMI)
-    reservation_id=$(echo "$result" | head -1 | awk '{print $2}')
-    info "Reservation ID: $reservation_id"
-    sep
-
-    # if instance creation succeeded, we should have some IDs
-    IDS=$(aws_get_instance_ids_by_client_token $TOKEN)
-    if [ -z "$IDS" ]; then
-        die "Instance creation failed."
-    fi
-
-    # Tag these new instances with a tag that is the same as the token
-    TAG=$TOKEN
-    aws_tag_instances $TOKEN $TAG
-
-    wait_until_tag_is_running $TAG $COUNT
+    mkdir -p tags/$TAG
+    ln -s ../../$INFRA tags/$TAG/infra.sh
+    ln -s ../../$SETTINGS tags/$TAG/settings.yaml
+    echo creating > tags/$TAG/status
 
+    infra_start $COUNT
     sep
     info "Successfully created $COUNT instances with tag $TAG"
     sep
+    echo created > tags/$TAG/status
 
-    mkdir -p tags/$TAG
-    IPS=$(aws_get_instance_ips_by_tag $TAG)
-    echo "$IPS" >tags/$TAG/ips.txt
-    link_tag $TAG
-    if [ -n "$SETTINGS" ]; then
-        _cmd_deploy $TAG $SETTINGS
-    else
-        info "To deploy or kill these instances, run one of the following:"
-        info "$0 deploy $TAG <settings/somefile.yaml>"
-        info "$0 stop $TAG"
-    fi
-}
-
-_cmd ec2quotas "Check our EC2 quotas (max instances)"
-_cmd_ec2quotas() {
-    greet
-
-    max_instances=$(aws ec2 describe-account-attributes \
-        --attribute-names max-instances \
-        --query 'AccountAttributes[*][AttributeValues]')
-    info "In the current region ($AWS_DEFAULT_REGION) you can deploy up to $max_instances instances."
-
-    # Print list of AWS EC2 regions, highlighting ours ($AWS_DEFAULT_REGION) in the list
-    # If our $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION is not valid, the error message will be pretty descriptive:
-    # Could not connect to the endpoint URL: "https://ec2.foo.amazonaws.com/"
-    info "Available regions:"
-    aws ec2 describe-regions | awk '{print $3}' | grep --color=auto $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION -C50
+    info "To deploy Docker on these instances, you can run:"
+    info "$0 deploy $TAG"
+    info "To terminate these instances, you can run:"
+    info "$0 stop $TAG"
 }
 
 _cmd stop "Stop (terminate, shutdown, kill, remove, destroy...) instances"
 _cmd_stop() {
     TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    aws_kill_instances_by_tag $TAG
+    need_tag
+    infra_stop
+    echo stopped > tags/$TAG/status
 }
 
-_cmd test "Run tests (pre-flight checks) on a batch of VMs"
+_cmd tags "List groups of VMs known locally"
+_cmd_tags() {
+    (
+        cd tags
+        echo "[#] [Status] [Tag] [Infra]" \
+           | awk '{ printf "%-7s %-12s %-25s %-25s\n", $1, $2, $3, $4}'
+        for tag in *; do
+            if [ -f $tag/ips.txt ]; then
+                count="$(wc -l < $tag/ips.txt)"
+            else
+                count="?"
+            fi
+            if [ -f $tag/status ]; then
+                status="$(cat $tag/status)"
+            else
+                status="?"
+            fi
+            if [ -f $tag/infra.sh ]; then
+                infra="$(basename $(readlink $tag/infra.sh))"
+            else
+                infra="?"
+            fi
+            echo "$count $status $tag $infra" \
+               | awk '{ printf "%-7s %-12s %-25s %-25s\n", $1, $2, $3, $4}'
+        done
+    )
+}
+
+_cmd test "Run tests (pre-flight checks) on a group of VMs"
 _cmd_test() {
     TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    test_tag $TAG
+    need_tag
+    test_tag
 }
 
-###
+_cmd helmprom "Install Helm and Prometheus"
+_cmd_helmprom() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag
+    pssh "
+    if grep -q node1 /tmp/node; then
+        kubectl -n kube-system get serviceaccount helm ||
+            kubectl -n kube-system create serviceaccount helm
+        helm init --service-account helm
+        kubectl get clusterrolebinding helm-can-do-everything ||
+            kubectl create clusterrolebinding helm-can-do-everything \
+                --clusterrole=cluster-admin \
+                --serviceaccount=kube-system:helm
+        helm upgrade --install prometheus stable/prometheus \
+            --namespace kube-system \
+            --set server.service.type=NodePort \
+            --set server.service.nodePort=30090 \
+            --set server.persistentVolume.enabled=false \
+            --set alertmanager.enabled=false
+    fi"
+}
+
+# Sometimes, weave fails to come up on some nodes.
+# Symptom: the pods on a node are unreachable (they don't even ping).
+# Remedy: wipe out Weave state and delete weave pod on that node.
+# Specifically, identify the weave pod that is defective, then:
+# kubectl -n kube-system exec weave-net-XXXXX -c weave rm /weavedb/weave-netdata.db
+# kubectl -n kube-system delete pod weave-net-XXXXX
+_cmd weavetest "Check that weave seems properly setup"
+_cmd_weavetest() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag
+    pssh "
+    kubectl -n kube-system get pods -o name | grep weave | cut -d/ -f2 |
+    xargs -I POD kubectl -n kube-system exec POD -c weave -- \
+    sh -c \"./weave --local status | grep Connections | grep -q ' 1 failed' || ! echo POD \""
+}
 
 greet() {
     IAMUSER=$(aws iam get-user --query 'User.UserName')
     info "Hello! You seem to be UNIX user $USER, and IAM user $IAMUSER."
 }
 
-link_tag() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    IPS_FILE=tags/$TAG/ips.txt
-    need_ips_file $IPS_FILE
-    ln -sf $IPS_FILE ips.txt
-}
-
 pull_tag() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    link_tag $TAG
-    if [ ! -s $IPS_FILE ]; then
-        die "Nonexistent or empty IPs file $IPS_FILE."
-    fi
-
     # Pre-pull a bunch of images
     pssh --timeout 900 'for I in \
-            debian:latest \
-            ubuntu:latest \
-            fedora:latest \
-            centos:latest \
-            postgres \
-            redis \
-            training/namer \
-            nathanleclaire/redisonrails; do
+        debian:latest \
+        ubuntu:latest \
+        fedora:latest \
+        centos:latest \
+        elasticsearch:2 \
+        postgres \
+        redis \
+        alpine \
+        registry \
+        nicolaka/netshoot \
+        jpetazzo/trainingwheels \
+        golang \
+        training/namer \
+        dockercoins/hasher \
+        dockercoins/rng \
+        dockercoins/webui \
+        dockercoins/worker \
+        logstash \
+        prom/node-exporter \
+        google/cadvisor \
+        dockersamples/visualizer \
+        nathanleclaire/redisonrails; do
         sudo -u docker docker pull $I
     done'
 
     info "Finished pulling images for $TAG."
-    info "You may now want to run:"
-    info "$0 cards $TAG <settings/somefile.yaml>"
-}
-
-wait_until_tag_is_running() {
-    max_retry=50
-    TAG=$1
-    COUNT=$2
-    i=0
-    done_count=0
-    while [[ $done_count -lt $COUNT ]]; do
-        let "i += 1"
-        info "$(printf "%d/%d instances online" $done_count $COUNT)"
-        done_count=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
-            --filters "Name=instance-state-name,Values=running" \
-            "Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG" \
-            --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].State.Name" \
-            | tr "\t" "\n" \
-            | wc -l)
-
-        if [[ $i -gt $max_retry ]]; then
-            die "Timed out while waiting for instance creation (after $max_retry retries)"
-        fi
-        sleep 1
-    done
 }
 
 tag_is_reachable() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    link_tag $TAG
     pssh -t 5 true 2>&1 >/dev/null
 }
 
 test_tag() {
-    TAG=$1
     ips_file=tags/$TAG/ips.txt
     info "Picking a random IP address in $ips_file to run tests."
-    n=$((1 + $RANDOM % $(wc -l <$ips_file)))
-    ip=$(head -n $n $ips_file | tail -n 1)
+    ip=$(shuf -n1 $ips_file)
     test_vm $ip
     info "Tests complete."
 }
@@ -514,17 +558,9 @@ sync_keys() {
     fi
 }
 
-get_token() {
+make_tag() {
     if [ -z $USER ]; then
         export USER=anonymous
     fi
     date +%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-$USER
 }
-
-describe_tag() {
-    # Display instance details and reachability/status information
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag $TAG
-    aws_display_instances_by_tag $TAG
-    aws_display_instance_statuses_by_tag $TAG
-}

prepare-vms/lib/infra.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Default stub functions for infrastructure libraries.
+# When loading an infrastructure library, these functions will be overridden.
+
+infra_list() {
+	warning "infra_list is unsupported on $INFRACLASS."
+}
+
+infra_quotas() {
+	warning "infra_quotas is unsupported on $INFRACLASS."
+}
+
+infra_start() {
+	warning "infra_start is unsupported on $INFRACLASS."
+}
+
+infra_stop() {
+	warning "infra_stop is unsupported on $INFRACLASS."
+}
+
+infra_quotas() {
+	warning "infra_quotas is unsupported on $INFRACLASS."
+}
+
+infra_opensg() {
+	warning "infra_opensg is unsupported on $INFRACLASS."
+}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/aws.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+infra_list() {
+    aws_display_tags
+}
+
+infra_quotas() {
+    greet
+
+    max_instances=$(aws ec2 describe-account-attributes \
+        --attribute-names max-instances \
+        --query 'AccountAttributes[*][AttributeValues]')
+    info "In the current region ($AWS_DEFAULT_REGION) you can deploy up to $max_instances instances."
+
+    # Print list of AWS EC2 regions, highlighting ours ($AWS_DEFAULT_REGION) in the list
+    # If our $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION is not valid, the error message will be pretty descriptive:
+    # Could not connect to the endpoint URL: "https://ec2.foo.amazonaws.com/"
+    info "Available regions:"
+    aws ec2 describe-regions | awk '{print $3}' | grep --color=auto $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION -C50
+}
+
+infra_start() {
+    COUNT=$1
+
+    # Print our AWS username, to ease the pain of credential-juggling
+    greet
+
+    # Upload our SSH keys to AWS if needed, to be added to each VM's authorized_keys
+    key_name=$(sync_keys)
+
+    AMI=$(aws_get_ami)    # Retrieve the AWS image ID
+    if [ -z "$AMI" ]; then
+        die "I could not find which AMI to use in this region. Try another region?"
+    fi
+    AWS_KEY_NAME=$(make_key_name)
+
+    sep "Starting instances"
+    info "         Count: $COUNT"
+    info "        Region: $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION"
+    info "     Token/tag: $TAG"
+    info "           AMI: $AMI"
+    info "      Key name: $AWS_KEY_NAME"
+    result=$(aws ec2 run-instances \
+        --key-name $AWS_KEY_NAME \
+        --count $COUNT \
+        --instance-type ${AWS_INSTANCE_TYPE-t2.medium} \
+        --client-token $TAG \
+        --block-device-mapping 'DeviceName=/dev/sda1,Ebs={VolumeSize=20}' \
+        --image-id $AMI)
+    reservation_id=$(echo "$result" | head -1 | awk '{print $2}')
+    info "Reservation ID: $reservation_id"
+    sep
+
+    # if instance creation succeeded, we should have some IDs
+    IDS=$(aws_get_instance_ids_by_client_token $TAG)
+    if [ -z "$IDS" ]; then
+        die "Instance creation failed."
+    fi
+
+    # Tag these new instances with a tag that is the same as the token
+    aws_tag_instances $TAG $TAG
+
+    # Wait until EC2 API tells us that the instances are running
+    wait_until_tag_is_running $TAG $COUNT
+
+    aws_get_instance_ips_by_tag $TAG > tags/$TAG/ips.txt
+}
+
+infra_stop() {
+    aws_kill_instances_by_tag
+}
+
+infra_opensg() {
+    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
+        --group-name default \
+        --protocol icmp \
+        --port -1 \
+        --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
+
+    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
+        --group-name default \
+        --protocol udp \
+        --port 0-65535 \
+        --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
+
+    aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
+        --group-name default \
+        --protocol tcp \
+        --port 0-65535 \
+        --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
+}
+
+wait_until_tag_is_running() {
+    max_retry=50
+    i=0
+    done_count=0
+    while [[ $done_count -lt $COUNT ]]; do
+        let "i += 1"
+        info "$(printf "%d/%d instances online" $done_count $COUNT)"
+        done_count=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
+            --filters "Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG" \
+            "Name=instance-state-name,Values=running" \
+            --query "length(Reservations[].Instances[])")
+        if [[ $i -gt $max_retry ]]; then
+            die "Timed out while waiting for instance creation (after $max_retry retries)"
+        fi
+        sleep 1
+    done
+}
+
+aws_display_tags() {
+    # Print all "Name" tags in our region with their instance count
+    echo "[#] [Status] [Token] [Tag]" \
+        | awk '{ printf "%-7s %-12s %-25s %-25s\n", $1, $2, $3, $4}'
+    aws ec2 describe-instances \
+        --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].[State.Name,ClientToken,Tags[0].Value]" \
+        | tr -d "\r" \
+        | uniq -c \
+        | sort -k 3 \
+        | awk '{ printf "%-7s %-12s %-25s %-25s\n", $1, $2, $3, $4}'
+}
+
+aws_get_tokens() {
+    aws ec2 describe-instances --output text \
+        --query 'Reservations[*].Instances[*].[ClientToken]' \
+        | sort -u
+}
+
+aws_display_instance_statuses_by_tag() {
+    IDS=$(aws ec2 describe-instances \
+        --filters "Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG" \
+        --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].InstanceId" | tr '\t' ' ')
+
+    aws ec2 describe-instance-status \
+        --instance-ids $IDS \
+        --query "InstanceStatuses[*].{ID:InstanceId,InstanceState:InstanceState.Name,InstanceStatus:InstanceStatus.Status,SystemStatus:SystemStatus.Status,Reachability:InstanceStatus.Status}" \
+        --output table
+}
+
+aws_display_instances_by_tag() {
+    result=$(aws ec2 describe-instances --output table \
+        --filter "Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG" \
+        --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].[ \
+                        InstanceId, \
+                        State.Name, \
+                        Tags[0].Value, \
+                        PublicIpAddress, \
+                        InstanceType \
+                        ]"
+    )
+    if [[ -z $result ]]; then
+        die "No instances found with tag $TAG in region $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION."
+    else
+        echo "$result"
+    fi
+}
+
+aws_get_instance_ids_by_filter() {
+    FILTER=$1
+    aws ec2 describe-instances --filters $FILTER \
+        --query Reservations[*].Instances[*].InstanceId \
+        --output text | tr "\t" "\n" | tr -d "\r"
+}
+
+aws_get_instance_ids_by_client_token() {
+    TOKEN=$1
+    aws_get_instance_ids_by_filter Name=client-token,Values=$TOKEN
+}
+
+aws_get_instance_ids_by_tag() {
+    aws_get_instance_ids_by_filter Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG
+}
+
+aws_get_instance_ips_by_tag() {
+    aws ec2 describe-instances --filter "Name=tag:Name,Values=$TAG" \
+        --output text \
+        --query "Reservations[*].Instances[*].PublicIpAddress" \
+        | tr "\t" "\n" \
+        | sort -n -t . -k 1,1 -k 2,2 -k 3,3 -k 4,4 # sort IPs
+}
+
+aws_kill_instances_by_tag() {
+    IDS=$(aws_get_instance_ids_by_tag $TAG)
+    if [ -z "$IDS" ]; then
+        die "Invalid tag."
+    fi
+
+    info "Deleting instances with tag $TAG."
+
+    aws ec2 terminate-instances --instance-ids $IDS \
+        | grep ^TERMINATINGINSTANCES
+
+    info "Deleted instances with tag $TAG."
+}
+
+aws_tag_instances() {
+    OLD_TAG_OR_TOKEN=$1
+    NEW_TAG=$2
+    IDS=$(aws_get_instance_ids_by_client_token $OLD_TAG_OR_TOKEN)
+    [[ -n "$IDS" ]] && aws ec2 create-tags --tag Key=Name,Value=$NEW_TAG --resources $IDS >/dev/null
+    IDS=$(aws_get_instance_ids_by_tag $OLD_TAG_OR_TOKEN)
+    [[ -n "$IDS" ]] && aws ec2 create-tags --tag Key=Name,Value=$NEW_TAG --resources $IDS >/dev/null
+}
+
+aws_get_ami() {
+    ##VERSION##
+    find_ubuntu_ami -r $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION -a amd64 -v 18.04 -t hvm:ebs -N -q
+}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/generic.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+infra_start() {
+	COUNT=$1
+	info "You should now run your provisioning commands for $COUNT machines."
+	info "Note: no machines have been automatically created!"
+	info "Once done, put the list of IP addresses in tags/$TAG/ips.txt"
+	info "(one IP address per line, without any comments or extra lines)."
+	touch tags/$TAG/ips.txt
+}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/openstack.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+infra_start() {
+	COUNT=$1
+
+	cp terraform/*.tf tags/$TAG
+	(
+		cd tags/$TAG
+		terraform init
+		echo prefix = \"$TAG\" >> terraform.tfvars
+		echo count = \"$COUNT\" >> terraform.tfvars
+		terraform apply -auto-approve
+		terraform output ip_addresses > ips.txt
+	)
+}
+
+infra_stop() {
+	(
+		cd tags/$TAG
+		terraform destroy -auto-approve
+	)
+}

prepare-vms/lib/ips-txt-to-html.py

@@ -31,7 +31,13 @@ while ips:
     clusters.append(cluster)
 
 template_file_name = SETTINGS["cards_template"]
-template = jinja2.Template(open(template_file_name).read())
+template_file_path = os.path.join(
+    os.path.dirname(__file__),
+    "..",
+    "templates",
+    template_file_name
+    )
+template = jinja2.Template(open(template_file_path).read())
 with open("ips.html", "w") as f:
 	f.write(template.render(clusters=clusters, **SETTINGS))
 print("Generated ips.html")

prepare-vms/lib/postprep.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ COMPOSE_VERSION = config["compose_version"]
 MACHINE_VERSION = config["machine_version"]
 CLUSTER_SIZE = config["clustersize"]
 ENGINE_VERSION = config["engine_version"]
+DOCKER_USER_PASSWORD = config["docker_user_password"]
 
 #################################
 
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ def system(cmd):
 
 # On EC2, the ephemeral disk might be mounted on /mnt.
 # If /mnt is a mountpoint, place Docker workspace on it.
-system("if mountpoint -q /mnt; then sudo mkdir /mnt/docker && sudo ln -s /mnt/docker /var/lib/docker; fi")
+system("if mountpoint -q /mnt; then sudo mkdir -p /mnt/docker && sudo ln -sfn /mnt/docker /var/lib/docker; fi")
 
 # Put our public IP in /tmp/ipv4
 # ipv4_retrieval_endpoint = "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-ipv4"
@@ -54,9 +55,9 @@ system("curl --silent {} > /tmp/ipv4".format(ipv4_retrieval_endpoint))
 
 ipv4 = open("/tmp/ipv4").read()
 
-# Add a "docker" user with password "training"
+# Add a "docker" user with password coming from the settings
 system("id docker || sudo useradd -d /home/docker -m -s /bin/bash docker")
-system("echo docker:training | sudo chpasswd")
+system("echo docker:{} | sudo chpasswd".format(DOCKER_USER_PASSWORD))
 
 # Fancy prompt courtesy of @soulshake.
 system("""sudo -u docker tee -a /home/docker/.bashrc <<SQRL
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ system("sudo sed -i 's/PasswordAuthentication no/PasswordAuthentication yes/' /e
 
 system("sudo service ssh restart")
 system("sudo apt-get -q update")
-system("sudo apt-get -qy install git jq python-pip")
+system("sudo apt-get -qy install git jq")
 
 #######################
 ### DOCKER INSTALLS ###
@@ -97,7 +98,6 @@ system("sudo apt-get -q update")
 system("sudo apt-get -qy install docker-ce")
 
 ### Install docker-compose
-#system("sudo pip install -U docker-compose=={}".format(COMPOSE_VERSION))
 system("sudo curl -sSL -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/download/{}/docker-compose-{}-{}".format(COMPOSE_VERSION, platform.system(), platform.machine()))
 system("sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose")
 system("docker-compose version")
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ system("sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-machine")
 system("docker-machine version")
 
 system("sudo apt-get remove -y --purge dnsmasq-base")
-system("sudo apt-get -qy install python-setuptools pssh apache2-utils httping htop unzip mosh")
+system("sudo apt-get -qy install python-setuptools pssh apache2-utils httping htop unzip mosh tree")
 
 ### Wait for Docker to be up.
 ### (If we don't do this, Docker will not be responsive during the next step.)

prepare-vms/lib/pssh.sh

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 # This file can be sourced in order to directly run commands on
-# a batch of VMs whose IPs are located in ips.txt of the directory in which
+# a group of VMs whose IPs are located in ips.txt of the directory in which
 # the command is run.
 
 pssh() {
-    HOSTFILE="ips.txt"
+    if [ -z "$TAG" ]; then
+        >/dev/stderr echo "Variable \$TAG is not set."
+        return
+    fi
+
+    HOSTFILE="tags/$TAG/ips.txt"
 
     [ -f $HOSTFILE ] || {
-        >/dev/stderr echo "No hostfile found at $HOSTFILE"
+        >/dev/stderr echo "Hostfile $HOSTFILE not found."
         return
     }
 

prepare-vms/settings/enix.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Number of VMs per cluster
+clustersize: 1
+
+# Jinja2 template to use to generate ready-to-cut cards
+cards_template: enix.html
+
+# Use "Letter" in the US, and "A4" everywhere else
+paper_size: A4
+
+# Feel free to reduce this if your printer can handle it
+paper_margin: 0.2in
+
+# Note: paper_size and paper_margin only apply to PDF generated with pdfkit.
+# If you print (or generate a PDF) using ips.html, they will be ignored.
+# (The equivalent parameters must be set from the browser's print dialog.)
+
+# This can be "test" or "stable"
+engine_version: stable
+
+# These correspond to the version numbers visible on their respective GitHub release pages
+compose_version: 1.21.1
+machine_version: 0.14.0
+
+# Password used to connect with the "docker user"
+docker_user_password: training
+

prepare-vms/settings/example.yaml

@@ -22,3 +22,6 @@ engine_version: test
 # These correspond to the version numbers visible on their respective GitHub release pages
 compose_version: 1.18.0
 machine_version: 0.13.0
+
+# Password used to connect with the "docker user"
+docker_user_password: training

prepare-vms/settings/fundamentals.yaml

@@ -17,8 +17,11 @@ paper_margin: 0.2in
 # (The equivalent parameters must be set from the browser's print dialog.)
 
 # This can be "test" or "stable"
-engine_version: test
+engine_version: stable
 
 # These correspond to the version numbers visible on their respective GitHub release pages
-compose_version: 1.17.1
-machine_version: 0.13.0
+compose_version: 1.22.0
+machine_version: 0.15.0
+
+# Password used to connect with the "docker user"
+docker_user_password: training

prepare-vms/settings/jerome.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Number of VMs per cluster
+clustersize: 4
+
+# Jinja2 template to use to generate ready-to-cut cards
+cards_template: jerome.html
+
+# Use "Letter" in the US, and "A4" everywhere else
+paper_size: A4
+
+# Feel free to reduce this if your printer can handle it
+paper_margin: 0.2in
+
+# Note: paper_size and paper_margin only apply to PDF generated with pdfkit.
+# If you print (or generate a PDF) using ips.html, they will be ignored.
+# (The equivalent parameters must be set from the browser's print dialog.)
+
+# This can be "test" or "stable"
+engine_version: stable
+
+# These correspond to the version numbers visible on their respective GitHub release pages
+compose_version: 1.21.1
+machine_version: 0.14.0
+
+# Password used to connect with the "docker user"
+docker_user_password: training
+

prepare-vms/settings/kube101.yaml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 clustersize: 3
 
 # Jinja2 template to use to generate ready-to-cut cards
-cards_template: settings/kube101.html
+cards_template: kube101.html
 
 # Use "Letter" in the US, and "A4" everywhere else
 paper_size: Letter
@@ -17,8 +17,12 @@ paper_margin: 0.2in
 # (The equivalent parameters must be set from the browser's print dialog.)
 
 # This can be "test" or "stable"
-engine_version: test
+engine_version: stable
 
 # These correspond to the version numbers visible on their respective GitHub release pages
-compose_version: 1.18.0
-machine_version: 0.13.0
+compose_version: 1.21.1
+machine_version: 0.14.0
+
+# Password used to connect with the "docker user"
+docker_user_password: training
+

prepare-vms/settings/swarm.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # This file is passed by trainer-cli to scripts/ips-txt-to-html.py
 
 # Number of VMs per cluster
-clustersize: 5
+clustersize: 3
 
 # Jinja2 template to use to generate ready-to-cut cards
 cards_template: cards.html
@@ -17,8 +17,11 @@ paper_margin: 0.2in
 # (The equivalent parameters must be set from the browser's print dialog.)
 
 # This can be "test" or "stable"
-engine_version: test
+engine_version: stable
 
 # These correspond to the version numbers visible on their respective GitHub release pages
-compose_version: 1.17.1
-machine_version: 0.13.0
+compose_version: 1.22.0
+machine_version: 0.15.0
+
+# Password used to connect with the "docker user"
+docker_user_password: training

prepare-vms/templates/cards.html

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ img {
                 <tr><td>login:</td></tr>
                 <tr><td class="logpass">docker</td></tr>
                 <tr><td>password:</td></tr>
-                <tr><td class="logpass">training</td></tr>
+                <tr><td class="logpass">{{ docker_user_password }}</td></tr>
             </table>
 
         </p>

prepare-vms/templates/enix.html

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+{# Feel free to customize or override anything in there! #}
+{%- set url = "http://FIXME.container.training" -%}
+{%- set pagesize = 9 -%}
+{%- if clustersize == 1 -%}
+    {%- set workshop_name = "Docker workshop" -%}
+    {%- set cluster_or_machine = "machine virtuelle" -%}
+    {%- set this_or_each = "cette" -%}
+    {%- set plural = "" -%}
+    {%- set image_src = "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/www.breadware.com/integrations/docker.png" -%}
+{%- else -%}
+    {%- set workshop_name = "Kubernetes workshop" -%}
+    {%- set cluster_or_machine = "cluster" -%}
+    {%- set this_or_each = "chaque" -%}
+    {%- set plural = "s" -%}
+    {%- set image_src_swarm = "https://cdn.wp.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/docker-swarm-hero2.png" -%}
+    {%- set image_src_kube = "https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/13629408" -%}
+    {%- set image_src = image_src_kube -%}
+{%- endif -%}
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head><style>
+@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Slabo+27px');
+
+body, table {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    line-height: 1em;
+    font-size: 15px;
+    font-family: 'Slabo 27px';
+}
+
+table {
+    border-spacing: 0;
+    margin-top: 0.4em;
+    margin-bottom: 0.4em;
+    border-left: 0.8em double grey;
+    padding-left: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div {
+    float: left;
+    border: 1px dotted black;
+    padding-top: 1%;
+    padding-bottom: 1%;
+    /* columns * (width+left+right) < 100% */
+    width: 30%;
+    padding-left: 1.5%;
+    padding-right: 1.5%;
+}
+
+p {
+    margin: 0.4em 0 0.4em 0;
+}
+
+img {
+    height: 4em;
+    float: right;
+    margin-right: -0.3em;
+}
+
+img.enix {
+    height: 4.0em;
+    margin-top: 0.4em;
+}
+
+img.kube {
+    height: 4.2em;
+    margin-top: 1.7em;
+}
+
+.logpass {
+    font-family: monospace;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+.pagebreak {
+    page-break-after: always;
+    clear: both;
+    display: block;
+    height: 8px;
+}
+</style></head>
+<body>
+{% for cluster in clusters %}
+    {% if loop.index0>0 and loop.index0%pagesize==0 %}
+        <span class="pagebreak"></span>
+    {% endif %}
+    <div>
+
+        <p>
+            Voici les informations permettant de se connecter à votre
+	    {{ cluster_or_machine }} pour cette formation.
+	    Vous pouvez vous connecter à {{ this_or_each }} machine virtuelle
+	    avec n'importe quel client SSH.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+	    <img class="enix" src="https://enix.io/static/img/logos/logo-domain-cropped.png" />
+            <table>
+                <tr><td>identifiant:</td></tr>
+                <tr><td class="logpass">docker</td></tr>
+                <tr><td>mot de passe:</td></tr>
+                <tr><td class="logpass">{{ docker_user_password }}</td></tr>
+            </table>
+
+        </p>
+        <p>
+	Adresse{{ plural }} IP :
+	<!--<img class="kube" src="{{ image_src }}" />-->
+            <table>
+                {% for node in cluster %}
+                <tr><td>node{{ loop.index }}:</td><td>{{ node }}</td></tr>
+                {% endfor %}
+            </table>
+        </p>
+        <p>Le support de formation est à l'adresse suivante :
+            <center>{{ url }}</center>
+        </p>
+    </div>
+{% endfor %}
+</body>
+</html>

prepare-vms/templates/jerome.html

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+{# Feel free to customize or override anything in there! #}
+{%- set url = "http://qconuk2019.container.training/" -%}
+{%- set pagesize = 9 -%}
+{%- if clustersize == 1 -%}
+    {%- set workshop_name = "Docker workshop" -%}
+    {%- set cluster_or_machine = "machine" -%}
+    {%- set this_or_each = "this" -%}
+    {%- set machine_is_or_machines_are = "machine is" -%}
+    {%- set image_src = "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/www.breadware.com/integrations/docker.png" -%}
+{%- else -%}
+    {%- set workshop_name = "Kubernetes workshop" -%}
+    {%- set cluster_or_machine = "cluster" -%}
+    {%- set this_or_each = "each" -%}
+    {%- set machine_is_or_machines_are = "machines are" -%}
+    {%- set image_src_swarm = "https://cdn.wp.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/docker-swarm-hero2.png" -%}
+    {%- set image_src_kube = "https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/13629408" -%}
+    {%- set image_src = image_src_kube -%}
+{%- endif -%}
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head><style>
+@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Slabo+27px');
+body, table {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    line-height: 1.0em;
+    font-size: 15px;
+    font-family: 'Slabo 27px';
+}
+
+table {
+    border-spacing: 0;
+    margin-top: 0.4em;
+    margin-bottom: 0.4em;
+    border-left: 0.8em double grey;
+    padding-left: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div {
+    float: left;
+    border: 1px dotted black;
+    height: 31%;
+    padding-top: 1%;
+    padding-bottom: 1%;
+    /* columns * (width+left+right) < 100% */
+    width: 30%;
+    padding-left: 1.5%;
+    padding-right: 1.5%;
+}
+
+div.back {
+	border: 1px dotted white;
+}
+
+div.back p {
+    margin: 0.5em 1em 0 1em;
+}
+
+p {
+    margin: 0.4em 0 0.8em 0;
+}
+
+img {
+    height: 5em;
+    float: right;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+.logpass {
+    font-family: monospace;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+.pagebreak {
+    page-break-after: always;
+    clear: both;
+    display: block;
+    height: 8px;
+}
+</style></head>
+<body>
+{% for cluster in clusters %}
+    <div>
+
+        <p>
+            Here is the connection information to your very own
+            {{ cluster_or_machine }} for this {{ workshop_name }}.
+            You can connect to {{ this_or_each }} VM with any SSH client.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+            <img src="{{ image_src }}" />
+            <table>
+                <tr><td>login:</td></tr>
+                <tr><td class="logpass">docker</td></tr>
+                <tr><td>password:</td></tr>
+                <tr><td class="logpass">{{ docker_user_password }}</td></tr>
+            </table>
+
+        </p>
+        <p>
+            Your {{ machine_is_or_machines_are }}:
+            <table>
+                {% for node in cluster %}
+                <tr><td>node{{ loop.index }}:</td><td>{{ node }}</td></tr>
+                {% endfor %}
+            </table>
+        </p>
+        <p>You can find the slides at:
+            <center>{{ url }}</center>
+        </p>
+    </div>
+    {% if loop.index%pagesize==0 or loop.last %}
+        <span class="pagebreak"></span>
+	{% for x in range(pagesize) %}
+        <div class="back">
+        <br/>
+		<p>You got this at the workshop
+		"Getting Started With Kubernetes and Container Orchestration"
+		during QCON London (March 2019).</p>
+		<p>If you liked that workshop,
+		I can train your team or organization
+		on Docker, container, and Kubernetes,
+		with curriculums of 1 to 5 days.
+		</p>
+		<p>Interested? Contact me at:</p>
+		<p>jerome.petazzoni@gmail.com</p>
+		<p>Thank you!</p>
+        </div>
+	{% endfor %}
+	<span class="pagebreak"></span>
+    {% endif %}
+{% endfor %}
+</body>
+</html>

prepare-vms/templates/kube101.html

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ img {
                 <tr><td>login:</td></tr>
                 <tr><td class="logpass">docker</td></tr>
                 <tr><td>password:</td></tr>
-                <tr><td class="logpass">training</td></tr>
+                <tr><td class="logpass">{{ docker_user_password }}</td></tr>
             </table>
 
         </p>

prepare-vms/terraform/keypair.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+resource "openstack_compute_keypair_v2" "ssh_deploy_key" {
+  name       = "${var.prefix}"
+  public_key = "${file("~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub")}"
+}
+

prepare-vms/terraform/machines.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "machine" {
+  count           = "${var.count}" 
+  name            = "${format("%s-%04d", "${var.prefix}", count.index+1)}"
+  image_name      = "Ubuntu 16.04.5 (Xenial Xerus)"
+  flavor_name     = "${var.flavor}"
+  security_groups = ["${openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.full_access.name}"]
+  key_pair        = "${openstack_compute_keypair_v2.ssh_deploy_key.name}"
+
+  network {
+    name        = "${openstack_networking_network_v2.internal.name}"
+    fixed_ip_v4 = "${cidrhost("${openstack_networking_subnet_v2.internal.cidr}", count.index+10)}"
+  }
+}
+
+resource "openstack_compute_floatingip_v2" "machine" {
+  count = "${var.count}"
+  # This is something provided to us by Enix when our tenant was provisioned.
+  pool = "Public Floating"
+}
+
+resource "openstack_compute_floatingip_associate_v2" "machine" {
+  count       = "${var.count}"
+  floating_ip = "${openstack_compute_floatingip_v2.machine.*.address[count.index]}"
+  instance_id = "${openstack_compute_instance_v2.machine.*.id[count.index]}"
+  fixed_ip    = "${cidrhost("${openstack_networking_subnet_v2.internal.cidr}", count.index+10)}"
+}
+
+output "ip_addresses" {
+  value = "${join("\n", openstack_compute_floatingip_v2.machine.*.address)}"
+}
+
+variable "flavor" {}

prepare-vms/terraform/network.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+resource "openstack_networking_network_v2" "internal" {
+  name           = "${var.prefix}"
+}
+
+resource "openstack_networking_subnet_v2" "internal" {
+  name            = "${var.prefix}"
+  network_id      = "${openstack_networking_network_v2.internal.id}"
+  cidr            = "10.10.0.0/16"
+  ip_version      = 4
+  dns_nameservers = ["1.1.1.1"]
+}
+
+resource "openstack_networking_router_v2" "router" {
+  name                = "${var.prefix}"
+  external_network_id = "15f0c299-1f50-42a6-9aff-63ea5b75f3fc"
+}
+
+resource "openstack_networking_router_interface_v2" "router_internal" {
+  router_id = "${openstack_networking_router_v2.router.id}"
+  subnet_id = "${openstack_networking_subnet_v2.internal.id}"
+}
+
+

prepare-vms/terraform/provider.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+provider "openstack" {
+  user_name   = "${var.user}"
+  tenant_name = "${var.tenant}"
+  domain_name = "${var.domain}"
+  password    = "${var.password}"
+  auth_url    = "${var.auth_url}"
+}
+
+variable "user" {}
+variable "tenant" {}
+variable "domain" {}
+variable "password" {}
+variable "auth_url" {}

prepare-vms/terraform/secgroup.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_v2" "full_access" {
+  name = "${var.prefix} - full access"
+}
+
+resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "full_access" {
+  direction         = "ingress"
+  ethertype         = "IPv4"
+  protocol          = ""
+  remote_ip_prefix  = "0.0.0.0/0"
+  security_group_id = "${openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.full_access.id}"
+}
+

prepare-vms/terraform/vars.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+variable "prefix" {
+  type = "string"
+}
+
+variable "count" {
+  type = "string"
+}
+

prepare-vms/workshopctl

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-# Get the script's real directory, whether we're being called directly or via a symlink
+# Get the script's real directory.
+# This should work whether we're being called directly or via a symlink.
 if [ -L "$0" ]; then
     export SCRIPT_DIR=$(dirname $(readlink "$0"))
 else
     export SCRIPT_DIR=$(dirname "$0")
 fi
 
-# Load all scriptlets
+# Load all scriptlets.
 cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"
 for lib in lib/*.sh; do
     . $lib
 done
 
-TRAINER_IMAGE="preparevms_prepare-vms"
-
 DEPENDENCIES="
     aws
     ssh
@@ -25,49 +24,26 @@ DEPENDENCIES="
     man
     "
 
-ENVVARS="
-    AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
-    AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
-    AWS_DEFAULT_REGION
-    SSH_AUTH_SOCK
-    "
+# Check for missing dependencies, and issue a warning if necessary.
+missing=0
+for dependency in $DEPENDENCIES; do
+    if ! command -v $dependency >/dev/null; then
+        warning "Dependency $dependency could not be found."
+        missing=1
+    fi
+done
+if [ $missing = 1 ]; then
+    warning "At least one dependency is missing. Install it or try the image wrapper."
+fi
 
-check_envvars() {
-    status=0
-    for envvar in $ENVVARS; do
-        if [ -z "${!envvar}" ]; then
-            error "Environment variable $envvar is not set."
-            if [ "$envvar" = "SSH_AUTH_SOCK" ]; then
-                error "Hint: run 'eval \$(ssh-agent) ; ssh-add' and try again?"
-            fi
-            status=1
-        fi
-    done
-    return $status
-}
+# Check if SSH_AUTH_SOCK is set.
+# (If it's not, deployment will almost certainly fail.)
+if [ -z "${SSH_AUTH_SOCK}" ]; then
+    warning "Environment variable SSH_AUTH_SOCK is not set."
+    warning "Hint: run 'eval \$(ssh-agent) ; ssh-add' and try again?"
+fi
 
-check_dependencies() {
-    status=0
-    for dependency in $DEPENDENCIES; do
-        if ! command -v $dependency >/dev/null; then
-            warning "Dependency $dependency could not be found."
-            status=1
-        fi
-    done
-    return $status
-}
-
-check_image() {
-    docker inspect $TRAINER_IMAGE >/dev/null 2>&1
-}
-
-check_envvars \
-    || die "Please set all required environment variables."
-
-check_dependencies \
-    || warning "At least one dependency is missing. Install it or try the image wrapper."
-
-# Now check which command was invoked and execute it
+# Now check which command was invoked and execute it.
 if [ "$1" ]; then
     cmd="$1"
     shift
@@ -77,6 +53,3 @@ fi
 fun=_cmd_$cmd
 type -t $fun | grep -q function || die "Invalid command: $cmd"
 $fun "$@"
-
-#    export SSH_AUTH_DIRNAME=$(dirname $SSH_AUTH_SOCK)
-#    docker-compose run prepare-vms "$@"

slides/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+FROM alpine:3.11
+RUN apk add --no-cache entr py3-pip git zip
+COPY requirements.txt .
+RUN pip3 install -r requirements.txt

slides/README.md

@@ -34,6 +34,14 @@ compile each `foo.yml` file into `foo.yml.html`.
 You can also run `./build.sh forever`: it will monitor the current
 directory and rebuild slides automatically when files are modified.
 
+If you have problems running `./build.sh` (because of
+Python dependencies or whatever),
+you can also run `docker-compose up` in this directory.
+It will start the `./build.sh forever` script in a container.
+It will also start a web server exposing the slides
+(but the slides should also work if you load them from your
+local filesystem).
+
 
 ## Publishing pipeline
 
@@ -53,4 +61,4 @@ You can run `./slidechecker foo.yml.html` to check for
 missing images and show the number of slides in that deck.
 It requires `phantomjs` to be installed. It takes some
 time to run so it is not yet integrated with the publishing
-pipeline.
+pipeline.

slides/_redirects

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/ /kube-fullday.yml.html 200!

slides/autopilot/autotest.py

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ logging.basicConfig(level=os.environ.get("LOG_LEVEL", "INFO"))
 
 TIMEOUT = 60 # 1 minute
 
+# This one is not a constant. It's an ugly global.
+IPADDR = None
+
 
 class State(object):
 
@@ -26,6 +29,10 @@ class State(object):
         self.interactive = True
         self.verify_status = False
         self.simulate_type = True
+        self.switch_desktop = False
+        self.sync_slides = False
+        self.open_links = False
+        self.run_hidden = True
         self.slide = 1
         self.snippet = 0
 
@@ -34,6 +41,10 @@ class State(object):
         self.interactive = bool(data["interactive"])
         self.verify_status = bool(data["verify_status"])
         self.simulate_type = bool(data["simulate_type"])
+        self.switch_desktop = bool(data["switch_desktop"])
+        self.sync_slides = bool(data["sync_slides"])
+        self.open_links = bool(data["open_links"])
+        self.run_hidden = bool(data["run_hidden"])
         self.slide = int(data["slide"])
         self.snippet = int(data["snippet"])
 
@@ -43,6 +54,10 @@ class State(object):
                 interactive=self.interactive,
                 verify_status=self.verify_status,
                 simulate_type=self.simulate_type,
+                switch_desktop=self.switch_desktop,
+                sync_slides=self.sync_slides,
+                open_links=self.open_links,
+                run_hidden=self.run_hidden,
                 slide=self.slide,
                 snippet=self.snippet,
                 ), f, default_flow_style=False)
@@ -119,14 +134,20 @@ class Slide(object):
 
 
 def focus_slides():
+    if not state.switch_desktop:
+        return
     subprocess.check_output(["i3-msg", "workspace", "3"])
     subprocess.check_output(["i3-msg", "workspace", "1"])
 
 def focus_terminal():
+    if not state.switch_desktop:
+        return
     subprocess.check_output(["i3-msg", "workspace", "2"])
     subprocess.check_output(["i3-msg", "workspace", "1"])
 
 def focus_browser():
+    if not state.switch_desktop:
+        return
     subprocess.check_output(["i3-msg", "workspace", "4"])
     subprocess.check_output(["i3-msg", "workspace", "1"])
 
@@ -163,6 +184,9 @@ def wait_for_prompt():
         last_line = output.split('\n')[-1]
         # Our custom prompt on the VMs has two lines; the 2nd line is just '$'
         if last_line == "$":
+            # This is a perfect opportunity to grab the node's IP address
+            global IPADDR
+            IPADDR = re.findall("^\[(.*)\]", output, re.MULTILINE)[-1]
             return
         # When we are in an alpine container, the prompt will be "/ #"
         if last_line == "/ #":
@@ -199,7 +223,7 @@ def check_exit_status():
 def setup_tmux_and_ssh():
     if subprocess.call(["tmux", "has-session"]):
         logging.error("Couldn't connect to tmux. Please setup tmux first.")
-        ipaddr = open("../../prepare-vms/ips.txt").read().split("\n")[0]
+        ipaddr = "$IPADDR"
         uid = os.getuid()
 
         raise Exception("""
@@ -301,17 +325,21 @@ while True:
     slide = slides[state.slide]
     snippet = slide.snippets[state.snippet-1] if state.snippet else None
     click.clear()
-    print("[Slide {}/{}] [Snippet {}/{}] [simulate_type:{}] [verify_status:{}]"
+    print("[Slide {}/{}] [Snippet {}/{}] [simulate_type:{}] [verify_status:{}] "
+          "[switch_desktop:{}] [sync_slides:{}] [open_links:{}] [run_hidden:{}]"
           .format(state.slide, len(slides)-1,
                   state.snippet, len(slide.snippets) if slide.snippets else 0,
-                  state.simulate_type, state.verify_status))
+                  state.simulate_type, state.verify_status,
+                  state.switch_desktop, state.sync_slides,
+                  state.open_links, state.run_hidden))
     print(hrule())
     if snippet:
         print(slide.content.replace(snippet.content, ansi(7)(snippet.content)))
         focus_terminal()
     else:
         print(slide.content)
-        subprocess.check_output(["./gotoslide.js", str(slide.number)])
+        if state.sync_slides:
+            subprocess.check_output(["./gotoslide.js", str(slide.number)])
         focus_slides()
     print(hrule())
     if state.interactive:
@@ -320,6 +348,10 @@ while True:
         print("n/→     Next")
         print("s       Simulate keystrokes")
         print("v       Validate exit status")
+        print("d       Switch desktop")
+        print("k       Sync slides")
+        print("o       Open links")
+        print("h       Run hidden commands")
         print("g       Go to a specific slide")
         print("q       Quit")
         print("c       Continue non-interactively until next error")
@@ -335,6 +367,14 @@ while True:
         state.simulate_type = not state.simulate_type
     elif command == "v":
         state.verify_status = not state.verify_status
+    elif command == "d":
+        state.switch_desktop = not state.switch_desktop
+    elif command == "k":
+        state.sync_slides = not state.sync_slides
+    elif command == "o":
+        state.open_links = not state.open_links
+    elif command == "h":
+        state.run_hidden = not state.run_hidden
     elif command == "g":
         state.slide = click.prompt("Enter slide number", type=int)
         state.snippet = 0
@@ -360,7 +400,7 @@ while True:
         logging.info("Running with method {}: {}".format(method, data))
         if method == "keys":
             send_keys(data)
-        elif method == "bash":
+        elif method == "bash" or (method == "hide" and state.run_hidden):
             # Make sure that we're ready
             wait_for_prompt()
             # Strip leading spaces
@@ -397,14 +437,14 @@ while True:
         elif method == "open":
             # Cheap way to get node1's IP address
             screen = capture_pane()
-            ipaddr = re.findall("^\[(.*)\]", screen, re.MULTILINE)[-1]
-            url = data.replace("/node1", "/{}".format(ipaddr))
+            url = data.replace("/node1", "/{}".format(IPADDR))
             # This should probably be adapted to run on different OS
-            subprocess.check_output(["xdg-open", url])
-            focus_browser()
-            if state.interactive:
-                print("Press any key to continue to next step...")
-                click.getchar()
+            if state.open_links:
+                subprocess.check_output(["xdg-open", url])
+                focus_browser()
+                if state.interactive:
+                    print("Press any key to continue to next step...")
+                    click.getchar()
         else:
             logging.warning("Unknown method {}: {!r}".format(method, data))
         move_forward()

slides/autopilot/requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+click

slides/build.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+set -e
 case "$1" in
 once)
+  ./index.py
   for YAML in *.yml; do
     ./markmaker.py $YAML > $YAML.html || { 
       rm $YAML.html
@@ -12,9 +14,17 @@ once)
       ./appendcheck.py $YAML.html
     done
   fi
+  zip -qr slides.zip . && echo "Created slides.zip archive."
   ;;
 
 forever)
+  set +e
+  # check if entr is installed
+  if ! command -v entr >/dev/null; then
+    echo >&2 "First install 'entr' with apt, brew, etc."
+    exit
+  fi
+  
   # There is a weird bug in entr, at least on MacOS,
   # where it doesn't restore the terminal to a clean
   # state when exitting. So let's try to work around

slides/common/about-slides.md

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-## About these slides
-
-- All the content is available in a public GitHub repository:
-
-  https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-- You can get updated "builds" of the slides there:
-
-  http://container.training/
-
-<!--
-.exercise[
-```open https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training```
-```open http://container.training/```
-]
--->
-
---
-
-- Typos? Mistakes? Questions? Feel free to hover over the bottom of the slide ...
-
-.footnote[.emoji[👇] Try it! The source file will be shown and you can view it on GitHub and fork and edit it.]
-
-<!--
-.exercise[
-```open https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/master/slides/common/about-slides.md```
-]
--->

slides/common/thankyou.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class: title, self-paced
-
-Thank you!
-
----
-
-class: title, in-person
-
-That's all, folks! <br/> Questions?
-
-![end](images/end.jpg)

slides/containers/Advanced_Dockerfiles.md

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+
+class: title
+
 # Advanced Dockerfiles
 
 ![construction](images/title-advanced-dockerfiles.jpg)
@@ -34,18 +37,6 @@ In this section, we will see more Dockerfile commands.
 
 ---
 
-## The `MAINTAINER` instruction
-
-The `MAINTAINER` instruction tells you who wrote the `Dockerfile`.
-
-```dockerfile
-MAINTAINER Docker Education Team <education@docker.com>
-```
-
-It's optional but recommended.
-
----
-
 ## The `RUN` instruction
 
 The `RUN` instruction can be specified in two ways.
@@ -94,8 +85,6 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y wget && apt-get clean
 
 It is also possible to break a command onto multiple lines:
 
-It is possible to execute multiple commands in a single step:
-
 ```dockerfile
 RUN apt-get update \
  && apt-get install -y wget \
@@ -369,7 +358,7 @@ class: extra-details
 
 ## Overriding the `ENTRYPOINT` instruction
 
-The entry point can be overriden as well.
+The entry point can be overridden as well.
 
 ```bash
 $ docker run -it training/ls
@@ -430,5 +419,4 @@ ONBUILD COPY . /src
 ```
 
 * You can't chain `ONBUILD` instructions with `ONBUILD`.
-* `ONBUILD` can't be used to trigger `FROM` and `MAINTAINER`
-  instructions.
+* `ONBUILD` can't be used to trigger `FROM` instructions.

slides/containers/Ambassadors.md

@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ ambassador containers.
 
 ---
 
+class: pic
+
 ![ambassador](images/ambassador-diagram.png)
 
 ---
@@ -154,6 +156,36 @@ Different deployments will use different underlying technologies.
 
 ---
 
+## Service meshes
+
+* A service mesh is a configurable network layer.
+
+* It can provide service discovery, high availability, load balancing, observability...
+
+* Service meshes are particularly useful for microservices applications.
+
+* Service meshes are often implemented as proxies.
+
+* Applications connect to the service mesh, which relays the connection where needed.
+
+*Does that sound familiar?*
+
+---
+
+## Ambassadors and service meshes
+
+* When using a service mesh, a "sidecar container" is often used as a proxy
+
+* Our services connect (transparently) to that sidecar container
+
+* That sidecar container figures out where to forward the traffic
+
+... Does that sound familiar?
+
+(It should, because service meshes are essentially app-wide or cluster-wide ambassadors!)
+
+---
+
 ## Section summary
 
 We've learned how to:
@@ -166,3 +198,10 @@ For more information about the ambassador pattern, including demos on Swarm and
 
 * [SwarmWeek video about Swarm+Compose](https://youtube.com/watch?v=qbIvUvwa6As)
 
+Some services meshes and related projects:
+
+* [Istio](https://istio.io/)
+
+* [Linkerd](https://linkerd.io/)
+
+* [Gloo](https://gloo.solo.io/)

slides/containers/Application_Configuration.md

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# Application Configuration
+
+There are many ways to provide configuration to containerized applications.
+
+There is no "best way" — it depends on factors like:
+
+* configuration size,
+
+* mandatory and optional parameters,
+
+* scope of configuration (per container, per app, per customer, per site, etc),
+
+* frequency of changes in the configuration.
+
+---
+
+## Command-line parameters
+
+```bash
+docker run jpetazzo/hamba 80 www1:80 www2:80
+```
+
+* Configuration is provided through command-line parameters.
+
+* In the above example, the `ENTRYPOINT` is a script that will:
+
+  - parse the parameters,
+
+  - generate a configuration file,
+
+  - start the actual service.
+
+---
+
+## Command-line parameters pros and cons
+
+* Appropriate for mandatory parameters (without which the service cannot start).
+
+* Convenient for "toolbelt" services instantiated many times.
+
+  (Because there is no extra step: just run it!)
+
+* Not great for dynamic configurations or bigger configurations.
+
+  (These things are still possible, but more cumbersome.)
+
+---
+
+## Environment variables
+
+```bash
+docker run -e ELASTICSEARCH_URL=http://es42:9201/ kibana
+```
+
+* Configuration is provided through environment variables.
+
+* The environment variable can be used straight by the program,
+  <br/>or by a script generating a configuration file.
+
+---
+
+## Environment variables pros and cons
+
+* Appropriate for optional parameters (since the image can provide default values).
+
+* Also convenient for services instantiated many times.
+
+  (It's as easy as command-line parameters.)
+
+* Great for services with lots of parameters, but you only want to specify a few.
+
+  (And use default values for everything else.)
+
+* Ability to introspect possible parameters and their default values.
+
+* Not great for dynamic configurations.
+
+---
+
+## Baked-in configuration
+
+```
+FROM prometheus
+COPY prometheus.conf /etc
+```
+
+* The configuration is added to the image.
+
+* The image may have a default configuration; the new configuration can:
+
+  - replace the default configuration,
+
+  - extend it (if the code can read multiple configuration files).
+
+---
+
+## Baked-in configuration pros and cons
+
+* Allows arbitrary customization and complex configuration files.
+
+* Requires to write a configuration file. (Obviously!)
+
+* Requires to build an image to start the service.
+
+* Requires to rebuild the image to reconfigure the service.
+
+* Requires to rebuild the image to upgrade the service.
+
+* Configured images can be stored in registries.
+
+  (Which is great, but requires a registry.)
+
+---
+
+## Configuration volume
+
+```bash
+docker run -v appconfig:/etc/appconfig myapp
+```
+
+* The configuration is stored in a volume.
+
+* The volume is attached to the container.
+
+* The image may have a default configuration.
+
+  (But this results in a less "obvious" setup, that needs more documentation.)
+
+---
+
+## Configuration volume pros and cons
+
+* Allows arbitrary customization and complex configuration files.
+
+* Requires to create a volume for each different configuration.
+
+* Services with identical configurations can use the same volume.
+
+* Doesn't require to build / rebuild an image when upgrading / reconfiguring.
+
+* Configuration can be generated or edited through another container.
+
+---
+
+## Dynamic configuration volume
+
+* This is a powerful pattern for dynamic, complex configurations.
+
+* The configuration is stored in a volume.
+
+* The configuration is generated / updated by a special container.
+
+* The application container detects when the configuration is changed.
+
+  (And automatically reloads the configuration when necessary.)
+
+* The configuration can be shared between multiple services if needed.
+
+---
+
+## Dynamic configuration volume example
+
+In a first terminal, start a load balancer with an initial configuration:
+
+```bash
+$ docker run --name loadbalancer jpetazzo/hamba \
+  80 goo.gl:80
+```
+
+In another terminal, reconfigure that load balancer:
+
+```bash
+$ docker run --rm --volumes-from loadbalancer jpetazzo/hamba reconfigure \
+  80 google.com:80
+```
+
+The configuration could also be updated through e.g. a REST API.
+
+(The REST API being itself served from another container.)
+
+---
+
+## Keeping secrets
+
+.warning[Ideally, you should not put secrets (passwords, tokens...) in:]
+
+* command-line or environment variables (anyone with Docker API access can get them),
+
+* images, especially stored in a registry.
+
+Secrets management is better handled with an orchestrator (like Swarm or Kubernetes).
+
+Orchestrators will allow to pass secrets in a "one-way" manner.
+
+Managing secrets securely without an orchestrator can be contrived.
+
+E.g.:
+
+- read the secret on stdin when the service starts,
+
+- pass the secret using an API endpoint.

slides/containers/Background_Containers.md

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ CONTAINER ID  IMAGE           ...  CREATED        STATUS        ...
 
 Many Docker commands will work on container IDs: `docker stop`, `docker rm`...
 
-If we want to list only the IDs of our containers (without the other colums
+If we want to list only the IDs of our containers (without the other columns
 or the header line),
 we can use the `-q` ("Quiet", "Quick") flag:
 
@@ -144,6 +144,10 @@ At a first glance, it looks like this would be particularly useful in scripts.
 However, if we want to start a container and get its ID in a reliable way,
 it is better to use `docker run -d`, which we will cover in a bit.
 
+(Using `docker ps -lq` is prone to race conditions: what happens if someone
+else, or another program or script, starts another container just before
+we run `docker ps -lq`?)
+
 ---
 
 ## View the logs of a container

slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md

@@ -93,20 +93,22 @@ The output of `docker build` looks like this:
 
 .small[
 ```bash
-$ docker build -t figlet .
-Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kB
-Sending build context to Docker daemon 
-Step 0 : FROM ubuntu
- ---> e54ca5efa2e9
-Step 1 : RUN apt-get update
- ---> Running in 840cb3533193
- ---> 7257c37726a1
-Removing intermediate container 840cb3533193
-Step 2 : RUN apt-get install figlet
- ---> Running in 2b44df762a2f
- ---> f9e8f1642759
-Removing intermediate container 2b44df762a2f
-Successfully built f9e8f1642759
+docker build -t figlet .
+Sending build context to Docker daemon  2.048kB
+Step 1/3 : FROM ubuntu
+ ---> f975c5035748
+Step 2/3 : RUN apt-get update
+ ---> Running in e01b294dbffd
+(...output of the RUN command...)
+Removing intermediate container e01b294dbffd
+ ---> eb8d9b561b37
+Step 3/3 : RUN apt-get install figlet
+ ---> Running in c29230d70f9b
+(...output of the RUN command...)
+Removing intermediate container c29230d70f9b
+ ---> 0dfd7a253f21
+Successfully built 0dfd7a253f21
+Successfully tagged figlet:latest
 ```
 ]
 
@@ -129,25 +131,31 @@ Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kB
 
 * Be careful (or patient) if that directory is big and your link is slow.
 
+* You can speed up the process with a [`.dockerignore`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#dockerignore-file) file 
+
+  * It tells docker to ignore specific files in the directory
+
+  * Only ignore files that you won't need in the build context!
+
 ---
 
 ## Executing each step
 
 ```bash
-Step 1 : RUN apt-get update
- ---> Running in 840cb3533193
+Step 2/3 : RUN apt-get update
+ ---> Running in e01b294dbffd
 (...output of the RUN command...)
- ---> 7257c37726a1
-Removing intermediate container 840cb3533193
+Removing intermediate container e01b294dbffd
+ ---> eb8d9b561b37
 ```
 
-* A container (`840cb3533193`) is created from the base image.
+* A container (`e01b294dbffd`) is created from the base image.
 
 * The `RUN` command is executed in this container.
 
-* The container is committed into an image (`7257c37726a1`).
+* The container is committed into an image (`eb8d9b561b37`).
 
-* The build container (`840cb3533193`) is removed.
+* The build container (`e01b294dbffd`) is removed.
 
 * The output of this step will be the base image for the next one.
 

slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ Let's build it:
 $ docker build -t figlet .
 ...
 Successfully built 042dff3b4a8d
+Successfully tagged figlet:latest
 ```
 
 And run it:
@@ -165,6 +166,7 @@ Let's build it:
 $ docker build -t figlet .
 ...
 Successfully built 36f588918d73
+Successfully tagged figlet:latest
 ```
 
 And run it:
@@ -223,6 +225,7 @@ Let's build it:
 $ docker build -t figlet .
 ...
 Successfully built 6e0b6a048a07
+Successfully tagged figlet:latest
 ```
 
 Run it without parameters:

slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Before diving in, let's see a small example of Compose in action.
 
 ---
 
-## Compose in action
+class: pic
 
 ![composeup](images/composeup.gif)
 
@@ -60,6 +60,10 @@ Before diving in, let's see a small example of Compose in action.
 If you are using the official training virtual machines, Compose has been
 pre-installed.
 
+If you are using Docker for Mac/Windows or the Docker Toolbox, Compose comes with them.
+
+If you are on Linux (desktop or server environment), you will need to install Compose from its [release page](https://github.com/docker/compose/releases) or with `pip install docker-compose`.
+
 You can always check that it is installed by running:
 
 ```bash
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ First step: clone the source code for the app we will be working on.
 
 ```bash
 $ cd
-$ git clone git://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels
+$ git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels
 ...
 $ cd trainingwheels
 ```
@@ -135,22 +139,33 @@ services:
 
 ---
 
-## Compose file versions
+## Compose file structure
 
-Version 1 directly has the various containers (`www`, `redis`...) at the top level of the  file.
+A Compose file has multiple sections:
 
-Version 2 has multiple sections:
+* `version` is mandatory. (We should use `"2"` or later; version 1 is deprecated.)
 
-* `version` is mandatory and should be `"2"`.
-
-* `services` is mandatory and corresponds to the content of the version 1 format.
+* `services` is mandatory. A service is one or more replicas of the same image running as containers.
 
 * `networks` is optional and indicates to which networks containers should be connected.
-  <br/>(By default, containers will be connected on a private, per-app network.)
+  <br/>(By default, containers will be connected on a private, per-compose-file network.)
 
 * `volumes` is optional and can define volumes to be used and/or shared by the containers.
 
-Version 3 adds support for deployment options (scaling, rolling updates, etc.)
+---
+
+## Compose file versions
+
+* Version 1 is legacy and shouldn't be used.
+
+  (If you see a Compose file without `version` and `services`, it's a legacy v1 file.)
+
+* Version 2 added support for networks and volumes.
+
+* Version 3 added support for deployment options (scaling, rolling updates, etc).
+
+The [Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/)
+has excellent information about the Compose file format if you need to know more about versions.
 
 ---
 
@@ -260,6 +275,8 @@ Removing trainingwheels_www_1 ... done
 Removing trainingwheels_redis_1 ... done
 ```
 
+Use `docker-compose down -v` to remove everything including volumes.
+
 ---
 
 ## Special handling of volumes

slides/containers/Container_Engines.md

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# Docker Engine and other container engines
+
+* We are going to cover the architecture of the Docker Engine.
+
+* We will also present other container engines.
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+## Docker Engine external architecture
+
+![](images/docker-engine-architecture.svg)
+
+---
+
+## Docker Engine external architecture
+
+* The Engine is a daemon (service running in the background).
+
+* All interaction is done through a REST API exposed over a socket.
+
+* On Linux, the default socket is a UNIX socket: `/var/run/docker.sock`.
+
+* We can also use a TCP socket, with optional mutual TLS authentication.
+
+* The `docker` CLI communicates with the Engine over the socket.
+
+Note: strictly speaking, the Docker API is not fully REST.
+
+Some operations (e.g. dealing with interactive containers
+and log streaming) don't fit the REST model.
+ 
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+## Docker Engine internal architecture
+
+![](images/dockerd-and-containerd.png)
+
+---
+
+## Docker Engine internal architecture
+
+* Up to Docker 1.10: the Docker Engine is one single monolithic binary.
+
+* Starting with Docker 1.11, the Engine is split into multiple parts:
+
+  - `dockerd` (REST API, auth, networking, storage)
+
+  - `containerd` (container lifecycle, controlled over a gRPC API)
+
+  - `containerd-shim` (per-container; does almost nothing but allows to restart the Engine without restarting the containers)
+
+  - `runc` (per-container; does the actual heavy lifting to start the container)
+
+* Some features (like image and snapshot management) are progressively being pushed from `dockerd` to `containerd`.
+
+For more details, check [this short presentation by Phil Estes](https://www.slideshare.net/PhilEstes/diving-through-the-layers-investigating-runc-containerd-and-the-docker-engine-architecture).
+
+---
+
+## Other container engines
+
+The following list is not exhaustive.
+
+Furthermore, we limited the scope to Linux containers.
+
+We can also find containers (or things that look like containers) on other platforms
+like Windows, macOS, Solaris, FreeBSD ...
+
+---
+
+## LXC
+
+* The venerable ancestor (first released in 2008).
+
+* Docker initially relied on it to execute containers.
+
+* No daemon; no central API.
+
+* Each container is managed by a `lxc-start` process.
+
+* Each `lxc-start` process exposes a custom API over a local UNIX socket, allowing to interact with the container.
+
+* No notion of image (container filesystems have to be managed manually).
+
+* Networking has to be setup manually.
+
+---
+
+## LXD
+
+* Re-uses LXC code (through liblxc).
+
+* Builds on top of LXC to offer a more modern experience.
+
+* Daemon exposing a REST API.
+
+* Can manage images, snapshots, migrations, networking, storage.
+
+* "offers a user experience similar to virtual machines but using Linux containers instead."
+
+---
+
+## rkt
+
+* Compares to `runc`.
+
+* No daemon or API.
+
+* Strong emphasis on security (through privilege separation).
+
+* Networking has to be setup separately (e.g. through CNI plugins).
+
+* Partial image management (pull, but no push).
+
+  (Image build is handled by separate tools.)
+
+---
+
+## CRI-O
+
+* Designed to be used with Kubernetes as a simple, basic runtime.
+
+* Compares to `containerd`.
+
+* Daemon exposing a gRPC interface.
+
+* Controlled using the CRI API (Container Runtime Interface defined by Kubernetes).
+
+* Needs an underlying OCI runtime (e.g. runc).
+
+* Handles storage, images, networking (through CNI plugins).
+
+We're not aware of anyone using it directly (i.e. outside of Kubernetes).
+
+---
+
+## systemd
+
+* "init" system (PID 1) in most modern Linux distributions.
+
+* Offers tools like `systemd-nspawn` and `machinectl` to manage containers.
+
+* `systemd-nspawn` is "In many ways it is similar to chroot(1), but more powerful".
+
+* `machinectl` can interact with VMs and containers managed by systemd.
+
+* Exposes a DBUS API.
+
+* Basic image support (tar archives and raw disk images).
+
+* Network has to be setup manually.
+
+---
+
+## Kata containers
+
+* OCI-compliant runtime.
+
+* Fusion of two projects: Intel Clear Containers and Hyper runV.
+
+* Run each container in a lightweight virtual machine.
+
+* Requires to run on bare metal *or* with nested virtualization.
+
+---
+
+## gVisor
+
+* OCI-compliant runtime.
+
+* Implements a subset of the Linux kernel system calls.
+
+* Written in go, uses a smaller subset of system calls.
+
+* Can be heavily sandboxed.
+
+* Can run in two modes:
+
+  * KVM (requires bare metal or nested virtualization),
+
+  * ptrace (no requirement, but slower).
+
+---
+
+## Overall ...
+
+* The Docker Engine is very developer-centric:
+
+  - easy to install
+
+  - easy to use
+
+  - no manual setup
+
+  - first-class image build and transfer
+
+* As a result, it is a fantastic tool in development environments.
+
+* On servers:
+
+  - Docker is a good default choice
+
+  - If you use Kubernetes, the engine doesn't matter

slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md

@@ -65,9 +65,17 @@ eb0eeab782f4        host                host
 
 * A network is managed by a *driver*.
 
-* All the drivers that we have seen before are available.
+* The built-in drivers include:
 
-* A new multi-host driver, *overlay*, is available out of the box.
+  * `bridge` (default)
+
+  * `none`
+
+  * `host`
+
+  * `macvlan`
+
+* A multi-host driver, *overlay*, is available out of the box (for Swarm clusters).
 
 * More drivers can be provided by plugins (OVS, VLAN...)
 
@@ -75,6 +83,8 @@ eb0eeab782f4        host                host
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
 ## Differences with the CNI
 
 * CNI = Container Network Interface
@@ -87,6 +97,30 @@ eb0eeab782f4        host                host
 
 ---
 
+class: pic
+
+## Single container in a Docker network
+
+![bridge0](images/bridge1.png)
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+## Two containers on a single Docker network
+
+![bridge2](images/bridge2.png)
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+## Two containers on two Docker networks
+
+![bridge3](images/bridge3.png)
+
+---
+
 ## Creating a network
 
 Let's create a network called `dev`.
@@ -284,7 +318,7 @@ since we wiped out the old Redis container).
 
 ---
 
-class: x-extra-details
+class: extra-details
 
 ## Names are *local* to each network
 
@@ -324,7 +358,7 @@ class: extra-details
 Create the `prod` network.
 
 ```bash
-$ docker create network prod
+$ docker network create prod
 5a41562fecf2d8f115bedc16865f7336232a04268bdf2bd816aecca01b68d50c
 ```
 
@@ -434,7 +468,7 @@ When creating a network, extra options can be provided.
 
 * `--internal` disables outbound traffic (the network won't have a default gateway).
 
-* `--gateway` indicates which address to use for the gateway (when utbound traffic is allowed).
+* `--gateway` indicates which address to use for the gateway (when outbound traffic is allowed).
 
 * `--subnet` (in CIDR notation) indicates the subnet to use.
 
@@ -472,11 +506,13 @@ b2887adeb5578a01fd9c55c435cad56bbbe802350711d2743691f95743680b09
 
 * If containers span multiple hosts, we need an *overlay* network to connect them together.
 
-* Docker ships with a default network plugin, `overlay`, implementing an overlay network leveraging VXLAN.
+* Docker ships with a default network plugin, `overlay`, implementing an overlay network leveraging
+  VXLAN, *enabled with Swarm Mode*.
 
 * Other plugins (Weave, Calico...) can provide overlay networks as well.
 
-* Once you have an overlay network, *all the features that we've used in this chapter work identically.*
+* Once you have an overlay network, *all the features that we've used in this chapter work identically
+  across multiple hosts.*
 
 ---
 
@@ -492,7 +528,7 @@ Very short instructions:
 - `docker network create mynet --driver overlay`
 - `docker service create --network mynet myimage`
 
-See http://jpetazzo.github.io/container.training for all the deets about clustering!
+See https://jpetazzo.github.io/container.training for all the deets about clustering!
 
 ---
 
@@ -514,13 +550,191 @@ General idea:
 
 ---
 
-## Section summary
+## Connecting and disconnecting dynamically
 
-We've learned how to:
+* So far, we have specified which network to use when starting the container.
 
-* Create private networks for groups of containers.
+* The Docker Engine also allows to connect and disconnect while the container runs.
 
-* Assign IP addresses to containers.
+* This feature is exposed through the Docker API, and through two Docker CLI commands:
 
-* Use container naming to implement service discovery.
+  * `docker network connect <network> <container>`
 
+  * `docker network disconnect <network> <container>`
+
+---
+
+## Dynamically connecting to a network
+
+* We have a container named `es` connected to a network named `dev`.
+
+* Let's start a simple alpine container on the default network:
+
+  ```bash
+  $ docker run -ti alpine sh
+  / #
+  ```
+
+* In this container, try to ping the `es` container:
+
+  ```bash
+  / # ping es
+  ping: bad address 'es'
+  ```
+
+  This doesn't work, but we will change that by connecting the container.
+
+---
+
+## Finding the container ID and connecting it
+
+* Figure out the ID of our alpine container; here are two methods:
+
+  * looking at `/etc/hostname` in the container,
+
+  * running `docker ps -lq` on the host.
+
+* Run the following command on the host:
+
+  ```bash
+  $ docker network connect dev `<container_id>`
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Checking what we did
+
+* Try again to `ping es` from the container.
+
+* It should now work correctly:
+
+  ```bash
+  / # ping es
+  PING es (172.20.0.3): 56 data bytes
+  64 bytes from 172.20.0.3: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.376 ms
+  64 bytes from 172.20.0.3: seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.130 ms
+  ^C
+  ```
+
+* Interrupt it with Ctrl-C.
+
+---
+
+## Looking at the network setup in the container
+
+We can look at the list of network interfaces with `ifconfig`, `ip a`, or `ip l`:
+
+.small[
+```bash
+/ # ip a
+1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1000
+    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
+    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
+       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
+18: eth0@if19: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
+    link/ether 02:42:ac:11:00:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
+    inet 172.17.0.2/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global eth0
+       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
+20: eth1@if21: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
+    link/ether 02:42:ac:14:00:04 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
+    inet 172.20.0.4/16 brd 172.20.255.255 scope global eth1
+       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
+/ #
+```
+]
+
+Each network connection is materialized with a virtual network interface.
+
+As we can see, we can be connected to multiple networks at the same time.
+
+---
+
+## Disconnecting from a network
+
+* Let's try the symmetrical command to disconnect the container:
+  ```bash
+  $ docker network disconnect dev <container_id>
+  ```
+
+* From now on, if we try to ping `es`, it will not resolve:
+  ```bash
+  / # ping es
+  ping: bad address 'es'
+  ```
+
+* Trying to ping the IP address directly won't work either:
+  ```bash
+  / # ping 172.20.0.3
+  ... (nothing happens until we interrupt it with Ctrl-C)
+  ```
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Network aliases are scoped per network
+
+* Each network has its own set of network aliases.
+
+* We saw this earlier: `es` resolves to different addresses in `dev` and `prod`.
+
+* If we are connected to multiple networks, the resolver looks up names in each of them
+  (as of Docker Engine 18.03, it is the connection order) and stops as soon as the name
+  is found.
+
+* Therefore, if we are connected to both `dev` and `prod`, resolving `es` will **not**
+  give us the addresses of all the `es` services; but only the ones in `dev` or `prod`.
+
+* However, we can lookup `es.dev` or `es.prod` if we need to.
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Finding out about our networks and names
+
+* We can do reverse DNS lookups on containers' IP addresses.
+
+* If the IP address belongs to a network (other than the default bridge), the result will be:
+
+  ```
+  name-or-first-alias-or-container-id.network-name
+  ```
+
+* Example:
+
+.small[
+```bash
+$ docker run -ti --net prod --net-alias hello alpine
+/ # apk add --no-cache drill
+...
+OK: 5 MiB in 13 packages
+/ # ifconfig
+eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:AC:15:00:03
+          inet addr:`172.21.0.3`  Bcast:172.21.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
+          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
+...
+/ # drill -t ptr `3.0.21.172`.in-addr.arpa
+...
+;; ANSWER SECTION:
+3.0.21.172.in-addr.arpa.	600	IN	PTR	`hello.prod`.
+...
+```
+]
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Building with a custom network
+
+* We can build a Dockerfile with a custom network with `docker build --network NAME`.
+
+* This can be used to check that a build doesn't access the network.
+
+  (But keep in mind that most Dockerfiles will fail,
+  <br/>because they need to install remote packages and dependencies!)
+
+* This may be used to access an internal package repository.
+
+  (But try to use a multi-stage build instead, if possible!)

slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md

@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ We will use `docker ps`:
 
 ```bash
 $ docker ps
-CONTAINER ID  IMAGE  ...  PORTS                                          ...
-e40ffb406c9e  nginx  ...  0.0.0.0:32769->80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:32768->443/tcp  ...
+CONTAINER ID  IMAGE  ...  PORTS                  ...
+e40ffb406c9e  nginx  ...  0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp  ...
 ```
 
 
-* The web server is running on ports 80 and 443 inside the container.
+* The web server is running on port 80 inside the container.
 
-* Those ports are mapped to ports 32769 and 32768 on our Docker host.
+* This port is mapped to port 32768 on our Docker host.
 
 We will explain the whys and hows of this port mapping.
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Make sure to use the right port number if it is different
 from the example below:
 
 ```bash
-$ curl localhost:32769
+$ curl localhost:32768
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
@@ -91,6 +91,31 @@ $ curl localhost:32769
 
 ---
 
+## How does Docker know which port to map?
+
+* There is metadata in the image telling "this image has something on port 80".
+
+* We can see that metadata with `docker inspect`:
+
+```bash
+$ docker inspect --format '{{.Config.ExposedPorts}}' nginx
+map[80/tcp:{}]
+```
+
+* This metadata was set in the Dockerfile, with the `EXPOSE` keyword.
+
+* We can see that with `docker history`:
+
+```bash
+$ docker history nginx
+IMAGE               CREATED             CREATED BY
+7f70b30f2cc6        11 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD ["nginx" "-g" "…
+<missing>           11 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  STOPSIGNAL [SIGTERM]
+<missing>           11 days ago         /bin/sh -c #(nop)  EXPOSE 80/tcp
+```
+
+---
+
 ## Why are we mapping ports?
 
 * We are out of IPv4 addresses.
@@ -113,7 +138,7 @@ There is a command to help us:
 
 ```bash
 $ docker port <containerID> 80
-32769
+32768
 ```
 
 ---
@@ -128,7 +153,7 @@ $ docker run -d -p 8000:80 nginx
 $ docker run -d -p 8080:80 -p 8888:80 nginx
 ```
 
-* We are running two NGINX web servers.
+* We are running three NGINX web servers.
 * The first one is exposed on port 80.
 * The second one is exposed on port 8000.
 * The third one is exposed on ports 8080 and 8888.

slides/containers/Containers_From_Scratch.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Building containers from scratch
+
+(This is a "bonus section" done if time permits.)

slides/containers/Copy_On_Write.md

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+# Copy-on-write filesystems
+
+Container engines rely on copy-on-write to be able
+to start containers quickly, regardless of their size.
+
+We will explain how that works, and review some of
+the copy-on-write storage systems available on Linux.
+
+---
+
+## What is copy-on-write?
+
+- Copy-on-write is a mechanism allowing to share data.
+
+- The data appears to be a copy, but is only
+  a link (or reference) to the original data.
+
+- The actual copy happens only when someone
+  tries to change the shared data.
+
+- Whoever changes the shared data ends up
+  using their own copy instead of the shared data.
+
+---
+
+## A few metaphors
+
+--
+
+- First metaphor:
+  <br/>white board and tracing paper
+
+--
+
+- Second metaphor:
+  <br/>magic books with shadowy pages
+
+--
+
+- Third metaphor:
+  <br/>just-in-time house building
+
+---
+
+## Copy-on-write is *everywhere*
+
+- Process creation with `fork()`.
+
+- Consistent disk snapshots.
+
+- Efficient VM provisioning.
+
+- And, of course, containers.
+
+---
+
+## Copy-on-write and containers
+
+Copy-on-write is essential to give us "convenient" containers.
+
+- Creating a new container (from an existing image) is "free".
+
+  (Otherwise, we would have to copy the image first.)
+
+- Customizing a container (by tweaking a few files) is cheap.
+
+  (Adding a 1 KB configuration file to a 1 GB container takes 1 KB, not 1 GB.)
+
+- We can take snapshots, i.e. have "checkpoints" or "save points"
+  when building images.
+
+---
+
+## AUFS overview
+
+- The original (legacy) copy-on-write filesystem used by first versions of Docker.
+
+- Combine multiple *branches* in a specific order.
+
+- Each branch is just a normal directory.
+
+- You generally have:
+
+  - at least one read-only branch (at the bottom),
+
+  - exactly one read-write branch (at the top).
+
+  (But other fun combinations are possible too!)
+
+---
+
+## AUFS operations: opening a file
+
+- With `O_RDONLY` - read-only access:
+
+  - look it up in each branch, starting from the top
+
+  - open the first one we find
+
+- With `O_WRONLY` or `O_RDWR` - write access:
+
+  - if the file exists on the top branch: open it
+
+  - if the file exists on another branch: "copy up"
+    <br/>
+    (i.e. copy the file to the top branch and open the copy)
+
+  - if the file doesn't exist on any branch: create it on the top branch
+
+That "copy-up" operation can take a while if the file is big!
+
+---
+
+## AUFS operations: deleting a file
+
+- A *whiteout* file is created.
+
+- This is similar to the concept of "tombstones" used in some data systems.
+
+```
+ # docker run ubuntu rm /etc/shadow
+
+ # ls -la /var/lib/docker/aufs/diff/$(docker ps --no-trunc -lq)/etc
+ total 8
+ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 27 15:36 .
+ drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Jan 27 15:36 ..
+ -r--r--r-- 2 root root    0 Jan 27 15:36 .wh.shadow
+```
+
+---
+
+## AUFS performance
+
+- AUFS `mount()` is fast, so creation of containers is quick.
+
+- Read/write access has native speeds.
+
+- But initial `open()` is expensive in two scenarios:
+
+  - when writing big files (log files, databases ...),
+
+  - when searching many directories (PATH, classpath, etc.) over many layers.
+
+- Protip: when we built dotCloud, we ended up putting
+  all important data on *volumes*.
+
+- When starting the same container multiple times:
+
+  - the data is loaded only once from disk, and cached only once in memory;
+
+  - but `dentries` will be duplicated.
+
+---
+
+## Device Mapper
+
+Device Mapper is a rich subsystem with many features.
+
+It can be used for: RAID, encrypted devices, snapshots, and more.
+
+In the context of containers (and Docker in particular), "Device Mapper"
+means:
+
+"the Device Mapper system + its *thin provisioning target*"
+
+If you see the abbreviation "thinp" it stands for "thin provisioning".
+
+---
+
+## Device Mapper principles
+
+- Copy-on-write happens on the *block* level
+  (instead of the *file* level).
+
+- Each container and each image get their own block device.
+
+- At any given time, it is possible to take a snapshot:
+
+  - of an existing container (to create a frozen image),
+
+  - of an existing image (to create a container from it).
+
+- If a block has never been written to:
+
+  - it's assumed to be all zeros,
+
+  - it's not allocated on disk.
+
+(That last property is the reason for the name "thin" provisioning.)
+
+---
+
+## Device Mapper operational details
+
+- Two storage areas are needed:
+  one for *data*, another for *metadata*.
+
+- "data" is also called the "pool"; it's just a big pool of blocks.
+
+  (Docker uses the smallest possible block size, 64 KB.)
+
+- "metadata" contains the mappings between virtual offsets (in the
+  snapshots) and physical offsets (in the pool).
+
+- Each time a new block (or a copy-on-write block) is written,
+  a block is allocated from the pool.
+
+- When there are no more blocks in the pool, attempts to write
+  will stall until the pool is increased (or the write operation
+  aborted).
+
+- In other words: when running out of space, containers are
+  frozen, but operations will resume as soon as space is available.
+
+---
+
+## Device Mapper performance
+
+- By default, Docker puts data and metadata on a loop device
+  backed by a sparse file.
+
+- This is great from a usability point of view,
+  since zero configuration is needed.
+
+- But it is terrible from a performance point of view:
+
+  - each time a container writes to a new block,
+  - a block has to be allocated from the pool,
+  - and when it's written to,
+  - a block has to be allocated from the sparse file,
+  - and sparse file performance isn't great anyway.
+
+- If you use Device Mapper, make sure to put data (and metadata)
+  on devices!
+
+---
+
+## BTRFS principles
+
+- BTRFS is a filesystem (like EXT4, XFS, NTFS...) with built-in snapshots.
+
+- The "copy-on-write" happens at the filesystem level.
+
+- BTRFS integrates the snapshot and block pool management features
+  at the filesystem level.
+
+  (Instead of the block level for Device Mapper.)
+
+- In practice, we create a "subvolume" and 
+  later take a "snapshot" of that subvolume.
+
+  Imagine: `mkdir` with Super Powers and `cp -a` with Super Powers.
+
+- These operations can be executed with the `btrfs` CLI tool.
+
+---
+
+## BTRFS in practice with Docker
+
+- Docker can use BTRFS and its snapshotting features to store container images.
+
+- The only requirement is that `/var/lib/docker` is on a BTRFS filesystem.
+
+  (Or, the directory specified with the `--data-root` flag when starting the engine.)
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## BTRFS quirks
+
+- BTRFS works by dividing its storage in *chunks*.
+
+- A chunk can contain data or metadata.
+
+- You can run out of chunks (and get `No space left on device`)
+  even though `df` shows space available.
+  
+  (Because chunks are only partially allocated.)
+
+- Quick fix:
+
+```
+ # btrfs filesys balance start -dusage=1 /var/lib/docker
+```
+
+---
+
+## Overlay2
+
+- Overlay2 is very similar to AUFS.
+
+- However, it has been merged in "upstream" kernel.
+
+- It is therefore available on all modern kernels.
+
+  (AUFS was available on Debian and Ubuntu, but required custom kernels on other distros.)
+
+- It is simpler than AUFS (it can only have two branches, called "layers").
+
+- The container engine abstracts this detail, so this is not a concern.
+
+- Overlay2 storage drivers generally use hard links between layers.
+
+- This improves `stat()` and `open()` performance, at the expense of inode usage.
+
+---
+
+## ZFS
+
+- ZFS is similar to BTRFS (at least from a container user's perspective).
+
+- Pros:
+
+  - high performance
+  - high reliability (with e.g. data checksums)
+  - optional data compression and deduplication
+
+- Cons:
+
+  - high memory usage
+  - not in upstream kernel
+
+- It is available as a kernel module or through FUSE.
+
+---
+
+## Which one is the best?
+
+- Eventually, overlay2 should be the best option.
+
+- It is available on all modern systems.
+
+- Its memory usage is better than Device Mapper, BTRFS, or ZFS.
+
+- The remarks about *write performance* shouldn't bother you:
+  <br/>
+  data should always be stored in volumes anyway!
+

slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Create this Dockerfile.
 
 ## Testing our C program
 
-* Create `hello.c` and `Dockerfile` in the same direcotry.
+* Create `hello.c` and `Dockerfile` in the same directory.
 
 * Run `docker build -t hello .` in this directory.
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Success!
 * Older Dockerfiles also have the `ADD` instruction.
   <br/>It is similar but can automatically extract archives.
 
-* If we really wanted to compile C code in a compiler, we would:
+* If we really wanted to compile C code in a container, we would:
 
   * Place it in a different directory, with the `WORKDIR` instruction.
 

slides/containers/Docker_History.md

@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@
 
 * [Solaris Containers (2004)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_Containers)
 
-* [FreeBSD jails (1999)](https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=jail&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.0-RELEASE)
+* [FreeBSD jails (1999-2000)](https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=jail&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.0-RELEASE)
 
 Containers have been around for a *very long time* indeed.
 
+(See [this excellent blog post by Serge Hallyn](https://s3hh.wordpress.com/2018/03/22/history-of-containers/) for more historic details.)
+
 ---
 
 class: pic

slides/containers/Docker_Machine.md

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Managing hosts with Docker Machine
+
+- Docker Machine is a tool to provision and manage Docker hosts.
+
+- It automates the creation of a virtual machine:
+
+  - locally, with a tool like VirtualBox or VMware;
+
+  - on a public cloud like AWS EC2, Azure, Digital Ocean, GCP, etc.;
+
+  - on a private cloud like OpenStack.
+
+- It can also configure existing machines through an SSH connection.
+
+- It can manage as many hosts as you want, with as many "drivers" as you want.
+
+---
+
+## Docker Machine workflow
+
+1) Prepare the environment: setup VirtualBox, obtain cloud credentials ...
+
+2) Create hosts with `docker-machine create -d drivername machinename`.
+
+3) Use a specific machine with `eval $(docker-machine env machinename)`.
+
+4) Profit!
+
+---
+
+## Environment variables
+
+- Most of the tools (CLI, libraries...) connecting to the Docker API can use environment variables.
+
+- These variables are:
+
+  - `DOCKER_HOST` (indicates address+port to connect to, or path of UNIX socket)
+
+  - `DOCKER_TLS_VERIFY` (indicates that TLS mutual auth should be used)
+
+  - `DOCKER_CERT_PATH` (path to the keypair and certificate to use for auth)
+
+- `docker-machine env ...` will generate the variables needed to connect to a host.
+
+- `$(eval docker-machine env ...)` sets these variables in the current shell.
+
+---
+
+## Host management features
+
+With `docker-machine`, we can:
+
+- upgrade a host to the latest version of the Docker Engine,
+
+- start/stop/restart hosts,
+
+- get a shell on a remote machine (with SSH),
+
+- copy files to/from remotes machines (with SCP),
+
+- mount a remote host's directory on the local machine (with SSHFS),
+
+- ...
+
+---
+
+## The `generic` driver
+
+When provisioning a new host, `docker-machine` executes these steps:
+
+1) Create the host using a cloud or hypervisor API.
+
+2) Connect to the host over SSH.
+
+3) Install and configure Docker on the host.
+
+With the `generic` driver, we provide the IP address of an existing host
+(instead of e.g. cloud credentials) and we omit the first step.
+
+This allows to provision physical machines, or VMs provided by a 3rd
+party, or use a cloud for which we don't have a provisioning API.

slides/containers/Docker_Overview.md

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class: pic
 
 class: pic
 
-## The parallel with the shipping indsutry
+## The parallel with the shipping industry
 
 ![history](images/shipping-industry-problem.png)
 

slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+# Tips for efficient Dockerfiles
+
+We will see how to:
+
+* Reduce the number of layers.
+
+* Leverage the build cache so that builds can be faster.
+
+* Embed unit testing in the build process.
+
+---
+
+## Reducing the number of layers
+
+* Each line in a `Dockerfile` creates a new layer.
+
+* Build your `Dockerfile` to take advantage of Docker's caching system.
+
+* Combine commands by using `&&` to continue commands and `\` to wrap lines.
+
+Note: it is frequent to build a Dockerfile line by line:
+
+```dockerfile
+RUN apt-get install thisthing
+RUN apt-get install andthatthing andthatotherone
+RUN apt-get install somemorestuff
+```
+
+And then refactor it trivially before shipping:
+
+```dockerfile
+RUN apt-get install thisthing andthatthing andthatotherone somemorestuff
+```
+
+---
+
+## Avoid re-installing dependencies at each build
+
+* Classic Dockerfile problem:
+
+  "each time I change a line of code, all my dependencies are re-installed!"
+
+* Solution: `COPY` dependency lists (`package.json`, `requirements.txt`, etc.)
+  by themselves to avoid reinstalling unchanged dependencies every time.
+
+---
+
+## Example "bad" `Dockerfile`
+
+The dependencies are reinstalled every time, because the build system does not know if `requirements.txt` has been updated.
+
+```bash
+FROM python
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY . .
+RUN pip install -qr requirements.txt
+EXPOSE 5000
+CMD ["python", "app.py"]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Fixed `Dockerfile`
+
+Adding the dependencies as a separate step means that Docker can cache more efficiently and only install them when `requirements.txt` changes.
+
+```bash
+FROM python
+COPY requirements.txt /tmp/requirements.txt
+RUN pip install -qr /tmp/requirements.txt
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY . .
+EXPOSE 5000
+CMD ["python", "app.py"]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Embedding unit tests in the build process
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM <baseimage>
+RUN <install dependencies>
+COPY <code>
+RUN <build code>
+RUN <install test dependencies>
+COPY <test data sets and fixtures>
+RUN <unit tests>
+FROM <baseimage>
+RUN <install dependencies>
+COPY <code>
+RUN <build code>
+CMD, EXPOSE ...
+```
+
+* The build fails as soon as an instruction fails
+* If `RUN <unit tests>` fails, the build doesn't produce an image
+* If it succeeds, it produces a clean image (without test libraries and data)
+
+---
+
+# Dockerfile examples
+
+There are a number of tips, tricks, and techniques that we can use in Dockerfiles.
+
+But sometimes, we have to use different (and even opposed) practices depending on:
+
+- the complexity of our project,
+
+- the programming language or framework that we are using,
+
+- the stage of our project (early MVP vs. super-stable production),
+
+- whether we're building a final image or a base for further images,
+
+- etc.
+
+We are going to show a few examples using very different techniques.
+
+---
+
+## When to optimize an image
+
+When authoring official images, it is a good idea to reduce as much as possible:
+
+- the number of layers,
+
+- the size of the final image.
+
+This is often done at the expense of build time and convenience for the image maintainer;
+but when an image is downloaded millions of time, saving even a few seconds of pull time
+can be worth it.
+
+.small[
+```dockerfile
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y libpng12-dev libjpeg-dev && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
+	&& docker-php-ext-configure gd --with-png-dir=/usr --with-jpeg-dir=/usr \
+	&& docker-php-ext-install gd
+...
+RUN curl -o wordpress.tar.gz -SL https://wordpress.org/wordpress-${WORDPRESS_UPSTREAM_VERSION}.tar.gz \
+	&& echo "$WORDPRESS_SHA1 *wordpress.tar.gz" | sha1sum -c - \
+	&& tar -xzf wordpress.tar.gz -C /usr/src/ \
+	&& rm wordpress.tar.gz \
+	&& chown -R www-data:www-data /usr/src/wordpress
+```
+]
+
+(Source: [Wordpress official image](https://github.com/docker-library/wordpress/blob/618490d4bdff6c5774b84b717979bfe3d6ba8ad1/apache/Dockerfile))
+
+---
+
+## When to *not* optimize an image
+
+Sometimes, it is better to prioritize *maintainer convenience*.
+
+In particular, if:
+
+- the image changes a lot,
+
+- the image has very few users (e.g. only 1, the maintainer!),
+
+- the image is built and run on the same machine,
+
+- the image is built and run on machines with a very fast link ...
+
+In these cases, just keep things simple!
+
+(Next slide: a Dockerfile that can be used to preview a Jekyll / github pages site.)
+
+---
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM debian:sid
+
+RUN apt-get update -q
+RUN apt-get install -yq build-essential make
+RUN apt-get install -yq zlib1g-dev
+RUN apt-get install -yq ruby ruby-dev
+RUN apt-get install -yq python-pygments
+RUN apt-get install -yq nodejs
+RUN apt-get install -yq cmake
+RUN gem install --no-rdoc --no-ri github-pages
+
+COPY . /blog
+WORKDIR /blog
+
+VOLUME /blog/_site
+
+EXPOSE 4000
+CMD ["jekyll", "serve", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--incremental"]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Multi-dimensional versioning systems
+
+Images can have a tag, indicating the version of the image.
+
+But sometimes, there are multiple important components, and we need to indicate the versions
+for all of them.
+
+This can be done with environment variables:
+
+```dockerfile
+ENV PIP=9.0.3 \
+    ZC_BUILDOUT=2.11.2 \
+    SETUPTOOLS=38.7.0 \
+    PLONE_MAJOR=5.1 \
+    PLONE_VERSION=5.1.0 \
+    PLONE_MD5=76dc6cfc1c749d763c32fff3a9870d8d
+```
+
+(Source: [Plone official image](https://github.com/plone/plone.docker/blob/master/5.1/5.1.0/alpine/Dockerfile))
+
+---
+
+## Entrypoints and wrappers
+
+It is very common to define a custom entrypoint.
+
+That entrypoint will generally be a script, performing any combination of:
+
+- pre-flights checks (if a required dependency is not available, display
+  a nice error message early instead of an obscure one in a deep log file),
+
+- generation or validation of configuration files,
+
+- dropping privileges (with e.g. `su` or `gosu`, sometimes combined with `chown`),
+
+- and more.
+
+---
+
+## A typical entrypoint script
+
+```dockerfile
+ #!/bin/sh
+ set -e
+ 
+ # first arg is '-f' or '--some-option'
+ # or first arg is 'something.conf'
+ if [ "${1#-}" != "$1" ] || [ "${1%.conf}" != "$1" ]; then
+ 	set -- redis-server "$@"
+ fi
+ 
+ # allow the container to be started with '--user'
+ if [ "$1" = 'redis-server' -a "$(id -u)" = '0' ]; then
+ 	chown -R redis .
+ 	exec su-exec redis "$0" "$@"
+ fi
+ 
+ exec "$@"
+```
+
+(Source: [Redis official image](https://github.com/docker-library/redis/blob/d24f2be82673ccef6957210cc985e392ebdc65e4/4.0/alpine/docker-entrypoint.sh))
+
+---
+
+## Factoring information
+
+To facilitate maintenance (and avoid human errors), avoid to repeat information like:
+
+- version numbers,
+
+- remote asset URLs (e.g. source tarballs) ...
+
+Instead, use environment variables.
+
+.small[
+```dockerfile
+ENV NODE_VERSION 10.2.1
+...
+RUN ...
+    && curl -fsSLO --compressed "https://nodejs.org/dist/v$NODE_VERSION/node-v$NODE_VERSION.tar.xz" \
+    && curl -fsSLO --compressed "https://nodejs.org/dist/v$NODE_VERSION/SHASUMS256.txt.asc" \
+    && gpg --batch --decrypt --output SHASUMS256.txt SHASUMS256.txt.asc \
+    && grep " node-v$NODE_VERSION.tar.xz\$" SHASUMS256.txt | sha256sum -c - \
+    && tar -xf "node-v$NODE_VERSION.tar.xz" \
+    && cd "node-v$NODE_VERSION" \
+...
+```
+]
+
+(Source: [Nodejs official image](https://github.com/nodejs/docker-node/blob/master/10/alpine/Dockerfile))
+
+---
+
+## Overrides
+
+In theory, development and production images should be the same.
+
+In practice, we often need to enable specific behaviors in development (e.g. debug statements).
+
+One way to reconcile both needs is to use Compose to enable these behaviors.
+
+Let's look at the [trainingwheels](https://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels) demo app for an example.
+
+---
+
+## Production image
+
+This Dockerfile builds an image leveraging gunicorn:
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM python
+RUN pip install flask
+RUN pip install gunicorn
+RUN pip install redis
+COPY . /src
+WORKDIR /src
+CMD gunicorn --bind 0.0.0.0:5000 --workers 10 counter:app
+EXPOSE 5000
+```
+
+(Source: [trainingwheels Dockerfile](https://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels/blob/master/www/Dockerfile))
+
+---
+
+## Development Compose file
+
+This Compose file uses the same image, but with a few overrides for development:
+
+- the Flask development server is used (overriding `CMD`),
+
+- the `DEBUG` environment variable is set,
+
+- a volume is used to provide a faster local development workflow.
+
+.small[
+```yaml
+services:
+  www:
+    build: www
+    ports:
+      - 8000:5000
+    user: nobody
+    environment:
+      DEBUG: 1
+    command: python counter.py
+    volumes:
+      - ./www:/src
+```
+]
+
+(Source: [trainingwheels Compose file](https://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels/blob/master/docker-compose.yml))
+
+---
+
+## How to know which best practices are better?
+
+- The main goal of containers is to make our lives easier.
+
+- In this chapter, we showed many ways to write Dockerfiles.
+
+- These Dockerfiles use sometimes diametrally opposed techniques.
+
+- Yet, they were the "right" ones *for a specific situation.*
+
+- It's OK (and even encouraged) to start simple and evolve as needed.
+
+- Feel free to review this chapter later (after writing a few Dockerfiles) for inspiration!

slides/containers/Ecosystem.md

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# The container ecosystem
+
+In this chapter, we will talk about a few actors of the container ecosystem.
+
+We have (arbitrarily) decided to focus on two groups:
+
+- the Docker ecosystem,
+
+- the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) and its projects.
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+## The Docker ecosystem
+
+![The Docker ecosystem in 2015](images/docker-ecosystem-2015.png)
+
+---
+
+## Moby vs. Docker
+
+- Docker Inc. (the company) started Docker (the open source project).
+
+- At some point, it became necessary to differentiate between:
+
+  - the open source project (code base, contributors...),
+
+  - the product that we use to run containers (the engine),
+
+  - the platform that we use to manage containerized applications,
+
+  - the brand.
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+![Picture of a Tesla](images/tesla.jpg)
+
+---
+
+## Exercise in brand management
+
+Questions:
+
+--
+
+- What is the brand of the car on the previous slide?
+
+--
+
+- What kind of engine does it have?
+
+--
+
+- Would you say that it's a safe or unsafe car?
+
+--
+
+- Harder question: can you drive from the US West to East coasts with it?
+
+--
+
+The answers to these questions are part of the Tesla brand.
+
+---
+
+## What if ...
+
+- The blueprints for Tesla cars were available for free.
+
+- You could legally build your own Tesla.
+
+- You were allowed to customize it entirely.
+
+  (Put a combustion engine, drive it with a game pad ...)
+
+- You could even sell the customized versions.
+
+--
+
+- ... And call your customized version "Tesla".
+
+--
+
+Would we give the same answers to the questions on the previous slide?
+
+---
+
+## From Docker to Moby
+
+- Docker Inc. decided to split the brand.
+
+- Moby is the open source project.
+
+  (= Components and libraries that you can use, reuse, customize, sell ...)
+
+- Docker is the product.
+
+  (= Software that you can use, buy support contracts ...)
+
+- Docker is made with Moby.
+
+- When Docker Inc. improves the Docker products, it improves Moby.
+
+  (And vice versa.)
+
+
+---
+
+## Other examples
+
+- *Read the Docs* is an open source project to generate and host documentation.
+
+- You can host it yourself (on your own servers).
+
+- You can also get hosted on readthedocs.org.
+
+- The maintainers of the open source project often receive
+  support requests from users of the hosted product ...
+
+- ... And the maintainers of the hosted product often
+  receive support requests from users of self-hosted instances.
+
+- Another example:
+
+  *WordPress.com is a blogging platform that is owned and hosted online by
+  Automattic. It is run on WordPress, an open source piece of software used by
+  bloggers. (Wikipedia)*
+
+---
+
+## Docker CE vs Docker EE
+
+- Docker CE = Community Edition.
+
+- Available on most Linux distros, Mac, Windows.
+
+- Optimized for developers and ease of use.
+
+- Docker EE = Enterprise Edition.
+
+- Available only on a subset of Linux distros + Windows servers.
+
+  (Only available when there is a strong partnership to offer enterprise-class support.)
+
+- Optimized for production use.
+
+- Comes with additional components: security scanning, RBAC ...
+
+---
+
+## The CNCF
+
+- Non-profit, part of the Linux Foundation; founded in December 2015. 
+
+  *The Cloud Native Computing Foundation builds sustainable ecosystems and fosters
+  a community around a constellation of high-quality projects that orchestrate
+  containers as part of a microservices architecture.*
+
+  *CNCF is an open source software foundation dedicated to making cloud-native computing universal and sustainable.*
+
+- Home of Kubernetes (and many other projects now).
+
+- Funded by corporate memberships.
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+![Cloud Native Landscape](https://landscape.cncf.io/images/landscape.png)
+

slides/containers/First_Containers.md

@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@ Beautiful! .emoji[😍]
 
 ---
 
+class: in-person
+
 ## Counting packages in the container
 
 Let's check how many packages are installed there.
@@ -127,6 +129,8 @@ How many packages do we have on our host?
 
 ---
 
+class: in-person
+
 ## Counting packages on the host
 
 Exit the container by logging out of the shell, like you would usually do.
@@ -145,18 +149,34 @@ Now, try to:
 
 ---
 
+class: self-paced
+
+## Comparing the container and the host
+
+Exit the container by logging out of the shell, with `^D` or `exit`.
+
+Now try to run `figlet`. Does that work?
+
+(It shouldn't; except if, by coincidence, you are running on a machine where figlet was installed before.)
+
+---
+
 ## Host and containers are independent things
 
-* We ran an `ubuntu` container on an `ubuntu` host.
+* We ran an `ubuntu` container on an Linux/Windows/macOS host.
 
-* But they have different, independent packages.
+* They have different, independent packages.
 
 * Installing something on the host doesn't expose it to the container.
 
 * And vice-versa.
 
+* Even if both the host and the container have the same Linux distro!
+
 * We can run *any container* on *any host*.
 
+  (One exception: Windows containers cannot run on Linux machines; at least not yet.)
+
 ---
 
 ## Where's our container?

slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+
+class: title
+
+# Getting inside a container
+
+![Person standing inside a container](images/getting-inside.png)
+
+---
+
+## Objectives
+
+On a traditional server or VM, we sometimes need to:
+
+* log into the machine (with SSH or on the console),
+
+* analyze the disks (by removing them or rebooting with a rescue system).
+
+In this chapter, we will see how to do that with containers.
+
+---
+
+## Getting a shell
+
+Every once in a while, we want to log into a machine.
+
+In an perfect world, this shouldn't be necessary.
+
+* You need to install or update packages (and their configuration)?
+
+  Use configuration management. (e.g. Ansible, Chef, Puppet, Salt...)
+
+* You need to view logs and metrics?
+
+  Collect and access them through a centralized platform.
+
+In the real world, though ... we often need shell access!
+
+---
+
+## Not getting a shell
+
+Even without a perfect deployment system, we can do many operations without getting a shell.
+
+* Installing packages can (and should) be done in the container image.
+
+* Configuration can be done at the image level, or when the container starts.
+
+* Dynamic configuration can be stored in a volume (shared with another container).
+
+* Logs written to stdout are automatically collected by the Docker Engine.
+
+* Other logs can be written to a shared volume.
+
+* Process information and metrics are visible from the host.
+
+_Let's save logging, volumes ... for later, but let's have a look at process information!_
+
+---
+
+## Viewing container processes from the host
+
+If you run Docker on Linux, container processes are visible on the host.
+
+```bash
+$ ps faux | less
+```
+
+* Scroll around the output of this command.
+
+* You should see the `jpetazzo/clock` container.
+
+* A containerized process is just like any other process on the host.
+
+* We can use tools like `lsof`, `strace`, `gdb` ... To analyze them.
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## What's the difference between a container process and a host process?
+
+* Each process (containerized or not) belongs to *namespaces* and *cgroups*.
+
+* The namespaces and cgroups determine what a process can "see" and "do".
+
+* Analogy: each process (containerized or not) runs with a specific UID (user ID).
+
+* UID=0 is root, and has elevated privileges. Other UIDs are normal users.
+
+_We will give more details about namespaces and cgroups later._
+
+---
+
+## Getting a shell in a running container
+
+* Sometimes, we need to get a shell anyway.
+
+* We _could_ run some SSH server in the container ...
+
+* But it is easier to use `docker exec`.
+
+```bash
+$ docker exec -ti ticktock sh
+```
+
+* This creates a new process (running `sh`) _inside_ the container.
+
+* This can also be done "manually" with the tool `nsenter`.
+
+---
+
+## Caveats
+
+* The tool that you want to run needs to exist in the container.
+
+* Some tools (like `ip netns exec`) let you attach to _one_ namespace at a time.
+
+  (This lets you e.g. setup network interfaces, even if you don't have `ifconfig` or `ip` in the container.)
+
+* Most importantly: the container needs to be running.
+
+* What if the container is stopped or crashed?
+
+---
+
+## Getting a shell in a stopped container
+
+* A stopped container is only _storage_ (like a disk drive).
+
+* We cannot SSH into a disk drive or USB stick!
+
+* We need to connect the disk to a running machine.
+
+* How does that translate into the container world?
+
+---
+
+## Analyzing a stopped container
+
+As an exercise, we are going to try to find out what's wrong with `jpetazzo/crashtest`.
+
+```bash
+docker run jpetazzo/crashtest
+```
+
+The container starts, but then stops immediately, without any output.
+
+What would MacGyver™ do?
+
+First, let's check the status of that container.
+
+```bash
+docker ps -l
+```
+
+---
+
+## Viewing filesystem changes
+
+* We can use `docker diff` to see files that were added / changed / removed.
+
+```bash
+docker diff <container_id>
+```
+
+* The container ID was shown by `docker ps -l`.
+
+* We can also see it with `docker ps -lq`.
+
+* The output of `docker diff` shows some interesting log files!
+
+---
+
+## Accessing files
+
+* We can extract files with `docker cp`.
+
+```bash
+docker cp <container_id>:/var/log/nginx/error.log .
+```
+
+* Then we can look at that log file.
+
+```bash
+cat error.log
+```
+
+(The directory `/run/nginx` doesn't exist.)
+
+---
+
+## Exploring a crashed container
+
+* We can restart a container with `docker start` ...
+
+* ... But it will probably crash again immediately!
+
+* We cannot specify a different program to run with `docker start`
+
+* But we can create a new image from the crashed container
+
+```bash
+docker commit <container_id> debugimage
+```
+
+* Then we can run a new container from that image, with a custom entrypoint
+
+```bash
+docker run -ti --entrypoint sh debugimage
+```
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Obtaining a complete dump
+
+* We can also dump the entire filesystem of a container.
+
+* This is done with `docker export`.
+
+* It generates a tar archive.
+
+```bash
+docker export <container_id> | tar tv
+```
+
+This will give a detailed listing of the content of the container.

slides/containers/Initial_Images.md

@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ In this section, we will explain:
 
 ## Example for a Java webapp
 
+Each of the following items will correspond to one layer:
+
 * CentOS base layer
 * Packages and configuration files added by our local IT
 * JRE
@@ -56,6 +58,14 @@ In this section, we will explain:
 
 ---
 
+class: pic
+
+## The read-write layer
+
+![layers](images/container-layers.jpg)
+
+---
+
 ## Differences between containers and images
 
 * An image is a read-only filesystem.
@@ -63,24 +73,22 @@ In this section, we will explain:
 * A container is an encapsulated set of processes running in a
   read-write copy of that filesystem.
 
-* To optimize container boot time, *copy-on-write* is used 
+* To optimize container boot time, *copy-on-write* is used
   instead of regular copy.
 
 * `docker run` starts a container from a given image.
 
-Let's give a couple of metaphors to illustrate those concepts.
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+## Multiple containers sharing the same image
+
+![layers](images/sharing-layers.jpg)
 
 ---
 
-## Image as stencils
-
-Images are like templates or stencils that you can create containers from.
-
-![stencil](images/stenciling-wall.jpg)
-
----
-
-## Object-oriented programming
+## Comparison with object-oriented programming
 
 * Images are conceptually similar to *classes*.
 
@@ -99,7 +107,7 @@ If an image is read-only, how do we change it?
 * We create a new container from that image.
 
 * Then we make changes to that container.
- 
+
 * When we are satisfied with those changes, we transform them into a new layer.
 
 * A new image is created by stacking the new layer on top of the old image.
@@ -110,7 +118,7 @@ If an image is read-only, how do we change it?
 
 * The only way to create an image is by "freezing" a container.
 
-* The only way to create a container is by instanciating an image.
+* The only way to create a container is by instantiating an image.
 
 * Help!
 
@@ -118,7 +126,7 @@ If an image is read-only, how do we change it?
 
 ## Creating the first images
 
-There is a special empty image called `scratch`. 
+There is a special empty image called `scratch`.
 
 * It allows to *build from scratch*.
 
@@ -138,7 +146,7 @@ Note: you will probably never have to do this yourself.
 * Saves all the changes made to a container into a new layer.
 * Creates a new image (effectively a copy of the container).
 
-`docker build`
+`docker build` **(used 99% of the time)**
 
 * Performs a repeatable build sequence.
 * This is the preferred method!
@@ -180,6 +188,8 @@ Those images include:
 
 * Ready-to-use components and services, like redis, postgresql...
 
+* Over 130 at this point!
+
 ---
 
 ## User namespace
@@ -206,7 +216,7 @@ clock
 
 ---
 
-## Self-Hosted namespace
+## Self-hosted namespace
 
 This namespace holds images which are not hosted on Docker Hub, but on third
 party registries.
@@ -223,6 +233,13 @@ localhost:5000/wordpress
 * `localhost:5000` is the host and port of the registry
 * `wordpress` is the name of the image
 
+Other examples:
+
+```bash
+quay.io/coreos/etcd
+gcr.io/google-containers/hugo
+```
+
 ---
 
 ## How do you store and manage images?
@@ -299,9 +316,9 @@ There are two ways to download images.
 ```bash
 $ docker pull debian:jessie
 Pulling repository debian
-b164861940b8: Download complete 
-b164861940b8: Pulling image (jessie) from debian 
-d1881793a057: Download complete 
+b164861940b8: Download complete
+b164861940b8: Pulling image (jessie) from debian
+d1881793a057: Download complete
 ```
 
 * As seen previously, images are made up of layers.
@@ -342,6 +359,8 @@ Do specify tags:
 * To ensure that the same version will be used everywhere.
 * To ensure repeatability later.
 
+This is similar to what we would do with `pip install`, `npm install`, etc.
+
 ---
 
 ## Section summary

slides/containers/Installing_Docker.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+
 class: title
 
 # Installing Docker
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ We can arbitrarily distinguish:
 
 * Installing Docker on an existing Linux machine (physical or VM)
 
-* Installing Docker on MacOS or Windows
+* Installing Docker on macOS or Windows
 
 * Installing Docker on a fleet of cloud VMs
 
@@ -37,7 +38,9 @@ We can arbitrarily distinguish:
 
 ## Installing Docker on Linux
 
-* The recommended method is to install the packages supplied by Docker Inc.
+* The recommended method is to install the packages supplied by Docker Inc.:
+
+  https://store.docker.com
 
 * The general method is:
 
@@ -55,13 +58,35 @@ We can arbitrarily distinguish:
 
 ---
 
-## Installing Docker on MacOS and Windows
+class: extra-details
 
-* On MacOS, the recommended method is to use Docker4Mac:
+## Docker Inc. packages vs distribution packages
+
+* Docker Inc. releases new versions monthly (edge) and quarterly (stable)
+
+* Releases are immediately available on Docker Inc.'s package repositories
+
+* Linux distros don't always update to the latest Docker version
+
+  (Sometimes, updating would break their guidelines for major/minor upgrades)
+
+* Sometimes, some distros have carried packages with custom patches
+
+* Sometimes, these patches added critical security bugs ☹
+
+* Installing through Docker Inc.'s repositories is a bit of extra work …
+
+  … but it is generally worth it!
+
+---
+
+## Installing Docker on macOS and Windows
+
+* On macOS, the recommended method is to use Docker Desktop for Mac:
 
   https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-mac/install/
 
-* On Windows 10 Pro, Enterprise, and Eduction, you can use Docker4Windows:
+* On Windows 10 Pro, Enterprise, and Education, you can use Docker Desktop for Windows:
 
   https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-windows/install/
 
@@ -69,9 +94,36 @@ We can arbitrarily distinguish:
 
   https://docs.docker.com/toolbox/toolbox_install_windows/
 
+* On Windows Server 2016, you can also install the native engine:
+
+  https://docs.docker.com/install/windows/docker-ee/
+
 ---
 
-## Running Docker on MacOS and Windows
+## Docker Desktop for Mac and Docker Desktop for Windows
+
+* Special Docker Editions that integrate well with their respective host OS
+
+* Provide user-friendly GUI to edit Docker configuration and settings
+
+* Leverage the host OS virtualization subsystem (e.g. the [Hypervisor API](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/hypervisor) on macOS)
+
+* Installed like normal user applications on the host
+
+* Under the hood, they both run a tiny VM (transparent to our daily use)
+
+* Access network resources like normal applications
+  <br/>(and therefore, play better with enterprise VPNs and firewalls)
+
+* Support filesystem sharing through volumes (we'll talk about this later)
+
+* They only support running one Docker VM at a time ...
+  <br/>
+  ... but we can use `docker-machine`, the Docker Toolbox, VirtualBox, etc. to get a cluster.
+
+---
+
+## Running Docker on macOS and Windows
 
 When you execute `docker version` from the terminal:
 
@@ -88,25 +140,6 @@ This will also allow to use remote Engines exactly as if they were local.
 
 ---
 
-## Docker4Mac and Docker4Windows
-
-* They let you run Docker without VirtualBox
-
-* They are installed like normal applications (think QEMU, but faster)
-
-* They access network resources like normal applications
-  <br/>(and therefore, play well with enterprise VPNs and firewalls)
-
-* They support filesystem sharing through volumes (we'll talk about this later)
-
-* They only support running one Docker VM at a time ...
-
-  ... so if you want to run a full cluster locally, install e.g. the Docker Toolbox
-
-* They can co-exist with the Docker Toolbox
-
----
-
 ## Important PSA about security
 
 * If you have access to the Docker control socket, you can take over the machine

slides/containers/Labels.md

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# Labels
+
+* Labels allow to attach arbitrary metadata to containers.
+
+* Labels are key/value pairs.
+
+* They are specified at container creation.
+
+* You can query them with `docker inspect`.
+
+* They can also be used as filters with some commands (e.g. `docker ps`).
+
+---
+
+## Using labels
+
+Let's create a few containers with a label `owner`.
+
+```bash
+docker run -d -l owner=alice nginx
+docker run -d -l owner=bob nginx
+docker run -d -l owner nginx
+```
+
+We didn't specify a value for the `owner` label in the last example.
+
+This is equivalent to setting the value to be an empty string.
+
+---
+
+## Querying labels
+
+We can view the labels with `docker inspect`.
+
+```bash
+$ docker inspect $(docker ps -lq) | grep -A3 Labels
+            "Labels": {
+                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>",
+                "owner": ""
+            },
+```
+
+We can use the `--format` flag to list the value of a label.
+
+```bash
+$ docker inspect $(docker ps -q) --format 'OWNER={{.Config.Labels.owner}}'
+```
+
+---
+
+## Using labels to select containers
+
+We can list containers having a specific label.
+
+```bash
+$ docker ps --filter label=owner
+```
+
+Or we can list containers having a specific label with a specific value.
+
+```bash
+$ docker ps --filter label=owner=alice
+```
+
+---
+
+## Use-cases for labels
+
+
+* HTTP vhost of a web app or web service.
+
+  (The label is used to generate the configuration for NGINX, HAProxy, etc.)
+
+* Backup schedule for a stateful service.
+
+  (The label is used by a cron job to determine if/when to backup container data.)
+
+* Service ownership.
+
+  (To determine internal cross-billing, or who to page in case of outage.)
+
+* etc.

slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ At the end of this section, you will be able to:
 
 ---
 
-## Containerized local development environments
+## Local development in a container
 
 We want to solve the following issues:
 
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ Aha, a `Gemfile`! This is Ruby. Probably. We know this. Maybe?
 
 ```dockerfile
 FROM ruby
-MAINTAINER Education Team at Docker <education@docker.com>
 
 COPY . /src
 WORKDIR /src
@@ -177,7 +176,9 @@ $ docker run -d -v $(pwd):/src -P namer
 
 * `namer` is the name of the image we will run.
 
-* We don't specify a command to run because is is already set in the Dockerfile.
+* We don't specify a command to run because it is already set in the Dockerfile.
+
+Note: on Windows, replace `$(pwd)` with `%cd%` (or `${pwd}` if you use PowerShell).
 
 ---
 
@@ -308,54 +309,6 @@ and *canary deployments*.
 
 ---
 
-## Improving the workflow
-
-The workflow that we showed is nice, but it requires us to:
-
-* keep track of all the `docker run` flags required to run the container,
-
-* inspect the `Dockerfile` to know which path(s) to mount,
-
-* write scripts to hide that complexity.
-
-There has to be a better way!
-
----
-
-## Docker Compose to the rescue
-
-* Docker Compose allows us to "encode" `docker run` parameters in a YAML file.
-
-* Here is the `docker-compose.yml` file that we can use for our "namer" app:
-
-  ```yaml
-  www:
-    build: .
-    volumes:
-      - .:/src
-    ports:
-      - 80:9292
-  ```
-
-* Try it:
-  ```bash
-  $ docker-compose up -d
-  ```
-
----
-
-## Working with Docker Compose
-
-* When you see a `docker-compose.yml` file, you can use `docker-compose up`.
-
-* It can build images and run them with the required parameters.
-
-* Compose can also deal with complex, multi-container apps.
-
-  (More on this later!)
-
----
-
 ## Recap of the development workflow
 
 1. Write a Dockerfile to build an image containing our development environment.

slides/containers/Logging.md

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+# Logging
+
+In this chapter, we will explain the different ways to send logs from containers.
+
+We will then show one particular method in action, using ELK and Docker's logging drivers.
+
+---
+
+## There are many ways to send logs
+
+- The simplest method is to write on the standard output and error.
+
+- Applications can write their logs to local files.
+
+  (The files are usually periodically rotated and compressed.)
+
+- It is also very common (on UNIX systems) to use syslog.
+
+  (The logs are collected by syslogd or an equivalent like journald.)
+
+- In large applications with many components, it is common to use a logging service.
+
+  (The code uses a library to send messages to the logging service.)
+
+*All these methods are available with containers.*
+
+---
+
+## Writing on stdout/stderr
+
+- The standard output and error of containers is managed by the container engine.
+
+- This means that each line written by the container is received by the engine.
+
+- The engine can then do "whatever" with these log lines.
+
+- With Docker, the default configuration is to write the logs to local files.
+
+- The files can then be queried with e.g. `docker logs` (and the equivalent API request).
+
+- This can be customized, as we will see later.
+
+---
+
+## Writing to local files
+
+- If we write to files, it is possible to access them but cumbersome.
+
+  (We have to use `docker exec` or `docker cp`.)
+
+- Furthermore, if the container is stopped, we cannot use `docker exec`.
+
+- If the container is deleted, the logs disappear.
+
+- What should we do for programs who can only log to local files?
+
+--
+
+- There are multiple solutions.
+
+---
+
+## Using a volume or bind mount
+
+- Instead of writing logs to a normal directory, we can place them on a volume.
+
+- The volume can be accessed by other containers.
+
+- We can run a program like `filebeat` in another container accessing the same volume.
+
+  (`filebeat` reads local log files continuously, like `tail -f`, and sends them
+  to a centralized system like ElasticSearch.)
+
+- We can also use a bind mount, e.g. `-v /var/log/containers/www:/var/log/tomcat`.
+
+- The container will write log files to a directory mapped to a host directory.
+
+- The log files will appear on the host and be consumable directly from the host.
+
+---
+
+## Using logging services
+
+- We can use logging frameworks (like log4j or the Python `logging` package).
+
+- These frameworks require some code and/or configuration in our application code.
+
+- These mechanisms can be used identically inside or outside of containers.
+
+- Sometimes, we can leverage containerized networking to simplify their setup.
+
+- For instance, our code can send log messages to a server named `log`.
+
+- The name `log` will resolve to different addresses in development, production, etc.
+
+---
+
+## Using syslog
+
+- What if our code (or the program we are running in containers) uses syslog?
+
+- One possibility is to run a syslog daemon in the container.
+
+- Then that daemon can be setup to write to local files or forward to the network.
+
+- Under the hood, syslog clients connect to a local UNIX socket, `/dev/log`.
+
+- We can expose a syslog socket to the container (by using a volume or bind-mount).
+
+- Then just create a symlink from `/dev/log` to the syslog socket.
+
+- Voilà!
+
+---
+
+## Using logging drivers
+
+- If we log to stdout and stderr, the container engine receives the log messages.
+
+- The Docker Engine has a modular logging system with many plugins, including:
+
+  - json-file (the default one)
+  - syslog
+  - journald
+  - gelf
+  - fluentd
+  - splunk
+  - etc.
+
+- Each plugin can process and forward the logs to another process or system.
+
+---
+
+## A word of warning about `json-file`
+
+- By default, log file size is unlimited.
+
+- This means that a very verbose container *will* use up all your disk space.
+
+  (Or a less verbose container, but running for a very long time.)
+
+- Log rotation can be enabled by setting a `max-size` option.
+
+- Older log files can be removed by setting a `max-file` option.
+
+- Just like other logging options, these can be set per container, or globally.
+
+Example:
+```bash
+$ docker run --log-opt max-size=10m --log-opt max-file=3 elasticsearch
+```
+
+---
+
+## Demo: sending logs to ELK
+
+- We are going to deploy an ELK stack.
+
+- It will accept logs over a GELF socket.
+
+- We will run a few containers with the `gelf` logging driver.
+
+- We will then see our logs in Kibana, the web interface provided by ELK.
+
+*Important foreword: this is not an "official" or "recommended"
+setup; it is just an example. We used ELK in this demo because
+it's a popular setup and we keep being asked about it; but you
+will have equal success with Fluent or other logging stacks!*
+
+---
+
+## What's in an ELK stack?
+
+- ELK is three components:
+
+  - ElasticSearch (to store and index log entries)
+
+  - Logstash (to receive log entries from various
+    sources, process them, and forward them to various
+    destinations)
+
+  - Kibana (to view/search log entries with a nice UI)
+
+- The only component that we will configure is Logstash
+
+- We will accept log entries using the GELF protocol
+
+- Log entries will be stored in ElasticSearch,
+  <br/>and displayed on Logstash's stdout for debugging
+
+---
+
+## Running ELK
+
+- We are going to use a Compose file describing the ELK stack.
+
+- The Compose file is in the container.training repository on GitHub.
+
+```bash
+$ git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
+$ cd container.training
+$ cd elk
+$ docker-compose up
+```
+
+- Let's have a look at the Compose file while it's deploying.
+
+---
+
+## Our basic ELK deployment
+
+- We are using images from the Docker Hub: `elasticsearch`, `logstash`, `kibana`.
+
+- We don't need to change the configuration of ElasticSearch.
+
+- We need to tell Kibana the address of ElasticSearch:
+
+  - it is set with the `ELASTICSEARCH_URL` environment variable,
+
+  - by default it is `localhost:9200`, we change it to `elasticsearch:9200`.
+
+- We need to configure Logstash:
+
+  - we pass the entire configuration file through command-line arguments,
+
+  - this is a hack so that we don't have to create an image just for the config.
+
+---
+
+## Sending logs to ELK
+
+- The ELK stack accepts log messages through a GELF socket.
+
+- The GELF socket listens on UDP port 12201.
+
+- To send a message, we need to change the logging driver used by Docker.
+
+- This can be done globally (by reconfiguring the Engine) or on a per-container basis.
+
+- Let's override the logging driver for a single container:
+
+```bash
+$ docker run --log-driver=gelf --log-opt=gelf-address=udp://localhost:12201 \
+  alpine echo hello world
+```
+
+---
+
+## Viewing the logs in ELK
+
+- Connect to the Kibana interface.
+
+- It is exposed on port 5601.
+
+- Browse http://X.X.X.X:5601.
+
+---
+
+## "Configuring" Kibana
+
+- Kibana should offer you to "Configure an index pattern":
+  <br/>in the "Time-field name" drop down, select "@timestamp", and hit the
+  "Create" button.
+
+- Then:
+
+  - click "Discover" (in the top-left corner),
+  - click "Last 15 minutes" (in the top-right corner),
+  - click "Last 1 hour" (in the list in the middle),
+  - click "Auto-refresh" (top-right corner),
+  - click "5 seconds" (top-left of the list).
+
+- You should see a series of green bars (with one new green bar every minute).
+
+- Our 'hello world' message should be visible there.
+
+---
+
+## Important afterword
+
+**This is not a "production-grade" setup.**
+
+It is just an educational example. Since we have only
+one node , we did set up a single
+ElasticSearch instance and a single Logstash instance.
+
+In a production setup, you need an ElasticSearch cluster
+(both for capacity and availability reasons). You also
+need multiple Logstash instances.
+
+And if you want to withstand
+bursts of logs, you need some kind of message queue:
+Redis if you're cheap, Kafka if you want to make sure
+that you don't drop messages on the floor. Good luck.
+
+If you want to learn more about the GELF driver,
+have a look at [this blog post](
+https://jpetazzo.github.io/2017/01/20/docker-logging-gelf/).

slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# Reducing image size
+
+* In the previous example, our final image contained:
+
+  * our `hello` program
+
+  * its source code
+
+  * the compiler
+
+* Only the first one is strictly necessary.
+
+* We are going to see how to obtain an image without the superfluous components.
+
+---
+
+## Can't we remove superfluous files with `RUN`?
+
+What happens if we do one of the following commands?
+
+- `RUN rm -rf ...`
+
+- `RUN apt-get remove ...`
+
+- `RUN make clean ...`
+
+--
+
+This adds a layer which removes a bunch of files.
+
+But the previous layers (which added the files) still exist.
+
+---
+
+## Removing files with an extra layer
+
+When downloading an image, all the layers must be downloaded.
+
+| Dockerfile instruction | Layer size | Image size |
+| ---------------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
+| `FROM ubuntu` | Size of base image | Size of base image |
+| `...` | ... | Sum of this layer <br/>+ all previous ones |
+| `RUN apt-get install somepackage` | Size of files added <br/>(e.g. a few MB) | Sum of this layer <br/>+ all previous ones |
+| `...` | ... | Sum of this layer <br/>+ all previous ones |
+| `RUN apt-get remove somepackage` | Almost zero <br/>(just metadata) | Same as previous one |
+
+Therefore, `RUN rm` does not reduce the size of the image or free up disk space.
+
+---
+
+## Removing unnecessary files
+
+Various techniques are available to obtain smaller images:
+
+- collapsing layers,
+
+- adding binaries that are built outside of the Dockerfile,
+
+- squashing the final image,
+
+- multi-stage builds.
+
+Let's review them quickly.
+
+---
+
+## Collapsing layers
+
+You will frequently see Dockerfiles like this:
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM ubuntu
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install xxx && ... && apt-get remove xxx && ...
+```
+
+Or the (more readable) variant:
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM ubuntu
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install xxx \
+ && ... \
+ && apt-get remove xxx \
+ && ...
+```
+
+This `RUN` command gives us a single layer.
+
+The files that are added, then removed in the same layer, do not grow the layer size.
+
+---
+
+## Collapsing layers: pros and cons
+
+Pros:
+
+- works on all versions of Docker
+
+- doesn't require extra tools
+
+Cons:
+
+- not very readable
+
+- some unnecessary files might still remain if the cleanup is not thorough
+
+- that layer is expensive (slow to build)
+
+---
+
+## Building binaries outside of the Dockerfile
+
+This results in a Dockerfile looking like this:
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM ubuntu
+COPY xxx /usr/local/bin
+```
+
+Of course, this implies that the file `xxx` exists in the build context.
+
+That file has to exist before you can run `docker build`.
+
+For instance, it can:
+
+- exist in the code repository,
+- be created by another tool (script, Makefile...),
+- be created by another container image and extracted from the image.
+
+See for instance the [busybox official image](https://github.com/docker-library/busybox/blob/fe634680e32659aaf0ee0594805f74f332619a90/musl/Dockerfile) or this [older busybox image](https://github.com/jpetazzo/docker-busybox).
+
+---
+
+## Building binaries outside: pros and cons
+
+Pros:
+
+- final image can be very small
+
+Cons:
+
+- requires an extra build tool
+
+- we're back in dependency hell and "works on my machine"
+
+Cons, if binary is added to code repository:
+
+- breaks portability across different platforms
+
+- grows repository size a lot if the binary is updated frequently
+
+---
+
+## Squashing the final image
+
+The idea is to transform the final image into a single-layer image.
+
+This can be done in (at least) two ways.
+
+- Activate experimental features and squash the final image:
+  ```bash
+  docker image build --squash ...
+  ```
+
+- Export/import the final image.
+  ```bash
+  docker build -t temp-image .
+  docker run --entrypoint true --name temp-container temp-image
+  docker export temp-container | docker import - final-image
+  docker rm temp-container
+  docker rmi temp-image
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Squashing the image: pros and cons
+
+Pros:
+
+- single-layer images are smaller and faster to download
+
+- removed files no longer take up storage and network resources
+
+Cons:
+
+- we still need to actively remove unnecessary files
+
+- squash operation can take a lot of time (on big images)
+
+- squash operation does not benefit from cache
+  <br/>
+  (even if we change just a tiny file, the whole image needs to be re-squashed)
+
+---
+
+## Multi-stage builds
+
+Multi-stage builds allow us to have multiple *stages*.
+
+Each stage is a separate image, and can copy files from previous stages.
+
+We're going to see how they work in more detail.
+
+---
+
+# Multi-stage builds
+
+* At any point in our `Dockerfile`, we can add a new `FROM` line.
+
+* This line starts a new stage of our build.
+
+* Each stage can access the files of the previous stages with `COPY --from=...`.
+
+* When a build is tagged (with `docker build -t ...`), the last stage is tagged.
+
+* Previous stages are not discarded: they will be used for caching, and can be referenced.
+
+---
+
+## Multi-stage builds in practice
+
+* Each stage is numbered, starting at `0`
+
+* We can copy a file from a previous stage by indicating its number, e.g.:
+
+  ```dockerfile
+  COPY --from=0 /file/from/first/stage /location/in/current/stage
+  ```
+
+* We can also name stages, and reference these names:
+
+  ```dockerfile
+  FROM golang AS builder
+  RUN ...
+  FROM alpine
+  COPY --from=builder /go/bin/mylittlebinary /usr/local/bin/
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Multi-stage builds for our C program
+
+We will change our Dockerfile to:
+
+* give a nickname to the first stage: `compiler`
+
+* add a second stage using the same `ubuntu` base image
+
+* add the `hello` binary to the second stage
+
+* make sure that `CMD` is in the second stage 
+
+The resulting Dockerfile is on the next slide.
+
+---
+
+## Multi-stage build `Dockerfile`
+
+Here is the final Dockerfile:
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM ubuntu AS compiler
+RUN apt-get update
+RUN apt-get install -y build-essential
+COPY hello.c /
+RUN make hello
+FROM ubuntu
+COPY --from=compiler /hello /hello
+CMD /hello
+```
+
+Let's build it, and check that it works correctly:
+
+```bash
+docker build -t hellomultistage .
+docker run hellomultistage
+```
+
+---
+
+## Comparing single/multi-stage build image sizes
+
+List our images with `docker images`, and check the size of:
+
+- the `ubuntu` base image,
+
+- the single-stage `hello` image,
+
+- the multi-stage `hellomultistage` image.
+
+We can achieve even smaller images if we use smaller base images.
+
+However, if we use common base images (e.g. if we standardize on `ubuntu`),
+these common images will be pulled only once per node, so they are
+virtually "free."
+
+---
+
+## Build targets
+
+* We can also tag an intermediary stage with `docker build --target STAGE --tag NAME`
+
+* This will create an image (named `NAME`) corresponding to stage `STAGE`
+
+* This can be used to easily access an intermediary stage for inspection
+
+  (Instead of parsing the output of `docker build` to find out the image ID)
+
+* This can also be used to describe multiple images from a single Dockerfile
+
+  (Instead of using multiple Dockerfiles, which could go out of sync)
+
+* Sometimes, we want to inspect a specific intermediary build stage.
+
+* Or, we want to describe multiple images using a single Dockerfile.