Add redirect for shorter url to work

Update volumeSnapshot link and status

compose/kube-router-k8s-control-plane/docker-compose.yaml

@@ -9,21 +9,21 @@ services:
 
   etcd:
     network_mode: "service:pause"
-    image: k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.4.3
+    image: k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.4.9
     command: etcd
 
   kube-apiserver:
     network_mode: "service:pause"
-    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.17.2
+    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.18.8
     command: kube-apiserver --etcd-servers http://127.0.0.1:2379 --address 0.0.0.0 --disable-admission-plugins=ServiceAccount --allow-privileged
 
   kube-controller-manager:
     network_mode: "service:pause"
-    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.17.2
+    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.18.8
     command: kube-controller-manager --master http://localhost:8080 --allocate-node-cidrs --cluster-cidr=10.CLUSTER.0.0/16
     "Edit the CLUSTER placeholder first. Then, remove this line.":
     
   kube-scheduler:
     network_mode: "service:pause"
-    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.17.2
+    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.18.8
     command: kube-scheduler --master http://localhost:8080

compose/simple-k8s-control-plane/docker-compose.yaml

@@ -9,20 +9,20 @@ services:
 
   etcd:
     network_mode: "service:pause"
-    image: k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.4.3
+    image: k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.4.9
     command: etcd
 
   kube-apiserver:
     network_mode: "service:pause"
-    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.17.2
+    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.18.8
     command: kube-apiserver --etcd-servers http://127.0.0.1:2379 --address 0.0.0.0 --disable-admission-plugins=ServiceAccount
 
   kube-controller-manager:
     network_mode: "service:pause"
-    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.17.2
+    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.18.8
     command: kube-controller-manager --master http://localhost:8080
     
   kube-scheduler:
     network_mode: "service:pause"
-    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.17.2
+    image: k8s.gcr.io/hyperkube:v1.18.8
     command: kube-scheduler --master http://localhost:8080

dockercoins/Tiltfile

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+k8s_yaml(blob('''
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    app: registry
+  name: registry
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: registry
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: registry
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - image: registry
+        name: registry
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    app: registry
+  name: registry
+spec:
+  ports:
+  - port: 5000
+    protocol: TCP
+    targetPort: 5000
+    nodePort: 30555
+  selector:
+    app: registry
+  type: NodePort
+'''))
+default_registry('localhost:30555')
+docker_build('dockercoins/hasher', 'hasher')
+docker_build('dockercoins/rng', 'rng')
+docker_build('dockercoins/webui', 'webui')
+docker_build('dockercoins/worker', 'worker')
+k8s_yaml('../k8s/dockercoins.yaml')
+
+# Uncomment the following line to let tilt run with the default kubeadm cluster-admin context.
+#allow_k8s_contexts('kubernetes-admin@kubernetes')
+
+# While we're here: if you're controlling a remote cluster, uncomment that line.
+# It will create a port forward so that you can access the remote registry.
+#k8s_resource(workload='registry', port_forwards='30555:5000')

k8s/certbot.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  name: certbot
+spec:
+  ports:
+  - port: 80
+    protocol: TCP
+---
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
+kind: Ingress
+metadata:
+  name: certbot
+spec:
+  rules:
+  - http:
+      paths:
+      - path: /.well-known/acme-challenge/
+        backend:
+          serviceName: certbot
+          servicePort: 80
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Endpoints
+metadata:
+  name: certbot
+subsets:
+- addresses:
+  - ip: A.B.C.D
+  ports:
+  - port: 8000
+    protocol: TCP
+

k8s/cm-certificate.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
+kind: Certificate
+metadata:
+  name: xyz.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+spec:
+  secretName: xyz.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+  dnsNames:
+  - xyz.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+  issuerRef:
+    name: letsencrypt-staging
+    kind: ClusterIssuer

k8s/cm-clusterissuer.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
+kind: ClusterIssuer
+metadata:
+  name: letsencrypt-staging
+spec:
+  acme:
+    # Remember to update this if you use this manifest to obtain real certificates :)
+    email: hello@example.com
+    server: https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
+    # To use the production environment, use the following line instead:
+    #server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
+    privateKeySecretRef:
+      name: issuer-letsencrypt-staging
+    solvers:
+    - http01:
+        ingress:
+          class: traefik
+

k8s/coffee-2.yaml

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ metadata:
   name: coffees.container.training
 spec:
   group: container.training
+  versions:
+  - name: v1alpha1
+    served: true
+    storage: true
   scope: Namespaced
   names:
     plural: coffees
@@ -11,25 +15,4 @@ spec:
     kind: Coffee
     shortNames:
     - cof
-  versions:
-  - name: v1alpha1
-    served: true
-    storage: true
-    schema:
-      openAPIV3Schema:
-        properties:
-          spec:
-            required:
-            - taste
-            properties:
-              taste:
-                description: Subjective taste of that kind of coffee bean
-                type: string
-    additionalPrinterColumns:
-    - jsonPath: .spec.taste
-      description: Subjective taste of that kind of coffee bean
-      name: Taste
-      type: string
-    - jsonPath: .metadata.creationTimestamp
-      name: Age
-      type: date
+

k8s/coffee-3.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1
+kind: CustomResourceDefinition
+metadata:
+  name: coffees.container.training
+spec:
+  group: container.training
+  scope: Namespaced
+  names:
+    plural: coffees
+    singular: coffee
+    kind: Coffee
+    shortNames:
+    - cof
+  versions:
+  - name: v1alpha1
+    served: true
+    storage: true
+    schema:
+      openAPIV3Schema:
+        type: object
+        required: [ spec ]
+        properties:
+          spec:
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              taste:
+                description: Subjective taste of that kind of coffee bean
+                type: string
+            required: [ taste ]
+    additionalPrinterColumns:
+    - jsonPath: .spec.taste
+      description: Subjective taste of that kind of coffee bean
+      name: Taste
+      type: string
+    - jsonPath: .metadata.creationTimestamp
+      name: Age
+      type: date

k8s/coffees.yaml

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ spec:
 kind: Coffee
 apiVersion: container.training/v1alpha1
 metadata:
-  name: robusta
+  name: excelsa
 spec:
-  taste: stronger
+  taste: fruity
 ---
 kind: Coffee
 apiVersion: container.training/v1alpha1
@@ -23,7 +23,12 @@ spec:
 kind: Coffee
 apiVersion: container.training/v1alpha1
 metadata:
-  name: excelsa
+  name: robusta
 spec:
-  taste: fruity
-
+  taste: stronger
+  bitterness: high
+---
+kind: Coffee
+apiVersion: container.training/v1alpha1
+metadata:
+  name: java

k8s/consul-1.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# Basic Consul cluster using Cloud Auto-Join.
+# Caveats:
+# - no actual persistence
+# - scaling down to 1 will break the cluster
+# - pods may be colocated
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: Role
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+rules:
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources:
+      - pods
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: RoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: Role
+  name: consul
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: consul
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+spec:
+  ports:
+  - port: 8500
+    name: http
+  selector:
+    app: consul
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: StatefulSet
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+spec:
+  serviceName: consul
+  replicas: 3
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: consul
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: consul
+    spec:
+      serviceAccountName: consul
+      containers:
+        - name: consul
+          image: "consul:1.8"
+          env:
+            - name: NAMESPACE
+              valueFrom:
+                fieldRef:
+                  fieldPath: metadata.namespace
+          args:
+            - "agent"
+            - "-bootstrap-expect=3"
+            - "-retry-join=provider=k8s label_selector=\"app=consul\" namespace=\"$(NAMESPACE)\""
+            - "-client=0.0.0.0"
+            - "-data-dir=/consul/data"
+            - "-server"
+            - "-ui"

k8s/consul-2.yaml

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
+# Better Consul cluster.
+# There is still no actual persistence, but:
+# - podAntiaffinity prevents pod colocation
+# - clusters works when scaling down to 1 (thanks to lifecycle hook)
 apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: ClusterRole
+kind: Role
 metadata:
   name: consul
 rules:
@@ -11,17 +15,16 @@ rules:
       - list
 ---
 apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+kind: RoleBinding
 metadata:
   name: consul
 roleRef:
   apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
-  kind: ClusterRole
+  kind: Role
   name: consul
 subjects:
   - kind: ServiceAccount
     name: consul
-    namespace: default
 ---
 apiVersion: v1
 kind: ServiceAccount
@@ -68,11 +71,16 @@ spec:
       terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 10
       containers:
         - name: consul
-          image: "consul:1.6"
+          image: "consul:1.8"
+          env:
+            - name: NAMESPACE
+              valueFrom:
+                fieldRef:
+                  fieldPath: metadata.namespace
           args:
             - "agent"
             - "-bootstrap-expect=3"
-            - "-retry-join=provider=k8s label_selector=\"app=consul\""
+            - "-retry-join=provider=k8s label_selector=\"app=consul\" namespace=\"$(NAMESPACE)\""
             - "-client=0.0.0.0"
             - "-data-dir=/consul/data"
             - "-server"

k8s/consul-3.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# Even better Consul cluster.
+# That one uses a volumeClaimTemplate to achieve true persistence.
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: Role
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+rules:
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources:
+      - pods
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+---
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: RoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: Role
+  name: consul
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: consul
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+spec:
+  ports:
+  - port: 8500
+    name: http
+  selector:
+    app: consul
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: StatefulSet
+metadata:
+  name: consul
+spec:
+  serviceName: consul
+  replicas: 3
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: consul
+  volumeClaimTemplates:
+    - metadata:
+        name: data
+      spec:
+        accessModes:
+          - ReadWriteOnce
+        resources:
+          requests:
+            storage: 1Gi
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: consul
+    spec:
+      serviceAccountName: consul
+      affinity:
+        podAntiAffinity:
+          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
+            - labelSelector:
+                matchExpressions:
+                  - key: app
+                    operator: In
+                    values:
+                      - persistentconsul
+              topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 10
+      containers:
+        - name: consul
+          image: "consul:1.8"
+          volumeMounts:
+            - name: data
+              mountPath: /consul/data
+          env:
+            - name: NAMESPACE
+              valueFrom:
+                fieldRef:
+                  fieldPath: metadata.namespace
+          args:
+            - "agent"
+            - "-bootstrap-expect=3"
+            - "-retry-join=provider=k8s label_selector=\"app=consul\" namespace=\"$(NAMESPACE)\""
+            - "-client=0.0.0.0"
+            - "-data-dir=/consul/data"
+            - "-server"
+            - "-ui"
+          lifecycle:
+            preStop:
+              exec:
+                command:
+                - /bin/sh
+                - -c
+                - consul leave

k8s/dashboard-with-token.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+# This file is based on the following manifest:
+# https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/blob/master/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml
+# It adds a ServiceAccount that has cluster-admin privileges on the cluster,
+# and exposes the dashboard on a NodePort. It makes it easier to do quick demos
+# of the Kubernetes dashboard, without compromising the security too much.
+
+# Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Namespace
+metadata:
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+
+---
+
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+
+---
+
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+spec:
+  type: NodePort
+  ports:
+    - port: 443
+      targetPort: 8443
+  selector:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+
+---
+
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Secret
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+type: Opaque
+
+---
+
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Secret
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-csrf
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+type: Opaque
+data:
+  csrf: ""
+
+---
+
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Secret
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+type: Opaque
+
+---
+
+kind: ConfigMap
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-settings
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+
+---
+
+kind: Role
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+rules:
+  # Allow Dashboard to get, update and delete Dashboard exclusive secrets.
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["secrets"]
+    resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder", "kubernetes-dashboard-certs", "kubernetes-dashboard-csrf"]
+    verbs: ["get", "update", "delete"]
+    # Allow Dashboard to get and update 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["configmaps"]
+    resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-settings"]
+    verbs: ["get", "update"]
+    # Allow Dashboard to get metrics.
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["services"]
+    resourceNames: ["heapster", "dashboard-metrics-scraper"]
+    verbs: ["proxy"]
+  - apiGroups: [""]
+    resources: ["services/proxy"]
+    resourceNames: ["heapster", "http:heapster:", "https:heapster:", "dashboard-metrics-scraper", "http:dashboard-metrics-scraper"]
+    verbs: ["get"]
+
+---
+
+kind: ClusterRole
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+rules:
+  # Allow Metrics Scraper to get metrics from the Metrics server
+  - apiGroups: ["metrics.k8s.io"]
+    resources: ["pods", "nodes"]
+    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
+
+---
+
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: RoleBinding
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: Role
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: kubernetes-dashboard
+    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+
+---
+
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+metadata:
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+subjects:
+  - kind: ServiceAccount
+    name: kubernetes-dashboard
+    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+
+---
+
+kind: Deployment
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: kubernetes-dashboard
+          image: kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.0.0
+          imagePullPolicy: Always
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 8443
+              protocol: TCP
+          args:
+            - --auto-generate-certificates
+            - --namespace=kubernetes-dashboard
+            # Uncomment the following line to manually specify Kubernetes API server Host
+            # If not specified, Dashboard will attempt to auto discover the API server and connect
+            # to it. Uncomment only if the default does not work.
+            # - --apiserver-host=http://my-address:port
+          volumeMounts:
+            - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
+              mountPath: /certs
+              # Create on-disk volume to store exec logs
+            - mountPath: /tmp
+              name: tmp-volume
+          livenessProbe:
+            httpGet:
+              scheme: HTTPS
+              path: /
+              port: 8443
+            initialDelaySeconds: 30
+            timeoutSeconds: 30
+          securityContext:
+            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
+            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
+            runAsUser: 1001
+            runAsGroup: 2001
+      volumes:
+        - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
+          secret:
+            secretName: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
+        - name: tmp-volume
+          emptyDir: {}
+      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
+      nodeSelector:
+        "kubernetes.io/os": linux
+      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
+      tolerations:
+        - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
+          effect: NoSchedule
+
+---
+
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
+  name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+spec:
+  ports:
+    - port: 8000
+      targetPort: 8000
+  selector:
+    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
+
+---
+
+kind: Deployment
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
+  name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+spec:
+  replicas: 1
+  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
+      annotations:
+        seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: 'runtime/default'
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
+          image: kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.4
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 8000
+              protocol: TCP
+          livenessProbe:
+            httpGet:
+              scheme: HTTP
+              path: /
+              port: 8000
+            initialDelaySeconds: 30
+            timeoutSeconds: 30
+          volumeMounts:
+          - mountPath: /tmp
+            name: tmp-volume
+          securityContext:
+            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
+            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
+            runAsUser: 1001
+            runAsGroup: 2001
+      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
+      nodeSelector:
+        "kubernetes.io/os": linux
+      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
+      tolerations:
+        - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
+          effect: NoSchedule
+      volumes:
+        - name: tmp-volume
+          emptyDir: {}
+
+---
+
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: cluster-admin
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
+
+---
+
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+metadata:
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
+  name: kubernetes-dashboard-cluster-admin
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: cluster-admin
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: cluster-admin
+  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

k8s/event-node.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+kind: Event
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  generateName: hello-
+  labels:
+    container.training/test: ""
+
+#eventTime: "2020-07-04T00:00:00.000000Z"
+#firstTimestamp: "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z"
+#lastTimestamp: "2020-12-31T00:00:00.000000Z"
+#count: 42
+
+involvedObject:
+  kind: Node
+  apiVersion: v1
+  name: kind-control-plane
+  # Note: the uid should be the Node name (not the uid of the Node).
+  # This might be specific to global objects.
+  uid: kind-control-plane
+
+type: Warning
+reason: NodeOverheat
+message: "Node temperature exceeds critical threshold"
+action: Hello
+source:
+  component: thermal-probe
+  #host: node1
+#reportingComponent: ""
+#reportingInstance: ""
+

k8s/event-pod.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+kind: Event
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  # One convention is to use <objectname>.<timestamp>,
+  # where the timestamp is taken with a nanosecond
+  # precision and expressed in hexadecimal.
+  # Example: web-5dcb957ccc-fjvzc.164689730a36ec3d
+  name: hello.1234567890
+  # The label doesn't serve any purpose, except making
+  # it easier to identify or delete that specific event.
+  labels:
+    container.training/test: ""
+
+#eventTime: "2020-07-04T00:00:00.000000Z"
+#firstTimestamp: "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z"
+#lastTimestamp: "2020-12-31T00:00:00.000000Z"
+#count: 42
+
+involvedObject:
+  ### These 5 lines should be updated to refer to an object.
+  ### Make sure to put the correct "uid", because it is what
+  ### "kubectl describe" is using to gather relevant events.
+  #apiVersion: v1
+  #kind: Pod
+  #name: magic-bean
+  #namespace: blue
+  #uid: 7f28fda8-6ef4-4580-8d87-b55721fcfc30
+
+type: Normal
+reason: BackupSuccessful
+message: "Object successfully dumped to gitops repository"
+source:
+  component: gitops-sync
+#reportingComponent: ""
+#reportingInstance: ""
+

k8s/filebeat.yaml

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ data:
         - add_kubernetes_metadata:
             in_cluster: true
 ---
-apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: DaemonSet
 metadata:
   name: filebeat
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ metadata:
   labels:
     k8s-app: filebeat
 spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      k8s-app: filebeat
   template:
     metadata:
       labels:

k8s/hacktheplanet.yaml

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ spec:
         command:
         - sh
         - -c
-        - "apk update && apk add curl && curl https://github.com/jpetazzo.keys > /root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
+        - "mkdir -p /root/.ssh && apk update && apk add curl && curl https://github.com/jpetazzo.keys > /root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
       containers:
       - name: web
         image: nginx

k8s/hpa-v2-pa-httplat.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
+apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2
+metadata:
+  name: rng
+spec:
+  scaleTargetRef:
+    apiVersion: apps/v1
+    kind: Deployment
+    name: rng
+  minReplicas: 1
+  maxReplicas: 20
+  behavior:
+    scaleUp:
+        stabilizationWindowSeconds: 60
+    scaleDown:
+        stabilizationWindowSeconds: 180
+  metrics:
+  - type: Object
+    object:
+      describedObject:
+        apiVersion: v1
+        kind: Service
+        name: httplat
+      metric:
+        name: httplat_latency_seconds
+      target:
+        type: Value
+        value: 0.1
+

k8s/ingress.yaml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ kind: Ingress
 metadata:
   name: whatever
 spec:
+  #tls:
+  #- secretName: whatever.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+  #  hosts:
+  #  - whatever.A.B.C.D.nip.io
   rules:
   - host: whatever.A.B.C.D.nip.io
     http:

k8s/kyverno-namespace-setup.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: setup-namespace
+spec:
+  rules:
+  - name: setup-limitrange
+    match:
+      resources: 
+        kinds:
+        - Namespace
+    generate: 
+      kind: LimitRange
+      name: default-limitrange
+      namespace: "{{request.object.metadata.name}}" 
+      data:
+        spec:
+          limits:
+          - type: Container
+            min:
+              cpu: 0.1
+              memory: 0.1
+            max:
+              cpu: 2
+              memory: 2Gi
+            default:
+              cpu: 0.25
+              memory: 500Mi
+            defaultRequest:
+              cpu: 0.25
+              memory: 250Mi
+  - name: setup-resourcequota
+    match:
+      resources: 
+        kinds:
+        - Namespace
+    generate: 
+      kind: ResourceQuota
+      name: default-resourcequota
+      namespace: "{{request.object.metadata.name}}" 
+      data:
+        spec:
+          hard:
+            requests.cpu: "10"
+            requests.memory: 10Gi
+            limits.cpu: "20"
+            limits.memory: 20Gi
+  - name: setup-networkpolicy
+    match:
+      resources: 
+        kinds:
+        - Namespace
+    generate: 
+      kind: NetworkPolicy
+      name: default-networkpolicy
+      namespace: "{{request.object.metadata.name}}" 
+      data:
+        spec:
+          podSelector: {}
+          ingress:
+          - from:
+            - podSelector: {}
+

k8s/kyverno-pod-color-1.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: pod-color-policy-1
+spec:
+  validationFailureAction: enforce
+  rules:
+  - name: ensure-pod-color-is-valid
+    match:
+      resources:
+        kinds:
+        - Pod
+        selector:
+          matchExpressions:
+          - key: color
+            operator: Exists
+          - key: color
+            operator: NotIn
+            values: [ red, green, blue ]
+    validate:
+      message: "If it exists, the label color must be red, green, or blue."
+      deny: {}

k8s/kyverno-pod-color-2.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: pod-color-policy-2
+spec:
+  validationFailureAction: enforce
+  background: false
+  rules:
+  - name: prevent-color-change
+    match:
+      resources:
+        kinds:
+        - Pod
+    validate:
+      message: "Once label color has been added, it cannot be changed."
+      deny:
+        conditions:
+        - key: "{{ request.oldObject.metadata.labels.color }}"
+          operator: NotEqual
+          value: "{{ request.object.metadata.labels.color }}"
+

k8s/kyverno-pod-color-3.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: pod-color-policy-3
+spec:
+  validationFailureAction: enforce
+  background: false
+  rules:
+  - name: prevent-color-removal
+    match:
+      resources:
+        kinds:
+        - Pod
+        selector:
+          matchExpressions:
+          - key: color
+            operator: DoesNotExist
+    validate:
+      message: "Once label color has been added, it cannot be removed."
+      deny:
+        conditions:
+        - key: "{{ request.oldObject.metadata.labels.color }}"
+          operator: NotIn
+          value: []
+

k8s/psp-restricted.yaml

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ metadata:
   annotations:
     apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
     apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
-    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
-    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
+    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
+    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
   name: restricted
 spec:
   allowPrivilegeEscalation: false

k8s/socat.yaml

@@ -1,28 +1,17 @@
-apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:
-  annotations:
-    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "2"
-  creationTimestamp: null
-  generation: 1
   labels:
     app: socat
   name: socat
   namespace: kube-system
-  selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/kube-system/deployments/socat
 spec:
   replicas: 1
   selector:
     matchLabels:
       app: socat
-  strategy:
-    rollingUpdate:
-      maxSurge: 1
-      maxUnavailable: 1
-    type: RollingUpdate
   template:
     metadata:
-      creationTimestamp: null
       labels:
         app: socat
     spec:
@@ -34,34 +23,19 @@ spec:
         image: alpine
         imagePullPolicy: Always
         name: socat
-        resources: {}
-        terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
-        terminationMessagePolicy: File
-      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
-      restartPolicy: Always
-      schedulerName: default-scheduler
-      securityContext: {}
-      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
-status: {}
 ---
 apiVersion: v1
 kind: Service
 metadata:
-  creationTimestamp: null
   labels:
     app: socat
   name: socat
   namespace: kube-system
-  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/socat
 spec:
-  externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
   ports:
   - port: 80
     protocol: TCP
     targetPort: 80
   selector:
     app: socat
-  sessionAffinity: None
   type: NodePort
-status:
-  loadBalancer: {}

k8s/test.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
+kind: Ingress
+metadata:
+  name: whatever
+spec:
+  #tls:
+  #- secretName: whatever.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+  #  hosts:
+  #  - whatever.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+  rules:
+  - host: whatever.nip.io
+    http:
+      paths:
+      - path: /
+        backend:
+          serviceName: whatever
+          servicePort: 1234

k8s/traefik-v1.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+kind: DaemonSet
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+        name: traefik-ingress-lb
+    spec:
+      tolerations:
+      - effect: NoSchedule
+        operator: Exists
+      hostNetwork: true
+      serviceAccountName: traefik-ingress-controller
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60
+      containers:
+      - image: traefik:1.7
+        name: traefik-ingress-lb
+        ports:
+        - name: http
+          containerPort: 80
+          hostPort: 80
+        - name: admin
+          containerPort: 8080
+          hostPort: 8080
+        securityContext:
+          capabilities:
+            drop:
+            - ALL
+            add:
+            - NET_BIND_SERVICE
+        args:
+        - --api
+        - --kubernetes
+        - --logLevel=INFO
+---
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-service
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  selector:
+    k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+  ports:
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 80
+      name: web
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 8080
+      name: admin
+---
+kind: ClusterRole
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+rules:
+  - apiGroups:
+      - ""
+    resources:
+      - services
+      - endpoints
+      - secrets
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+      - watch
+  - apiGroups:
+      - extensions
+    resources:
+      - ingresses
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+      - watch
+---
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system

k8s/traefik-v2.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: ServiceAccount
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system
+---
+kind: DaemonSet
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system
+  labels:
+    k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+        name: traefik-ingress-lb
+    spec:
+      tolerations:
+      - effect: NoSchedule
+        operator: Exists
+      hostNetwork: true
+      serviceAccountName: traefik-ingress-controller
+      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60
+      containers:
+      - image: traefik
+        name: traefik-ingress-lb
+        ports:
+        - name: http
+          containerPort: 80
+          hostPort: 80
+        - name: admin
+          containerPort: 8080
+          hostPort: 8080
+        securityContext:
+          capabilities:
+            drop:
+            - ALL
+            add:
+            - NET_BIND_SERVICE
+        args:
+        - --accesslog
+        - --api
+        - --api.insecure
+        - --log.level=INFO
+        - --metrics.prometheus
+        - --providers.kubernetesingress
+        - --entrypoints.http.Address=:80
+        - --entrypoints.https.Address=:443
+        - --entrypoints.https.http.tls.certResolver=default
+---
+kind: Service
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-service
+  namespace: kube-system
+  annotations:
+    prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
+    prometheus.io/port: "8080"
+    prometheus.io/path: "/metrics"
+spec:
+  selector:
+    k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
+  ports:
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 80
+      name: web
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 8080
+      name: admin
+---
+kind: ClusterRole
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+rules:
+  - apiGroups:
+      - ""
+    resources:
+      - services
+      - endpoints
+      - secrets
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+      - watch
+  - apiGroups:
+      - extensions
+    resources:
+      - ingresses
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+      - watch
+  - apiGroups:
+      - networking.k8s.io
+    resources:
+      - ingresses
+      - ingressclasses
+    verbs:
+      - get
+      - list
+      - watch
+---
+kind: ClusterRoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
+metadata:
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+subjects:
+- kind: ServiceAccount
+  name: traefik-ingress-controller
+  namespace: kube-system

k8s/traefik.yaml

@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
----
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: ServiceAccount
-metadata:
-  name: traefik-ingress-controller
-  namespace: kube-system
----
-kind: DaemonSet
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-metadata:
-  name: traefik-ingress-controller
-  namespace: kube-system
-  labels:
-    k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
-spec:
-  selector:
-    matchLabels:
-      k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
-        name: traefik-ingress-lb
-    spec:
-      tolerations:
-      - effect: NoSchedule
-        operator: Exists
-      hostNetwork: true
-      serviceAccountName: traefik-ingress-controller
-      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60
-      containers:
-      - image: traefik:1.7
-        name: traefik-ingress-lb
-        ports:
-        - name: http
-          containerPort: 80
-          hostPort: 80
-        - name: admin
-          containerPort: 8080
-          hostPort: 8080
-        securityContext:
-          capabilities:
-            drop:
-            - ALL
-            add:
-            - NET_BIND_SERVICE
-        args:
-        - --api
-        - --kubernetes
-        - --logLevel=INFO
----
-kind: Service
-apiVersion: v1
-metadata:
-  name: traefik-ingress-service
-  namespace: kube-system
-spec:
-  selector:
-    k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
-  ports:
-    - protocol: TCP
-      port: 80
-      name: web
-    - protocol: TCP
-      port: 8080
-      name: admin
----
-kind: ClusterRole
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
-metadata:
-  name: traefik-ingress-controller
-rules:
-  - apiGroups:
-      - ""
-    resources:
-      - services
-      - endpoints
-      - secrets
-    verbs:
-      - get
-      - list
-      - watch
-  - apiGroups:
-      - extensions
-    resources:
-      - ingresses
-    verbs:
-      - get
-      - list
-      - watch
----
-kind: ClusterRoleBinding
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
-metadata:
-  name: traefik-ingress-controller
-roleRef:
-  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
-  kind: ClusterRole
-  name: traefik-ingress-controller
-subjects:
-- kind: ServiceAccount
-  name: traefik-ingress-controller
-  namespace: kube-system

k8s/traefik.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+traefik-v2.yaml

prepare-eks/10_create_cluster.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Create an EKS cluster.
+# This is not idempotent (each time you run it, it creates a new cluster).
+
+eksctl create cluster \
+    --node-type=t3.large \
+    --nodes-max=10 \
+    --alb-ingress-access \
+    --asg-access \
+    --ssh-access \
+    --with-oidc \
+    #
+

prepare-eks/20_create_users.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# For each user listed in "users.txt", create an IAM user.
+# Also create AWS API access keys, and store them in "users.keys".
+# This is idempotent (you can run it multiple times, it will only
+# create the missing users). However, it will not remove users.
+# Note that you can remove users from "users.keys" (or even wipe
+# that file out entirely) and then this script will delete their
+# keys and generate new keys for them (and add the new keys to
+# "users.keys".)
+
+echo "Getting list of existing users ..."
+aws iam list-users --output json | jq -r .Users[].UserName > users.tmp
+
+for U in $(cat users.txt); do
+    if ! grep -qw $U users.tmp; then
+        echo "Creating user $U..."
+        aws iam create-user --user-name=$U \
+            --tags=Key=container.training,Value=1
+    fi
+    if ! grep -qw $U users.keys; then
+        echo "Listing keys for user $U..."
+        KEYS=$(aws iam list-access-keys --user=$U | jq -r .AccessKeyMetadata[].AccessKeyId)
+        for KEY in $KEYS; do
+            echo "Deleting key $KEY for user $U..."
+            aws iam delete-access-key --user=$U --access-key-id=$KEY
+        done
+        echo "Creating access key for user $U..."
+        aws iam create-access-key --user=$U --output json \
+          | jq -r '.AccessKey | [ .UserName, .AccessKeyId, .SecretAccessKey ] | @tsv' \
+          >> users.keys
+    fi
+done

prepare-eks/30_create_or_update_policy.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Create an IAM policy to authorize users to do "aws eks update-kubeconfig".
+# This is idempotent, which allows to update the policy document below if
+# you want the users to do other things as well.
+# Note that each time you run this script, it will actually create a new
+# version of the policy, set that version as the default version, and
+# remove all non-default versions. (Because you can only have up to
+# 5 versions of a given policy, so you need to clean them up.)
+# After running that script, you will want to attach the policy to our
+# users (check the other scripts in that directory).
+
+POLICY_NAME=user.container.training
+POLICY_DOC='{
+    "Version": "2012-10-17",
+    "Statement": [
+        {
+            "Action": [
+                "eks:DescribeCluster"
+            ],
+            "Resource": "arn:aws:eks:*",
+            "Effect": "Allow"
+        }
+    ]
+}'
+
+ACCOUNT=$(aws sts get-caller-identity | jq -r .Account)
+
+aws iam create-policy-version \
+  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT:policy/$POLICY_NAME \
+  --policy-document "$POLICY_DOC" \
+  --set-as-default
+
+# For reference, the command below creates a policy without versioning:
+#aws iam create-policy \
+#--policy-name user.container.training \
+#--policy-document "$JSON"
+
+for VERSION in $(
+  aws iam list-policy-versions \
+    --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT:policy/$POLICY_NAME \
+    --query 'Versions[?!IsDefaultVersion].VersionId' \
+    --output text)
+do
+  aws iam delete-policy-version \
+    --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT:policy/$POLICY_NAME \
+    --version-id "$VERSION"
+done
+
+# For reference, the command below shows all users using the policy:
+#aws iam list-entities-for-policy \
+#--policy-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT:policy/$POLICY_NAME

prepare-eks/40_attach_policy.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Attach our user policy to all the users defined in "users.txt".
+# This should be idempotent, because attaching the same policy
+# to the same user multiple times doesn't do anything.
+
+ACCOUNT=$(aws sts get-caller-identity | jq -r .Account)
+POLICY_NAME=user.container.training
+
+for U in $(cat users.txt); do
+  echo "Attaching policy to user $U ..."
+  aws iam attach-user-policy \
+    --user-name $U \
+    --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT:policy/$POLICY_NAME
+done

prepare-eks/50_aws_auth.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Update the aws-auth ConfigMap to map our IAM users to Kubernetes users.
+# Each user defined in "users.txt" will be mapped to a Kubernetes user
+# with the same name, and put in the "container.training" group, too.
+# This is idempotent.
+# WARNING: this will wipe out the mapUsers component of the aws-auth
+# ConfigMap, removing all users that aren't in "users.txt".
+# It won't touch mapRoles, so it shouldn't break the role mappings
+# put in place by EKS.
+
+ACCOUNT=$(aws sts get-caller-identity | jq -r .Account)
+
+rm -f users.map
+for U in $(cat users.txt); do
+echo "\
+- userarn: arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT:user/$U
+  username: $U
+  groups: [ container.training ]\
+" >> users.map
+done
+
+kubectl create --namespace=kube-system configmap aws-auth \
+  --dry-run=client --from-file=mapUsers=users.map -o yaml \
+  | kubectl apply -f-

prepare-eks/60_setup_rbac_and_ns.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Create a shared Kubernetes Namespace ("container-training") as well as
+# individual namespaces for every user in "users.txt", and set up a bunch
+# of permissions.
+# Specifically:
+# - each user gets "view" permissions in the "default" Namespace
+# - each user gets "edit" permissions in the "container-training" Namespace
+# - each user gets permissions to list Nodes and Namespaces
+# - each user gets "admin" permissions in their personal Namespace
+# Note that since Kubernetes Namespaces can't have dots in their names,
+# if a user has dots, dots will be mapped to dashes.
+# So user "ada.lovelace" will get namespace "ada-lovelace".
+# This is kind of idempotent (but will raise a bunch of errors for objects
+# that already exist).
+# TODO: if this needs to evolve, replace all the "create" operations by
+# "apply" operations. But this is good enough for now.
+
+kubectl create rolebinding --namespace default container.training \
+  --group=container.training --clusterrole=view
+
+kubectl create clusterrole view-nodes \
+  --verb=get,list,watch --resource=node
+kubectl create clusterrolebinding view-nodes \
+  --group=container.training --clusterrole=view-nodes
+
+kubectl create clusterrole view-namespaces \
+  --verb=get,list,watch --resource=namespace
+kubectl create clusterrolebinding view-namespaces \
+  --group=container.training --clusterrole=view-namespaces
+
+kubectl create namespace container-training
+kubectl create rolebinding --namespace container-training edit \
+  --group=container.training --clusterrole=edit
+
+# Note: API calls to EKS tend to be fairly slow. To optimize things a bit,
+# instead of running "kubectl" N times, we generate a bunch of YAML and
+# apply it. It will still generate a lot of API calls but it's much faster
+# than calling "kubectl" N times. It might be possible to make this even
+# faster by generating a "kind: List" (I don't know if this would issue
+# a single API calls or multiple ones; TBD!)
+for U in $(cat users.txt); do
+  NS=$(echo $U | tr . -)
+  cat <<EOF
+---
+kind: Namespace
+apiVersion: v1
+metadata:
+  name: $NS
+---
+kind: RoleBinding
+apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
+metadata:
+  name: admin
+  namespace: $NS
+roleRef:
+  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: ClusterRole
+  name: admin
+subjects:
+- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
+  kind: User
+  name: $U
+EOF
+done | kubectl create -f-
+

prepare-eks/70_oidc.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Create an IAM role to be used by a Kubernetes ServiceAccount.
+# The role isn't given any permissions yet (this has to be done by
+# another script in this series), but a properly configured Pod
+# should still be able to execute "aws sts get-caller-identity"
+# and confirm that it's using that role.
+# This requires the cluster to have an attached OIDC provider.
+# This should be the case if the cluster has been created with
+# the scripts in this directory; otherwise, this can be done with
+# the subsequent command, which is idempotent:
+# eksctl utils associate-iam-oidc-provider --cluster cluster-name-12341234 --approve
+# The policy document used below will authorize all ServiceAccounts
+# in the "container-training" Namespace to use that role.
+# This script will also annotate the container-training:default
+# ServiceAccount so that it can use that role.
+# This script is not quite idempotent: if you want to use a new
+# trust policy, some work will be required. (You can delete the role,
+# but that requires detaching the associated policies. There might also
+# be a way to update the trust policy directly; we didn't investigate this
+# further at this point.)
+
+if [ "$1" ]; then
+    CLUSTER="$1"
+else
+    echo "Please indicate cluster to use. Available clusters:"
+    aws eks list-clusters --output table
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+ACCOUNT=$(aws sts get-caller-identity | jq -r .Account)
+OIDC=$(aws eks describe-cluster --name $CLUSTER --query cluster.identity.oidc.issuer --output text | cut -d/ -f3-)
+ROLE_NAME=s3-reader-container-training
+TRUST_POLICY=$(envsubst <<EOF
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Principal": {
+        "Federated": "arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT}:oidc-provider/${OIDC}"
+      },
+      "Action": "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity",
+      "Condition": {
+        "StringLike": {
+            "${OIDC}:sub": ["system:serviceaccount:container-training:*"]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+EOF
+)
+
+aws iam create-role \
+    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
+    --assume-role-policy-document "$TRUST_POLICY"
+
+kubectl annotate serviceaccounts \
+    --namespace container-training default \
+    "eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn=arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT:role/$ROLE_NAME" \
+    --overwrite
+
+exit
+
+# Here are commands to delete the role:
+for POLICY_ARN in $(aws iam list-attached-role-policies --role-name $ROLE_NAME --query 'AttachedPolicies[*].PolicyArn' --output text); do aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name $ROLE_NAME --policy-arn $POLICY_ARN; done
+aws iam delete-role --role-name $ROLE_NAME
+
+# Merging the policy with the existing policies:
+{
+aws iam get-role --role-name s3-reader-container-training | jq -r .Role.AssumeRolePolicyDocument.Statement[]
+echo "$TRUST_POLICY" | jq -r .Statement[]
+} | jq -s '{"Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": .}' > /tmp/policy.json
+aws iam update-assume-role-policy \
+  --role-name $ROLE_NAME \
+  --policy-document file:///tmp/policy.json

prepare-eks/80_s3_bucket.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Create an S3 bucket with two objects in it:
+# - public.txt (world-readable)
+# - private.txt (private)
+# Also create an IAM policy granting read-only access to the bucket
+# (and therefore, to the private object).
+# Finally, attach the policy to an IAM role (for instance, the role
+# created by another script in this directory).
+# This isn't idempotent, but it can be made idempotent by replacing the
+# "aws iam create-policy" call with "aws iam create-policy-version" and
+# a bit of extra elbow grease. (See other scripts in this directory for
+# an example).
+
+ACCOUNT=$(aws sts get-caller-identity | jq -r .Account)
+BUCKET=container.training
+ROLE_NAME=s3-reader-container-training
+POLICY_NAME=s3-reader-container-training
+POLICY_DOC=$(envsubst <<EOF
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Action": [
+        "s3:ListBucket",
+        "s3:GetObject*"
+      ],
+      "Resource": [
+        "arn:aws:s3:::$BUCKET",
+        "arn:aws:s3:::$BUCKET/*"
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}
+EOF
+)
+
+aws iam create-policy \
+--policy-name $POLICY_NAME \
+--policy-doc "$POLICY_DOC"
+
+aws s3 mb s3://container.training
+
+echo "this is a public object" \
+| aws s3 cp - s3://container.training/public.txt \
+--acl public-read
+
+echo "this is a private object" \
+| aws s3 cp - s3://container.training/private.txt \
+--acl private
+
+aws iam attach-role-policy \
+    --role-name "$ROLE_NAME" \
+    --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT:policy/$POLICY_NAME

prepare-eks/users.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+ada.lovelace
+adele.goldstine
+amanda.jones
+anita.borg
+ann.kiessling
+barbara.mcclintock
+beatrice.worsley
+bessie.blount
+betty.holberton
+beulah.henry
+carleen.hutchins
+caroline.herschel
+dona.bailey
+dorothy.hodgkin
+ellen.ochoa
+edith.clarke
+elisha.collier
+elizabeth.feinler
+emily.davenport
+erna.hoover
+frances.spence
+gertrude.blanch
+grace.hopper
+grete.hermann
+giuliana.tesoro
+harriet.tubman
+hedy.lamarr
+irma.wyman
+jane.goodall
+jean.bartik
+joy.mangano
+josephine.cochrane
+katherine.blodgett
+kathleen.antonelli
+lynn.conway
+margaret.hamilton
+maria.beasley
+marie.curie
+marjorie.joyner
+marlyn.meltzer
+mary.kies
+melitta.bentz
+milly.koss
+radia.perlman
+rosalind.franklin
+ruth.teitelbaum
+sarah.mather
+sophie.wilson
+stephanie.kwolek
+yvonne.brill

prepare-vms/infra/example.openstack-cli

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+INFRACLASS=openstack-cli
+
+# Copy that file to e.g. openstack or ovh, then customize it.
+# Some Openstack providers (like OVHcloud) will let you download
+# a file containing credentials. That's what you need to use.
+# The file below contains some example values.
+export OS_AUTH_URL=https://auth.cloud.ovh.net/v3/
+export OS_IDENTITY_API_VERSION=3
+export OS_USER_DOMAIN_NAME=${OS_USER_DOMAIN_NAME:-"Default"}
+export OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_NAME=${OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_NAME:-"Default"}
+export OS_TENANT_ID=abcd1234
+export OS_TENANT_NAME="0123456"
+export OS_USERNAME="user-xyz123"
+export OS_PASSWORD=AbCd1234
+export OS_REGION_NAME="GRA7"
+
+# And then some values to indicate server type, image, etc.
+# You can see available flavors with `openstack flavor list`
+export OS_FLAVOR=s1-4
+# You can see available images with `openstack image list`
+export OS_IMAGE=896c5f54-51dc-44f0-8c22-ce99ba7164df
+# You can create a key with `openstack keypair create --public-key ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub containertraining`
+export OS_KEY=containertraining
+

prepare-vms/infra/example.openstack-tf

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-INFRACLASS=openstack
+INFRACLASS=openstack-tf
+
 # If you are using OpenStack, copy this file (e.g. to "openstack" or "enix")
 # and customize the variables below.
 export TF_VAR_user="jpetazzo"
@@ -6,4 +7,4 @@ export TF_VAR_tenant="training"
 export TF_VAR_domain="Default"
 export TF_VAR_password="..."
 export TF_VAR_auth_url="https://api.r1.nxs.enix.io/v3"
-export TF_VAR_flavor="GP1.S"
+export TF_VAR_flavor="GP1.S"

prepare-vms/infra/hetzner

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+INFRACLASS=hetzner
+if ! [ -f ~/.config/hcloud/cli.toml ]; then
+  warn "~/.config/hcloud/cli.toml not found."
+  warn "Make sure that the Hetzner CLI (hcloud) is installed and configured."
+fi

prepare-vms/infra/scaleway

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+INFRACLASS=scaleway
+#SCW_INSTANCE_TYPE=DEV1-L
+#SCW_ZONE=fr-par-2

prepare-vms/lib/commands.sh

@@ -43,6 +43,16 @@ _cmd_cards() {
     info "$0 www"
 }
 
+_cmd clean "Remove information about stopped clusters"
+_cmd_clean() {
+	for TAG in tags/*; do
+		if grep -q ^stopped$ "$TAG/status"; then
+			info "Removing $TAG..."
+			rm -rf "$TAG"
+		fi
+	done	
+}
+
 _cmd deploy "Install Docker on a bunch of running VMs"
 _cmd_deploy() {
     TAG=$1
@@ -59,11 +69,35 @@ _cmd_deploy() {
     echo deploying > tags/$TAG/status
     sep "Deploying tag $TAG"
 
-    # Wait for cloudinit to be done
+    # If this VM image is using cloud-init,
+    # wait for cloud-init to be done
     pssh "
-    while [ ! -f /var/lib/cloud/instance/boot-finished ]; do
-        sleep 1
-    done"
+    if [ -d /var/lib/cloud ]; then
+        while [ ! -f /var/lib/cloud/instance/boot-finished ]; do
+            sleep 1
+        done
+    fi"
+
+    # Special case for scaleway since it doesn't come with sudo
+    if [ "$INFRACLASS" = "scaleway" ]; then
+        pssh -l root "
+    grep DEBIAN_FRONTEND /etc/environment || echo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive >> /etc/environment
+    grep cloud-init /etc/sudoers && rm /etc/sudoers
+    apt-get update && apt-get install sudo -y"
+    fi
+
+    # FIXME
+    # Special case for hetzner since it doesn't have an ubuntu user
+    #if [ "$INFRACLASS" = "hetzner" ]; then
+    #    pssh -l root "
+    #[ -d /home/ubuntu ] ||
+    #    useradd ubuntu -m -s /bin/bash
+    #echo 'ubuntu ALL=(ALL:ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' > /etc/sudoers.d/ubuntu
+    #[ -d /home/ubuntu/.ssh ] ||
+    #    install --owner=ubuntu --mode=700 --directory /home/ubuntu/.ssh
+    #[ -f /home/ubuntu/.ssh/authorized_keys ] ||
+    #    install --owner=ubuntu --mode=600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys --target-directory /home/ubuntu/.ssh"
+    #fi
 
     # Copy settings and install Python YAML parser
     pssh -I tee /tmp/settings.yaml <tags/$TAG/settings.yaml
@@ -71,6 +105,12 @@ _cmd_deploy() {
     sudo apt-get update &&
     sudo apt-get install -y python-yaml"
 
+    # If there is no "python" binary, symlink to python3
+    #pssh "
+    #if ! which python; then
+    #    ln -s $(which python3) /usr/local/bin/python
+    #fi"
+
     # Copy postprep.py to the remote machines, and execute it, feeding it the list of IP addresses
     pssh -I tee /tmp/postprep.py <lib/postprep.py
     pssh --timeout 900 --send-input "python /tmp/postprep.py >>/tmp/pp.out 2>>/tmp/pp.err" <tags/$TAG/ips.txt
@@ -131,19 +171,19 @@ _cmd_kubebins() {
     cd /usr/local/bin
     if ! [ -x etcd ]; then
         ##VERSION##
-        curl -L https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.4.3/etcd-v3.4.3-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
+        curl -L https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.4.9/etcd-v3.4.9-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
         | sudo tar --strip-components=1 --wildcards -zx '*/etcd' '*/etcdctl'
     fi
     if ! [ -x hyperkube ]; then
         ##VERSION##
-        curl -L https://dl.k8s.io/v1.17.2/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
+        curl -L https://dl.k8s.io/v1.18.10/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
         | sudo tar --strip-components=3 -zx \
           kubernetes/server/bin/kube{ctl,let,-proxy,-apiserver,-scheduler,-controller-manager}
     fi
     sudo mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin
     cd /opt/cni/bin
     if ! [ -x bridge ]; then
-        curl -L https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.7.6/cni-plugins-amd64-v0.7.6.tgz \
+        curl -L https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.8.6/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.8.6.tgz \
         | sudo tar -zx
     fi
     "
@@ -173,13 +213,22 @@ _cmd_kube() {
     pssh --timeout 200 "
     sudo apt-get update -q &&
     sudo apt-get install -qy kubelet$EXTRA_APTGET kubeadm$EXTRA_APTGET kubectl$EXTRA_APTGET &&
-    kubectl completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl"
+    kubectl completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl &&
+    echo 'alias k=kubectl' | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/k &&
+    echo 'complete -F __start_kubectl k' | sudo tee -a /etc/bash_completion.d/k"
 
-    # Initialize kube master
+    # Disable swap
+    # (note that this won't survive across node reboots!)
+    if [ "$INFRACLASS" = "linode" ]; then
+        pssh "
+        sudo swapoff -a"
+    fi
+
+    # Initialize kube control plane
     pssh --timeout 200 "
     if i_am_first_node && [ ! -f /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf ]; then
         kubeadm token generate > /tmp/token &&
-	sudo kubeadm init $EXTRA_KUBEADM --token \$(cat /tmp/token) --apiserver-cert-extra-sans \$(cat /tmp/ipv4)
+	sudo kubeadm init $EXTRA_KUBEADM --token \$(cat /tmp/token) --apiserver-cert-extra-sans \$(cat /tmp/ipv4) --ignore-preflight-errors=NumCPU
     fi"
 
     # Put kubeconfig in ubuntu's and docker's accounts
@@ -212,17 +261,23 @@ _cmd_kube() {
     if i_am_first_node; then
 	kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jpetazzo/container.training/master/k8s/metrics-server.yaml
     fi"
+}
+
+_cmd kubetools "Install a bunch of CLI tools for Kubernetes"
+_cmd_kubetools() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag
 
     # Install kubectx and kubens
     pssh "
     [ -d kubectx ] || git clone https://github.com/ahmetb/kubectx &&
-    sudo ln -sf /home/ubuntu/kubectx/kubectx /usr/local/bin/kctx &&
-    sudo ln -sf /home/ubuntu/kubectx/kubens /usr/local/bin/kns &&
-    sudo cp /home/ubuntu/kubectx/completion/*.bash /etc/bash_completion.d &&
+    sudo ln -sf \$HOME/kubectx/kubectx /usr/local/bin/kctx &&
+    sudo ln -sf \$HOME/kubectx/kubens /usr/local/bin/kns &&
+    sudo cp \$HOME/kubectx/completion/*.bash /etc/bash_completion.d &&
     [ -d kube-ps1 ] || git clone https://github.com/jonmosco/kube-ps1 &&
     sudo -u docker sed -i s/docker-prompt/kube_ps1/ /home/docker/.bashrc &&
     sudo -u docker tee -a /home/docker/.bashrc <<EOF
-. /home/ubuntu/kube-ps1/kube-ps1.sh
+. \$HOME/kube-ps1/kube-ps1.sh
 KUBE_PS1_PREFIX=""
 KUBE_PS1_SUFFIX=""
 KUBE_PS1_SYMBOL_ENABLE="false"
@@ -249,7 +304,8 @@ EOF"
     # Install kustomize
     pssh "
     if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/kustomize ]; then
-        curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/releases/download/kustomize/v3.5.4/kustomize_v3.5.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz |
+        ##VERSION##
+        curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/releases/download/kustomize/v3.6.1/kustomize_v3.6.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz |
             sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -zx kustomize
         echo complete -C /usr/local/bin/kustomize kustomize | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kustomize
     fi"
@@ -272,7 +328,54 @@ EOF"
 	sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/aws-iam-authenticator
     fi"
 
-    sep "Done"
+    # Install the krew package manager
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -d /home/docker/.krew ]; then
+        cd /tmp &&
+        curl -fsSL https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/krew/releases/latest/download/krew.tar.gz |
+        tar -zxf- &&
+        sudo -u docker -H ./krew-linux_amd64 install krew &&
+        echo export PATH=/home/docker/.krew/bin:\\\$PATH | sudo -u docker tee -a /home/docker/.bashrc
+    fi"
+
+    # Install k9s and popeye
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/k9s ]; then
+        FILENAME=k9s_\$(uname -s)_\$(uname -m).tar.gz &&
+        curl -sSL https://github.com/derailed/k9s/releases/latest/download/\$FILENAME |
+        sudo tar -zxvf- -C /usr/local/bin k9s
+    fi
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/popeye ]; then
+        FILENAME=popeye_\$(uname -s)_\$(uname -m).tar.gz &&
+        curl -sSL https://github.com/derailed/popeye/releases/latest/download/\$FILENAME |
+        sudo tar -zxvf- -C /usr/local/bin popeye
+    fi"
+
+    # Install Tilt
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/tilt ]; then
+        curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tilt-dev/tilt/master/scripts/install.sh | bash
+    fi"
+
+    # Install Skaffold
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/skaffold ]; then
+        curl -Lo skaffold https://storage.googleapis.com/skaffold/releases/latest/skaffold-linux-amd64 &&
+        sudo install skaffold /usr/local/bin/
+    fi"
+
+    # Install Kompose
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/kompose ]; then
+        curl -Lo kompose https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/latest/download/kompose-linux-amd64 &&
+        sudo install kompose /usr/local/bin
+    fi"
+
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/kubeseal ]; then
+        curl -Lo kubeseal https://github.com/bitnami-labs/sealed-secrets/releases/download/v0.13.1/kubeseal-linux-amd64 &&
+        sudo install kubeseal /usr/local/bin
+    fi"
 }
 
 _cmd kubereset "Wipe out Kubernetes configuration on all nodes"
@@ -294,29 +397,44 @@ _cmd_kubetest() {
     set -e
     if i_am_first_node; then
       which kubectl
-      for NODE in \$(awk /[0-9]\$/\ {print\ \\\$2} /etc/hosts); do
+      for NODE in \$(grep [0-9]\$ /etc/hosts | grep -v ^127 | awk {print\ \\\$2}); do
         echo \$NODE ; kubectl get nodes | grep -w \$NODE | grep -w Ready
       done
     fi"
 }
 
-_cmd ids "(FIXME) List the instance IDs belonging to a given tag or token"
-_cmd_ids() {
+_cmd ips "Show the IP addresses for a given tag"
+_cmd_ips() {
     TAG=$1
     need_tag $TAG
 
-    info "Looking up by tag:"
-    aws_get_instance_ids_by_tag $TAG
-
-    # Just in case we managed to create instances but weren't able to tag them
-    info "Looking up by token:"
-    aws_get_instance_ids_by_client_token $TAG
+    SETTINGS=tags/$TAG/settings.yaml
+    CLUSTERSIZE=$(awk '/^clustersize:/ {print $2}' $SETTINGS)
+    while true; do
+        for I in $(seq $CLUSTERSIZE); do
+            read ip || return 0
+            printf "%s\t" "$ip"
+        done
+        printf "\n"
+    done < tags/$TAG/ips.txt
 }
 
-_cmd list "List available groups for a given infrastructure"
+_cmd list "List all VMs on a given infrastructure (or all infras if no arg given)"
 _cmd_list() {
-    need_infra $1
-    infra_list
+    case "$1" in
+    "")
+        for INFRA in infra/*; do
+            $0 list $INFRA
+        done
+        ;;
+    */example.*)
+        ;;
+    *)
+        need_infra $1
+        sep "Listing instances for $1"
+        infra_list
+        ;;
+    esac
 }
 
 _cmd listall "List VMs running on all configured infrastructures"
@@ -410,16 +528,6 @@ _cmd_opensg() {
     infra_opensg
 }
 
-_cmd portworx "Prepare the nodes for Portworx deployment"
-_cmd_portworx() {
-    TAG=$1
-    need_tag
-
-    pssh "
-    sudo truncate --size 10G /portworx.blk &&
-    sudo losetup /dev/loop4 /portworx.blk"
-}
-
 _cmd disableaddrchecks "Disable source/destination IP address checks"
 _cmd_disableaddrchecks() {
     TAG=$1
@@ -456,6 +564,17 @@ _cmd_remap_nodeports() {
     if i_am_first_node && ! grep -q '$ADD_LINE' $MANIFEST_FILE; then
         sudo sed -i 's/\($FIND_LINE\)\$/\1\n$ADD_LINE/' $MANIFEST_FILE
     fi"
+
+    info "If you have manifests hard-coding nodePort values,"
+    info "you might want to patch them with a command like:"
+    info "
+
+if i_am_first_node; then
+    kubectl -n kube-system patch svc prometheus-server \\
+        -p 'spec: { ports: [ {port: 80, nodePort: 10101} ]}'
+fi
+
+    "
 }
 
 _cmd quotas "Check our infrastructure quotas (max instances)"
@@ -464,18 +583,6 @@ _cmd_quotas() {
     infra_quotas
 }
 
-_cmd retag "(FIXME) Apply a new tag to a group of VMs"
-_cmd_retag() {
-    OLDTAG=$1
-    NEWTAG=$2
-    TAG=$OLDTAG
-    need_tag
-    if [[ -z "$NEWTAG" ]]; then
-        die "You must specify a new tag to apply."
-    fi
-    aws_tag_instances $OLDTAG $NEWTAG
-}
-
 _cmd ssh "Open an SSH session to the first node of a tag"
 _cmd_ssh() {
     TAG=$1
@@ -565,6 +672,8 @@ _cmd_start() {
     done
     sep
     info "Deployment successful."
+    info "To log into the first machine of that batch, you can run:"
+    info "$0 ssh $TAG"
     info "To terminate these instances, you can run:"
     info "$0 stop $TAG"
 }
@@ -628,8 +737,8 @@ _cmd_helmprom() {
     need_tag
     pssh "
     if i_am_first_node; then
-        sudo -u docker -H helm repo add stable https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com/
-        sudo -u docker -H helm install prometheus stable/prometheus \
+        sudo -u docker -H helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts/
+        sudo -u docker -H helm install prometheus prometheus-community/prometheus \
             --namespace kube-system \
             --set server.service.type=NodePort \
             --set server.service.nodePort=30090 \
@@ -662,11 +771,12 @@ _cmd_webssh() {
     sudo apt-get update &&
     sudo apt-get install python-tornado python-paramiko -y"
     pssh "
-    [ -d webssh ] || git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/webssh"
+    cd /opt
+    [ -d webssh ] || sudo git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/webssh"
     pssh "
     for KEYFILE in /etc/ssh/*.pub; do
       read a b c < \$KEYFILE; echo localhost \$a \$b
-    done > webssh/known_hosts"
+    done | sudo tee /opt/webssh/known_hosts"
     pssh "cat >webssh.service <<EOF
 [Unit]
 Description=webssh
@@ -675,7 +785,7 @@ Description=webssh
 WantedBy=multi-user.target
 
 [Service]
-WorkingDirectory=/home/ubuntu/webssh
+WorkingDirectory=/opt/webssh
 ExecStart=/usr/bin/env python run.py --fbidhttp=false --port=1080 --policy=reject
 User=nobody
 Group=nogroup
@@ -698,11 +808,6 @@ _cmd_www() {
     python3 -m http.server
 }
 
-greet() {
-    IAMUSER=$(aws iam get-user --query 'User.UserName')
-    info "Hello! You seem to be UNIX user $USER, and IAM user $IAMUSER."
-}
-
 pull_tag() {
     # Pre-pull a bunch of images
     pssh --timeout 900 'for I in \
@@ -792,27 +897,3 @@ make_key_name() {
     SHORT_FINGERPRINT=$(ssh-add -l | grep RSA | head -n1 | cut -d " " -f 2 | tr -d : | cut -c 1-8)
     echo "${SHORT_FINGERPRINT}-${USER}"
 }
-
-sync_keys() {
-    # make sure ssh-add -l contains "RSA"
-    ssh-add -l | grep -q RSA \
-        || die "The output of \`ssh-add -l\` doesn't contain 'RSA'. Start the agent, add your keys?"
-
-    AWS_KEY_NAME=$(make_key_name)
-    info "Syncing keys... "
-    if ! aws ec2 describe-key-pairs --key-name "$AWS_KEY_NAME" &>/dev/null; then
-        aws ec2 import-key-pair --key-name $AWS_KEY_NAME \
-            --public-key-material "$(ssh-add -L \
-                | grep -i RSA \
-                | head -n1 \
-                | cut -d " " -f 1-2)" &>/dev/null
-
-        if ! aws ec2 describe-key-pairs --key-name "$AWS_KEY_NAME" &>/dev/null; then
-            die "Somehow, importing the key didn't work. Make sure that 'ssh-add -l | grep RSA | head -n1' returns an RSA key?"
-        else
-            info "Imported new key $AWS_KEY_NAME."
-        fi
-    else
-        info "Using existing key $AWS_KEY_NAME."
-    fi
-}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/aws.sh

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+if ! command -v aws >/dev/null; then
+    warn "AWS CLI (aws) not found."
+fi
+
 infra_list() {
-    aws_display_tags
+    aws ec2 describe-instances --output json |
+        jq -r '.Reservations[].Instances[] | [.InstanceId, .ClientToken, .State.Name, .InstanceType ] | @tsv'
 }
 
 infra_quotas() {
-    greet
+    aws_greet
 
     max_instances=$(aws ec2 describe-account-attributes \
         --attribute-names max-instances \
@@ -21,10 +26,10 @@ infra_start() {
     COUNT=$1
 
     # Print our AWS username, to ease the pain of credential-juggling
-    greet
+    aws_greet
 
     # Upload our SSH keys to AWS if needed, to be added to each VM's authorized_keys
-    key_name=$(sync_keys)
+    key_name=$(aws_sync_keys)
 
     AMI=$(aws_get_ami)    # Retrieve the AWS image ID
     if [ -z "$AMI" ]; then
@@ -61,7 +66,7 @@ infra_start() {
     aws_tag_instances $TAG $TAG
 
     # Wait until EC2 API tells us that the instances are running
-    wait_until_tag_is_running $TAG $COUNT
+    aws_wait_until_tag_is_running $TAG $COUNT
 
     aws_get_instance_ips_by_tag $TAG > tags/$TAG/ips.txt
 }
@@ -98,7 +103,7 @@ infra_disableaddrchecks() {
     done
 }
 
-wait_until_tag_is_running() {
+aws_wait_until_tag_is_running() {
     max_retry=100
     i=0
     done_count=0
@@ -214,3 +219,32 @@ aws_get_ami() {
     ##VERSION##
     find_ubuntu_ami -r $AWS_DEFAULT_REGION -a amd64 -v 18.04 -t hvm:ebs -N -q
 }
+
+aws_greet() {
+    IAMUSER=$(aws iam get-user --query 'User.UserName')
+    info "Hello! You seem to be UNIX user $USER, and IAM user $IAMUSER."
+}
+
+aws_sync_keys() {
+    # make sure ssh-add -l contains "RSA"
+    ssh-add -l | grep -q RSA \
+        || die "The output of \`ssh-add -l\` doesn't contain 'RSA'. Start the agent, add your keys?"
+
+    AWS_KEY_NAME=$(make_key_name)
+    info "Syncing keys... "
+    if ! aws ec2 describe-key-pairs --key-name "$AWS_KEY_NAME" &>/dev/null; then
+        aws ec2 import-key-pair --key-name $AWS_KEY_NAME \
+            --public-key-material "$(ssh-add -L \
+                | grep -i RSA \
+                | head -n1 \
+                | cut -d " " -f 1-2)" &>/dev/null
+
+        if ! aws ec2 describe-key-pairs --key-name "$AWS_KEY_NAME" &>/dev/null; then
+            die "Somehow, importing the key didn't work. Make sure that 'ssh-add -l | grep RSA | head -n1' returns an RSA key?"
+        else
+            info "Imported new key $AWS_KEY_NAME."
+        fi
+    else
+        info "Using existing key $AWS_KEY_NAME."
+    fi
+}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/hetzner.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+if ! command -v hcloud >/dev/null; then
+  warn "Hetzner CLI (hcloud) not found."
+fi
+if ! [ -f ~/.config/hcloud/cli.toml ]; then
+  warn "~/.config/hcloud/cli.toml not found."
+fi
+
+infra_list() {
+    [ "$(hcloud server list -o json)" = "null" ] && return
+
+    hcloud server list -o json |
+        jq -r '.[] | [.id, .name , .status, .server_type.name] | @tsv'
+}
+
+infra_start() {
+    COUNT=$1
+
+    HETZNER_INSTANCE_TYPE=${HETZNER_INSTANCE_TYPE-cx21}
+    HETZNER_DATACENTER=${HETZNER_DATACENTER-nbg1-dc3}
+    HETZNER_IMAGE=${HETZNER_IMAGE-168855}
+
+    for I in $(seq 1 $COUNT); do
+        NAME=$(printf "%s-%03d" $TAG $I)
+        sep "Starting instance $I/$COUNT"
+        info "    Datacenter: $HETZNER_DATACENTER"
+        info "          Name: $NAME"
+        info " Instance type: $HETZNER_INSTANCE_TYPE"
+        hcloud server create \
+            --type=${HETZNER_INSTANCE_TYPE} \
+            --datacenter=${HETZNER_DATACENTER} \
+            --image=${HETZNER_IMAGE} \
+            --name=$NAME \
+            --label=tag=$TAG \
+            --ssh-key ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
+    done
+
+    hetzner_get_ips_by_tag $TAG > tags/$TAG/ips.txt
+}
+
+infra_stop() {
+    for ID in $(hetzner_get_ids_by_tag $TAG); do
+        info "Scheduling deletion of instance $ID..."
+        hcloud server delete $ID &
+    done
+    info "Waiting for deletion to complete..."
+    wait
+}
+
+hetzner_get_ids_by_tag() {
+    TAG=$1
+    hcloud server list --selector=tag=$TAG -o json | jq -r .[].name
+}
+
+hetzner_get_ips_by_tag() {
+    TAG=$1
+    hcloud server list --selector=tag=$TAG -o json | jq -r .[].public_net.ipv4.ip
+}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/linode.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+if ! command -v linode-cli >/dev/null; then
+  warn "Linode CLI (linode-cli) not found."
+fi
+if ! [ -f ~/.config/linode-cli ]; then
+  warn "~/.config/linode-cli not found."
+fi
+
+# To view available regions: "linode-cli regions list"
+LINODE_REGION=${LINODE_REGION-us-west}
+
+# To view available types: "linode-cli linodes types"
+LINODE_TYPE=${LINODE_TYPE-g6-standard-2}
+
+infra_list() {
+    linode-cli linodes list --json |
+        jq -r '.[] | [.id, .label, .status, .type] | @tsv'
+}
+
+infra_start() {
+    COUNT=$1
+
+    for I in $(seq 1 $COUNT); do
+        NAME=$(printf "%s-%03d" $TAG $I)
+        sep "Starting instance $I/$COUNT"
+        info "          Zone: $LINODE_REGION"
+        info "          Name: $NAME"
+        info " Instance type: $LINODE_TYPE"
+        ROOT_PASS="$(base64 /dev/urandom | cut -c1-20 | head -n 1)"
+        linode-cli linodes create \
+            --type=${LINODE_TYPE} --region=${LINODE_REGION} \
+            --image=linode/ubuntu18.04 \
+            --authorized_keys="${LINODE_SSHKEY}" \
+            --root_pass="${ROOT_PASS}" \
+            --tags=${TAG} --label=${NAME}
+    done
+    sep
+
+    linode_get_ips_by_tag $TAG > tags/$TAG/ips.txt
+}
+
+infra_stop() {
+    info "Counting instances..."
+    linode_get_ids_by_tag $TAG | wc -l
+    info "Deleting instances..."
+    linode_get_ids_by_tag $TAG | 
+        xargs -n1 -P10 \
+        linode-cli linodes delete
+}
+
+linode_get_ids_by_tag() {
+    TAG=$1
+    linode-cli linodes list --tags $TAG --json | jq -r ".[].id"
+}
+
+linode_get_ips_by_tag() {
+    TAG=$1
+    linode-cli linodes list --tags $TAG --json | jq -r ".[].ipv4[0]"
+}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/openstack-cli.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+infra_list() {
+    openstack server list -f json |
+        jq -r '.[] | [.ID, .Name , .Status, .Flavor] | @tsv'
+}
+
+infra_start() {
+    COUNT=$1
+
+    sep "Starting $COUNT instances"
+    info " Region: $OS_REGION_NAME"
+    info "   User: $OS_USERNAME"
+    info " Flavor: $OS_FLAVOR"
+    info "  Image: $OS_IMAGE"
+    openstack server create \
+    	--flavor $OS_FLAVOR \
+    	--image $OS_IMAGE \
+    	--key-name $OS_KEY \
+    	--min $COUNT --max $COUNT \
+    	--property workshopctl=$TAG \
+    	$TAG
+
+    sep "Waiting for IP addresses to be available"
+    GOT=0
+    while [ "$GOT" != "$COUNT" ]; do
+    	echo "Got $GOT/$COUNT IP addresses."
+    	oscli_get_ips_by_tag $TAG > tags/$TAG/ips.txt
+    	GOT="$(wc -l < tags/$TAG/ips.txt)"
+    done
+
+}
+
+infra_stop() {
+	info "Counting instances..."
+	oscli_get_instances_json $TAG | 
+		jq -r .[].Name | 
+		wc -l
+	info "Deleting instances..."
+	oscli_get_instances_json $TAG |
+		jq -r .[].Name |
+		xargs -P10 -n1 openstack server delete
+	info "Done."
+}
+
+oscli_get_instances_json() {
+	TAG=$1
+    openstack server list -f json --name "${TAG}-[0-9]*"
+}
+
+oscli_get_ips_by_tag() {
+    TAG=$1
+    oscli_get_instances_json $TAG |
+    	jq -r .[].Networks | grep -oE '[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+' || true
+}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/scaleway.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+if ! command -v scw >/dev/null; then
+  warn "Scaleway CLI (scw) not found."
+fi
+if ! [ -f ~/.config/scw/config.yaml ]; then
+  warn "~/.config/scw/config.yaml not found."
+fi
+
+SCW_INSTANCE_TYPE=${SCW_INSTANCE_TYPE-DEV1-M}
+SCW_ZONE=${SCW_ZONE-fr-par-1}
+
+infra_list() {
+    scw instance server list -o json |
+        jq -r '.[] | [.id, .name, .state, .commercial_type] | @tsv'
+}
+
+infra_start() {
+    COUNT=$1
+
+    for I in $(seq 1 $COUNT); do
+        NAME=$(printf "%s-%03d" $TAG $I)
+        sep "Starting instance $I/$COUNT"
+        info "          Zone: $SCW_ZONE"
+        info "          Name: $NAME"
+        info " Instance type: $SCW_INSTANCE_TYPE"
+        scw instance server create \
+            type=${SCW_INSTANCE_TYPE} zone=${SCW_ZONE} \
+            image=ubuntu_bionic name=${NAME}
+    done
+    sep
+
+    scw_get_ips_by_tag $TAG > tags/$TAG/ips.txt
+}
+
+infra_stop() {
+    info "Counting instances..."
+    scw_get_ids_by_tag $TAG | wc -l
+    info "Deleting instances..."
+    scw_get_ids_by_tag $TAG | 
+        xargs -n1 -P10 \
+        scw instance server delete zone=${SCW_ZONE} force-shutdown=true with-ip=true
+}
+
+scw_get_ids_by_tag() {
+    TAG=$1
+    scw instance server list zone=${SCW_ZONE} name=$TAG -o json | jq -r .[].id
+}
+
+scw_get_ips_by_tag() {
+    TAG=$1
+    scw instance server list zone=${SCW_ZONE} name=$TAG -o json | jq -r .[].public_ip.address
+}

prepare-vms/lib/infra/unimplemented.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+infra_disableaddrchecks() {
+    die "unimplemented"
+}
+
+infra_list() {
+    die "unimplemented"
+}
+
+infra_opensg() {
+    die "unimplemented"
+}
+
+infra_quotas() {
+    die "unimplemented"
+}
+
+infra_start() {
+    die "unimplemented"
+}
+
+infra_stop() {
+    die "unimplemented"
+}

prepare-vms/lib/postprep.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def system(cmd):
         td = str(t2-t1)[:5]
         f.write(bold("[{}] in {}s\n".format(retcode, td)))
         STEP += 1
-    with open("/home/ubuntu/.bash_history", "a") as f:
+    with open(os.environ["HOME"] + "/.bash_history", "a") as f:
         f.write("{}\n".format(cmd))
     if retcode != 0:
         msg = "The following command failed with exit code {}:\n".format(retcode)
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ system("sudo sed -i 's/PasswordAuthentication no/PasswordAuthentication yes/' /e
 
 system("sudo service ssh restart")
 system("sudo apt-get -q update")
-system("sudo apt-get -qy install git jq")
+system("sudo apt-get -qy install git jid jq")
 system("sudo apt-get -qy install emacs-nox joe")
 
 #######################

prepare-vms/lib/pssh.sh

@@ -18,7 +18,13 @@ pssh() {
     echo "[parallel-ssh] $@"
     export PSSH=$(which pssh || which parallel-ssh)
 
-    $PSSH -h $HOSTFILE -l ubuntu \
+    case "$INFRACLASS" in
+        hetzner) LOGIN=root ;;
+        linode)  LOGIN=root ;;
+        *)       LOGIN=ubuntu ;;
+    esac
+
+    $PSSH -h $HOSTFILE -l $LOGIN \
         --par 100 \
         -O LogLevel=ERROR \
         -O UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null \

prepare-vms/map-dns.py

@@ -1,49 +1,71 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+There are two ways to use this script:
+
+1. Pass a file name and a tag name as a single argument.
+It will load a list of domains from the given file (one per line),
+and assign them to the clusters corresponding to that tag.
+There should be more domains than clusters.
+Example: ./map-dns.py domains.txt 2020-08-15-jp
+
+2. Pass a domain as the 1st argument, and IP addresses then.
+It will configure the domain with the listed IP addresses.
+Example: ./map-dns.py open-duck.site 1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5 3.4.5.6
+
+In both cases, the domains should be configured to use GANDI LiveDNS.
+"""
 import os
 import requests
+import sys
 import yaml
 
-# configurable stuff
-domains_file = "../../plentydomains/domains.txt"
+# This can be tweaked if necessary.
 config_file = os.path.join(
-	os.environ["HOME"], ".config/gandi/config.yaml")
-tag = "test"
+  os.environ["HOME"], ".config/gandi/config.yaml")
 apiurl = "https://dns.api.gandi.net/api/v5/domains"
-
-# inferred stuff
-domains = open(domains_file).read().split()
 apikey = yaml.safe_load(open(config_file))["apirest"]["key"]
-ips = open(f"tags/{tag}/ips.txt").read().split()
-settings_file = f"tags/{tag}/settings.yaml"
-clustersize = yaml.safe_load(open(settings_file))["clustersize"]
 
-# now do the fucking work
+# Figure out if we're called for a bunch of domains, or just one.
+domain_or_domain_file = sys.argv[1]
+if os.path.isfile(domain_or_domain_file):
+  domains = open(domain_or_domain_file).read().split()
+  domains = [ d for d in domains if not d.startswith('#') ]
+  tag = sys.argv[2]
+  ips = open(f"tags/{tag}/ips.txt").read().split()
+  settings_file = f"tags/{tag}/settings.yaml"
+  clustersize = yaml.safe_load(open(settings_file))["clustersize"]
+else:
+  domains = [domain_or_domain_file]
+  ips = sys.argv[2:]
+  clustersize = len(ips)
+
+# Now, do the work.
 while domains and ips:
-	domain = domains[0]
-	domains = domains[1:]
-	cluster = ips[:clustersize]
-	ips = ips[clustersize:]
-	print(f"{domain} => {cluster}")
-	zone = ""
-	node = 0
-	for ip in cluster:
-		node += 1
-		zone += f"@ 300 IN A {ip}\n"
-		zone += f"* 300 IN A {ip}\n"
-		zone += f"node{node} 300 IN A {ip}\n"
-	r = requests.put(
-		f"{apiurl}/{domain}/records",
-		headers={"x-api-key": apikey},
-		data=zone)
-	print(r.text)
+  domain = domains[0]
+  domains = domains[1:]
+  cluster = ips[:clustersize]
+  ips = ips[clustersize:]
+  print(f"{domain} => {cluster}")
+  zone = ""
+  node = 0
+  for ip in cluster:
+    node += 1
+    zone += f"@ 300 IN A {ip}\n"
+    zone += f"* 300 IN A {ip}\n"
+    zone += f"node{node} 300 IN A {ip}\n"
+  r = requests.put(
+    f"{apiurl}/{domain}/records",
+    headers={"x-api-key": apikey},
+    data=zone)
+  print(r.text)
 
-	#r = requests.get(
-	#	f"{apiurl}/{domain}/records",
-	#	headers={"x-api-key": apikey},
-	#	)
+  #r = requests.get(
+  #  f"{apiurl}/{domain}/records",
+  #  headers={"x-api-key": apikey},
+  #  )
 
 if domains:
-	print(f"Good, we have {len(domains)} domains left.")
+  print(f"Good, we have {len(domains)} domains left.")
 
 if ips:
-	print(f"Crap, we have {len(ips)} IP addresses left.")
+  print(f"Crap, we have {len(ips)} IP addresses left.")

prepare-vms/settings/jerome.yaml

@@ -25,5 +25,6 @@ steps:
   - webssh
   - tailhist
   - kube
+  - kubetools
   - cards
   - kubetest

prepare-vms/setup-admin-clusters.sh

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ TAG=$PREFIX-$SETTINGS
 retry 5 ./workshopctl deploy $TAG
 retry 5 ./workshopctl disabledocker $TAG
 retry 5 ./workshopctl kubebins $TAG
+retry 5 ./workshopctl webssh $TAG
+retry 5 ./workshopctl tailhist $TAG
 ./workshopctl cards $TAG
 
 SETTINGS=admin-kubenet
@@ -48,6 +50,8 @@ TAG=$PREFIX-$SETTINGS
 retry 5 ./workshopctl disableaddrchecks $TAG
 retry 5 ./workshopctl deploy $TAG
 retry 5 ./workshopctl kubebins $TAG
+retry 5 ./workshopctl webssh $TAG
+retry 5 ./workshopctl tailhist $TAG
 ./workshopctl cards $TAG
 
 SETTINGS=admin-kuberouter
@@ -61,6 +65,8 @@ TAG=$PREFIX-$SETTINGS
 retry 5 ./workshopctl disableaddrchecks $TAG
 retry 5 ./workshopctl deploy $TAG
 retry 5 ./workshopctl kubebins $TAG
+retry 5 ./workshopctl webssh $TAG
+retry 5 ./workshopctl tailhist $TAG
 ./workshopctl cards $TAG
 
 #INFRA=infra/aws-us-west-1
@@ -76,5 +82,7 @@ TAG=$PREFIX-$SETTINGS
 	--count $((3*$STUDENTS))
 
 retry 5 ./workshopctl deploy $TAG
-retry 5 ./workshopctl kube $TAG 1.15.9
+retry 5 ./workshopctl kube $TAG 1.17.13
+retry 5 ./workshopctl webssh $TAG
+retry 5 ./workshopctl tailhist $TAG
 ./workshopctl cards $TAG

prepare-vms/terraform/machines.tf

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "machine" {
   count           = "${var.count}" 
   name            = "${format("%s-%04d", "${var.prefix}", count.index+1)}"
-  image_name      = "Ubuntu 16.04.5 (Xenial Xerus)"
+  image_name      = "Ubuntu 18.04.4 20200324"
   flavor_name     = "${var.flavor}"
   security_groups = ["${openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.full_access.name}"]
   key_pair        = "${openstack_compute_keypair_v2.ssh_deploy_key.name}"

prepare-vms/workshopctl

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ for lib in lib/*.sh; do
 done
 
 DEPENDENCIES="
-    aws
     ssh
     curl
     jq

slides/_redirects

@@ -6,17 +6,20 @@
 # And this allows to do "git clone https://container.training".
 /info/refs service=git-upload-pack https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack
 
-#/dockermastery https://www.udemy.com/course/docker-mastery/?referralCode=1410924A733D33635CCB
-#/kubernetesmastery https://www.udemy.com/course/kubernetesmastery/?referralCode=7E09090AF9B79E6C283F
-/dockermastery https://www.udemy.com/course/docker-mastery/?couponCode=SWEETFEBSALEC1
-/kubernetesmastery https://www.udemy.com/course/kubernetesmastery/?couponCode=SWEETFEBSALEC4
+/dockermastery https://www.udemy.com/course/docker-mastery/?referralCode=1410924A733D33635CCB
+/kubernetesmastery https://www.udemy.com/course/kubernetesmastery/?referralCode=7E09090AF9B79E6C283F
+#/dockermastery https://www.udemy.com/course/docker-mastery/?couponCode=DOCKERALLDAY
+#/kubernetesmastery https://www.udemy.com/course/kubernetesmastery/?couponCode=DOCKERALLDAY
 
 # Shortlink for the QRCode
 /q /qrcode.html 200
 
 # Shortlinks for next training in English and French
-/next https://www.eventbrite.com/e/livestream-intensive-kubernetes-bootcamp-tickets-103262336428
+#/next https://www.eventbrite.com/e/livestream-intensive-kubernetes-bootcamp-tickets-103262336428
+/next https://skillsmatter.com/courses/700-advanced-kubernetes-concepts-workshop-jerome-petazzoni
 /hi5 https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
 
-/ /k8s-bootcamp.yml.html 200!
-/chat https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/training-20200609-online
+# Survey form
+/please https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfIYSgrV7tpfBNm1hOaprjnBHgWKn5n-k5vtNXYJkOX1sRxng/viewform
+
+/ /helm.yml.html 200!

slides/autopilot/autotest.py

@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ def setup_tmux_and_ssh():
         ipaddr = "$IPADDR"
         uid = os.getuid()
 
-        raise Exception("""
+        raise Exception(r"""
 1. If you're running this directly from a node:
 
 tmux
@@ -247,6 +247,16 @@ rm -f /tmp/tmux-{uid}/default && ssh -t -L /tmp/tmux-{uid}/default:/tmp/tmux-100
 3. If you cannot control a remote tmux:
 
 tmux new-session ssh docker@{ipaddr}
+
+4. If you are running this locally with a remote cluster, make sure your prompt has the expected format:
+
+tmux
+IPADDR=$(
+  kubectl get nodes -o json |
+  jq -r '.items[0].status.addresses[] | select(.type=="ExternalIP") | .address'
+  )
+export PS1="\n[{ipaddr}] \u@\h:\w\n\$ "
+
 """.format(uid=uid, ipaddr=ipaddr))
     else:
         logging.info("Found tmux session. Trying to acquire shell prompt.")

slides/autopilot/package-lock.json

@@ -24,14 +24,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha1-ml9pkFGx5wczKPKgCJaLZOopVdI="
     },
     "arraybuffer.slice": {
-      "version": "0.0.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/arraybuffer.slice/-/arraybuffer.slice-0.0.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-8zshWfBTKj8xB6JywMz70a0peco="
-    },
-    "async-limiter": {
-      "version": "1.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/async-limiter/-/async-limiter-1.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-jp/uFnooOiO+L211eZOoSyzpOITMXx1rBITauYykG3BRYPu8h0UcxsPNB04RR5vo4Tyz3+ay17tR6JVf9qzYWg=="
+      "version": "0.0.7",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/arraybuffer.slice/-/arraybuffer.slice-0.0.7.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-wGUIVQXuehL5TCqQun8OW81jGzAWycqzFF8lFp+GOM5BXLYj3bKNsYC4daB7n6XjCqxQA/qgTJ+8ANR3acjrog=="
     },
     "backo2": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
@@ -39,27 +34,19 @@
       "integrity": "sha1-MasayLEpNjRj41s+u2n038+6eUc="
     },
     "base64-arraybuffer": {
-      "version": "0.1.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/base64-arraybuffer/-/base64-arraybuffer-0.1.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-c5JncZI7Whl0etZmqlzUv5xunOg="
+      "version": "0.1.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/base64-arraybuffer/-/base64-arraybuffer-0.1.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-mBjHngWbE1X5fgQooBfIOOkLqBI="
     },
     "base64id": {
-      "version": "1.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/base64id/-/base64id-1.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-R2iMuZu2gE8OBtPnY7HDLlfY5rY="
-    },
-    "better-assert": {
-      "version": "1.0.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/better-assert/-/better-assert-1.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-QIZrnhueC1W0gYlDEeaPr/rrxSI=",
-      "requires": {
-        "callsite": "1.0.0"
-      }
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/base64id/-/base64id-2.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-lGe34o6EHj9y3Kts9R4ZYs/Gr+6N7MCaMlIFA3F1R2O5/m7K06AxfSeO5530PEERE6/WyEg3lsuyw4GHlPZHog=="
     },
     "blob": {
-      "version": "0.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/blob/-/blob-0.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-vPEwUspURj8w+fx+lbmkdjCpSSE="
+      "version": "0.0.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/blob/-/blob-0.0.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gaqbzQPqOoamawKg0LGVd7SzLgXS+JH61oWprSLH+P+abTczqJbhTR8CmJ2u9/bUYNmHTGJx/UEmn6doAvvuig=="
     },
     "body-parser": {
       "version": "1.18.2",
@@ -83,20 +70,15 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/bytes/-/bytes-3.0.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha1-0ygVQE1olpn4Wk6k+odV3ROpYEg="
     },
-    "callsite": {
-      "version": "1.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/callsite/-/callsite-1.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-KAOY5dZkvXQDi28JBRU+borxvCA="
-    },
     "component-bind": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/component-bind/-/component-bind-1.0.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha1-AMYIq33Nk4l8AAllGx06jh5zu9E="
     },
     "component-emitter": {
-      "version": "1.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/component-emitter/-/component-emitter-1.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-E3kY1teCg/ffemt8WmPhQOaUJeY="
+      "version": "1.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/component-emitter/-/component-emitter-1.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Rd3se6QB+sO1TwqZjscQrurpEPIfO0/yYnSin6Q/rD3mOutHvUrCAhJub3r90uNb+SESBuE0QYoB90YdfatsRg=="
     },
     "component-inherit": {
       "version": "0.0.3",
@@ -152,58 +134,76 @@
       "integrity": "sha1-eePVhlU0aQn+bw9Fpd5oEDspTSA="
     },
     "engine.io": {
-      "version": "3.1.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/engine.io/-/engine.io-3.1.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-PQIRtwpVLOhB/8fahiezAamkFi4=",
+      "version": "3.5.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/engine.io/-/engine.io-3.5.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-21HlvPUKaitDGE4GXNtQ7PLP0Sz4aWLddMPw2VTyFz1FVZqu/kZsJUO8WNpKuE/OCL7nkfRaOui2ZCJloGznGA==",
       "requires": {
-        "accepts": "1.3.3",
-        "base64id": "1.0.0",
-        "cookie": "0.3.1",
-        "debug": "2.6.9",
-        "engine.io-parser": "2.1.1",
-        "uws": "0.14.5",
-        "ws": "3.3.3"
+        "accepts": "~1.3.4",
+        "base64id": "2.0.0",
+        "cookie": "~0.4.1",
+        "debug": "~4.1.0",
+        "engine.io-parser": "~2.2.0",
+        "ws": "~7.4.2"
       },
       "dependencies": {
-        "accepts": {
-          "version": "1.3.3",
-          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/accepts/-/accepts-1.3.3.tgz",
-          "integrity": "sha1-w8p0NJOGSMPg2cHjKN1otiLChMo=",
+        "cookie": {
+          "version": "0.4.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cookie/-/cookie-0.4.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-ZwrFkGJxUR3EIoXtO+yVE69Eb7KlixbaeAWfBQB9vVsNn/o+Yw69gBWSSDK825hQNdN+wF8zELf3dFNl/kxkUA=="
+        },
+        "debug": {
+          "version": "4.1.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/debug/-/debug-4.1.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-pYAIzeRo8J6KPEaJ0VWOh5Pzkbw/RetuzehGM7QRRX5he4fPHx2rdKMB256ehJCkX+XRQm16eZLqLNS8RSZXZw==",
           "requires": {
-            "mime-types": "2.1.17",
-            "negotiator": "0.6.1"
+            "ms": "^2.1.1"
           }
+        },
+        "ms": {
+          "version": "2.1.3",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ms/-/ms-2.1.3.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-6FlzubTLZG3J2a/NVCAleEhjzq5oxgHyaCU9yYXvcLsvoVaHJq/s5xXI6/XXP6tz7R9xAOtHnSO/tXtF3WRTlA=="
         }
       }
     },
     "engine.io-client": {
-      "version": "3.1.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/engine.io-client/-/engine.io-client-3.1.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-T88TcLRxY70s6b4nM5ckMDUNTqE=",
+      "version": "3.5.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/engine.io-client/-/engine.io-client-3.5.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-12wPRfMrugVw/DNyJk34GQ5vIVArEcVMXWugQGGuw2XxUSztFNmJggZmv8IZlLyEdnpO1QB9LkcjeWewO2vxtA==",
       "requires": {
-        "component-emitter": "1.2.1",
+        "component-emitter": "~1.3.0",
         "component-inherit": "0.0.3",
-        "debug": "2.6.9",
-        "engine.io-parser": "2.1.1",
+        "debug": "~3.1.0",
+        "engine.io-parser": "~2.2.0",
         "has-cors": "1.1.0",
         "indexof": "0.0.1",
-        "parseqs": "0.0.5",
-        "parseuri": "0.0.5",
-        "ws": "3.3.3",
-        "xmlhttprequest-ssl": "1.5.4",
+        "parseqs": "0.0.6",
+        "parseuri": "0.0.6",
+        "ws": "~7.4.2",
+        "xmlhttprequest-ssl": "~1.5.4",
         "yeast": "0.1.2"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "debug": {
+          "version": "3.1.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/debug/-/debug-3.1.0.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-OX8XqP7/1a9cqkxYw2yXss15f26NKWBpDXQd0/uK/KPqdQhxbPa994hnzjcE2VqQpDslf55723cKPUOGSmMY3g==",
+          "requires": {
+            "ms": "2.0.0"
+          }
+        }
       }
     },
     "engine.io-parser": {
-      "version": "2.1.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/engine.io-parser/-/engine.io-parser-2.1.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-4Ps/DgRi9/WLt3waUun1p+JuRmg=",
+      "version": "2.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/engine.io-parser/-/engine.io-parser-2.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-x+dN/fBH8Ro8TFwJ+rkB2AmuVw9Yu2mockR/p3W8f8YtExwFgDvBDi0GWyb4ZLkpahtDGZgtr3zLovanJghPqg==",
       "requires": {
         "after": "0.8.2",
-        "arraybuffer.slice": "0.0.6",
-        "base64-arraybuffer": "0.1.5",
-        "blob": "0.0.4",
-        "has-binary2": "1.0.2"
+        "arraybuffer.slice": "~0.0.7",
+        "base64-arraybuffer": "0.1.4",
+        "blob": "0.0.5",
+        "has-binary2": "~1.0.2"
       }
     },
     "escape-html": {
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha1-PYyt2Q2XZWn6g1qx+OSyOhBWBac="
     },
     "has-binary2": {
-      "version": "1.0.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/has-binary2/-/has-binary2-1.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-6D26SfC5vk0CbSc2U1DZ8D9Uvpg=",
+      "version": "1.0.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/has-binary2/-/has-binary2-1.0.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-G1LWKhDSvhGeAQ8mPVQlqNcOB2sJdwATtZKl2pDKKHfpf/rYj24lkinxf69blJbnsvtqqNU+L3SL50vzZhXOnw==",
       "requires": {
         "isarray": "2.0.1"
       }
@@ -376,11 +376,6 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/negotiator/-/negotiator-0.6.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha1-KzJxhOiZIQEXeyhWP7XnECrNDKk="
     },
-    "object-component": {
-      "version": "0.0.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/object-component/-/object-component-0.0.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-8MaapQ78lbhmwYb0AKM3acsvEpE="
-    },
     "on-finished": {
       "version": "2.3.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/on-finished/-/on-finished-2.3.0.tgz",
@@ -390,20 +385,14 @@
       }
     },
     "parseqs": {
-      "version": "0.0.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/parseqs/-/parseqs-0.0.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-1SCKNzjkZ2bikbouoXNoSSGouJ0=",
-      "requires": {
-        "better-assert": "1.0.2"
-      }
+      "version": "0.0.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/parseqs/-/parseqs-0.0.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-jeAGzMDbfSHHA091hr0r31eYfTig+29g3GKKE/PPbEQ65X0lmMwlEoqmhzu0iztID5uJpZsFlUPDP8ThPL7M8w=="
     },
     "parseuri": {
-      "version": "0.0.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/parseuri/-/parseuri-0.0.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-gCBKUNTbt3m/3G6+J3jZDkvOMgo=",
-      "requires": {
-        "better-assert": "1.0.2"
-      }
+      "version": "0.0.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/parseuri/-/parseuri-0.0.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-AUjen8sAkGgao7UyCX6Ahv0gIK2fABKmYjvP4xmy5JaKvcbTRueIqIPHLAfq30xJddqSE033IOMUSOMCcK3Sow=="
     },
     "parseurl": {
       "version": "1.3.2",
@@ -487,51 +476,104 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-BvE/TwpZX4FXExxOxZyRGQQv651MSwmWKZGqvmPcRIjDqWub67kTKuIMx43cZZrS/cBBzwBcNDWoFxt2XEFIpQ=="
     },
     "socket.io": {
-      "version": "2.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/socket.io/-/socket.io-2.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-waRZDO/4fs8TxyZS8Eb3FrKeYBQ=",
+      "version": "2.4.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/socket.io/-/socket.io-2.4.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9UPJ1UTvKayuQfVv2IQ3k7tCQC/fboDyIK62i99dAQIyHKaBsNdTpwHLgKJ6guRWxRtC9H+138UwpaGuQO9uWQ==",
       "requires": {
-        "debug": "2.6.9",
-        "engine.io": "3.1.4",
-        "socket.io-adapter": "1.1.1",
-        "socket.io-client": "2.0.4",
-        "socket.io-parser": "3.1.2"
+        "debug": "~4.1.0",
+        "engine.io": "~3.5.0",
+        "has-binary2": "~1.0.2",
+        "socket.io-adapter": "~1.1.0",
+        "socket.io-client": "2.4.0",
+        "socket.io-parser": "~3.4.0"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "debug": {
+          "version": "4.1.1",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/debug/-/debug-4.1.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-pYAIzeRo8J6KPEaJ0VWOh5Pzkbw/RetuzehGM7QRRX5he4fPHx2rdKMB256ehJCkX+XRQm16eZLqLNS8RSZXZw==",
+          "requires": {
+            "ms": "^2.1.1"
+          }
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+        "ms": {
+          "version": "2.1.3",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ms/-/ms-2.1.3.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-6FlzubTLZG3J2a/NVCAleEhjzq5oxgHyaCU9yYXvcLsvoVaHJq/s5xXI6/XXP6tz7R9xAOtHnSO/tXtF3WRTlA=="
+        }
       }
     },
     "socket.io-adapter": {
-      "version": "1.1.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/socket.io-adapter/-/socket.io-adapter-1.1.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-KoBeihTWNyEk3ZFZrUUC+MsH8Gs="
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/socket.io-adapter/-/socket.io-adapter-1.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-WzZRUj1kUjrTIrUKpZLEzFZ1OLj5FwLlAFQs9kuZJzJi5DKdU7FsWc36SNmA8iDOtwBQyT8FkrriRM8vXLYz8g=="
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     "socket.io-client": {
-      "version": "2.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/socket.io-client/-/socket.io-client-2.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-CRilUkBtxeVAs4Dc2Xr8SmQzL44=",
+      "version": "2.4.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/socket.io-client/-/socket.io-client-2.4.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-M6xhnKQHuuZd4Ba9vltCLT9oa+YvTsP8j9NcEiLElfIg8KeYPyhWOes6x4t+LTAC8enQbE/995AdTem2uNyKKQ==",
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-        "base64-arraybuffer": "0.1.5",
         "component-bind": "1.0.0",
-        "component-emitter": "1.2.1",
-        "debug": "2.6.9",
-        "engine.io-client": "3.1.4",
-        "has-cors": "1.1.0",
+        "component-emitter": "~1.3.0",
+        "debug": "~3.1.0",
+        "engine.io-client": "~3.5.0",
+        "has-binary2": "~1.0.2",
         "indexof": "0.0.1",
-        "object-component": "0.0.3",
-        "parseqs": "0.0.5",
-        "parseuri": "0.0.5",
-        "socket.io-parser": "3.1.2",
+        "parseqs": "0.0.6",
+        "parseuri": "0.0.6",
+        "socket.io-parser": "~3.3.0",
         "to-array": "0.1.4"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "debug": {
+          "version": "3.1.0",
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+          "requires": {
+            "ms": "2.0.0"
+          }
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+        "socket.io-parser": {
+          "version": "3.3.2",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/socket.io-parser/-/socket.io-parser-3.3.2.tgz",
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-      "integrity": "sha1-28IoIVH8T6675Aru3Ady66YZ9/I=",
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-        "has-binary2": "1.0.2",
+        "debug": "~4.1.0",
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+          "integrity": "sha1-E3kY1teCg/ffemt8WmPhQOaUJeY="
+        },
+        "debug": {
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+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/debug/-/debug-4.1.1.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-pYAIzeRo8J6KPEaJ0VWOh5Pzkbw/RetuzehGM7QRRX5he4fPHx2rdKMB256ehJCkX+XRQm16eZLqLNS8RSZXZw==",
+          "requires": {
+            "ms": "^2.1.1"
+          }
+        },
+        "ms": {
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+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ms/-/ms-2.1.3.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-6FlzubTLZG3J2a/NVCAleEhjzq5oxgHyaCU9yYXvcLsvoVaHJq/s5xXI6/XXP6tz7R9xAOtHnSO/tXtF3WRTlA=="
+        }
       }
     },
     "statuses": {
@@ -553,11 +595,6 @@
         "mime-types": "2.1.17"
       }
     },
-    "ultron": {
-      "version": "1.1.1",
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-    },
     "unpipe": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/unpipe/-/unpipe-1.0.0.tgz",
@@ -568,31 +605,20 @@
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       "integrity": "sha1-n5VxD1CiZ5R7LMwSR0HBAoQn5xM="
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-      "integrity": "sha1-Z6rzPEaypYel9mZtAPdpEyjxSdw=",
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-      "requires": {
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-        "safe-buffer": "5.1.1",
-        "ultron": "1.1.1"
-      }
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-      "integrity": "sha1-BPVgkVcks4kIhxXMDteBPpZ3v1c="
+      "version": "1.5.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xmlhttprequest-ssl/-/xmlhttprequest-ssl-1.5.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha1-wodrBhaKrcQOV9l+gRkayPQ5iz4="
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slides/autopilot/package.json

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
   "version": "0.0.1",
   "dependencies": {
     "express": "^4.16.2",
-    "socket.io": "^2.0.4"
+    "socket.io": "^2.4.0"
   }
 }

slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md

@@ -329,4 +329,4 @@ This is ideal to debug regressions, do side-by-side comparisons, etc.
 :EN:- Connecting services together with a *Compose file*
 
 :FR:- Utiliser Compose pour décrire son environnement
-:FR:- Écrire un *Compose file* pour connecter les services entre eux
+:FR:- Écrire un *Compose file* pour connecter les services entre eux

slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md

@@ -307,6 +307,8 @@ Let's remove the `redis` container:
 $ docker rm -f redis
 ```
 
+* `-f`: Force the removal of a running container (uses SIGKILL)
+
 And create one that doesn't block the `redis` name:
 
 ```bash
@@ -740,3 +742,15 @@ class: extra-details
 * This may be used to access an internal package repository.
 
   (But try to use a multi-stage build instead, if possible!)
+
+???
+
+:EN:Container networking essentials
+:EN:- The Container Network Model
+:EN:- Container isolation
+:EN:- Service discovery
+
+:FR:Mettre ses conteneurs en réseau
+:FR:- Le "Container Network Model"
+:FR:- Isolation des conteneurs
+:FR:- *Service discovery*

slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md

@@ -229,10 +229,5 @@ containers together without exposing their ports.
 
 ???
 
-:EN:Connecting containers
-:EN:- Container networking basics
-:EN:- Exposing a container
-
-:FR:Connecter les conteneurs
-:FR:- Description du modèle réseau des conteneurs
-:FR:- Exposer un conteneur
+:EN:- Exposing single containers
+:FR:- Exposer un conteneur isolé

slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md

@@ -101,5 +101,5 @@ Success!
 
 ???
 
-:EN:- The build cache
+:EN:- Leveraging the build cache for faster builds
 :FR:- Tirer parti du cache afin d'optimiser la vitesse de *build*

slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md

@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ services:
 
 - In this chapter, we showed many ways to write Dockerfiles.
 
-- These Dockerfiles use sometimes diametrally opposed techniques.
+- These Dockerfiles use sometimes diametrically opposed techniques.
 
 - Yet, they were the "right" ones *for a specific situation.*
 
@@ -434,5 +434,12 @@ services:
 
 ???
 
+:EN:Optimizing images
 :EN:- Dockerfile tips, tricks, and best practices
-:FR:- Bonnes pratiques pour la construction des images
+:EN:- Reducing build time
+:EN:- Reducing image size
+
+:FR:Optimiser ses images
+:FR:- Bonnes pratiques, trucs et astuces
+:FR:- Réduire le temps de build
+:FR:- Réduire la taille des images

slides/containers/Network_Drivers.md

@@ -82,3 +82,12 @@ Use cases:
 * Those containers can communicate over their `lo` interface.
   <br/>(i.e. one can bind to 127.0.0.1 and the others can connect to it.)
 
+???
+
+:EN:Advanced container networking
+:EN:- Transparent network access with the "host" driver
+:EN:- Sharing is caring with the "container" driver
+
+:FR:Paramétrage réseau avancé
+:FR:- Accès transparent au réseau avec le mode "host"
+:FR:- Partage de la pile réseau avece le mode "container"

slides/containers/Training_Environment.md

@@ -95,6 +95,24 @@ $ ssh <login>@<ip-address>
 
 ---
 
+class: in-person
+
+## `tailhist`
+
+The shell history of the instructor is available online in real time.
+
+Note the IP address of the instructor's virtual machine (A.B.C.D).
+
+Open http://A.B.C.D:1088 in your browser and you should see the history.
+
+The history is updated in real time (using a WebSocket connection).
+
+It should be green when the WebSocket is connected.
+
+If it turns red, reloading the page should fix it.
+
+---
+
 ## Checking your Virtual Machine
 
 Once logged in, make sure that you can run a basic Docker command:

slides/containers/Windows_Containers.md

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ Nano and LinuxKit VMs in Hyper-V!)
 
   - golang, mongo, python, redis, hello-world ... and more being added
 
-  - you should still use `--plaform` with multi-os images to be certain
+  - you should still use `--platform` with multi-os images to be certain
 
 - Windows Containers now support `localhost` accessible containers (July 2018)
 

slides/helm.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+title: |
+  Packaging d'applications
+  et CI/CD pour Kubernetes
+
+#chat: "[Gitter](https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/training-202102-online)"
+
+gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
+
+slides: https://2021-04-dijon.container.training/
+
+#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
+
+exclude:
+- self-paced
+
+content:
+- shared/title.md
+#- logistics.md
+- k8s/intro.md
+- shared/about-slides.md
+- shared/prereqs.md
+- shared/webssh.md
+- shared/connecting.md
+#- shared/chat-room-im.md
+#- shared/chat-room-zoom.md
+- shared/toc.md
+-
+  - shared/sampleapp.md
+  - k8s/helm-intro.md
+  - k8s/helm-chart-format.md
+  - k8s/helm-create-basic-chart.md
+-
+  - k8s/helm-create-better-chart.md
+  - k8s/helm-dependencies.md
+  - k8s/helm-values-schema-validation.md
+  - k8s/helm-secrets.md
+-
+  - k8s/cert-manager.md
+  - k8s/gitlab.md
+  - |
+    # (Extra content)
+  - k8s/prometheus.md
+

slides/images/k8s-net-1-pod-to-pod.svg

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+       fill-rule="evenodd"
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slides/index.yaml

@@ -1,3 +1,119 @@
+- date: [2021-02-08, 2021-02-10]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Docker intensif (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2021-02-15, 2021-02-18]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Fondamentaux Kubernetes (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2021-02-22, 2021-02-23]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Packaging et CI/CD pour Kubernetes (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2021-02-24, 2021-02-26]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Kubernetes avancé (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2021-03-01, 2021-03-02]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Opérer Kubernetes (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2020-10-05, 2020-10-06]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Docker intensif (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2020-10-07, 2020-10-09]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Fondamentaux Kubernetes (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: 2020-10-12
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Packaging pour Kubernetes (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2020-10-13, 2020-10-14]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Kubernetes avancé (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2020-10-19, 2020-10-20]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: ENIX SAS
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Opérer Kubernetes (en français)
+  lang: fr
+  attend: https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
+
+- date: [2020-09-28, 2020-10-01]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: Skills Matter
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Advanced Kubernetes Concepts
+  attend: https://skillsmatter.com/courses/700-advanced-kubernetes-concepts-workshop-jerome-petazzoni
+
+- date: [2020-08-29, 2020-08-30]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: fwdays
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Intensive Docker Online Workshop
+  attend: https://fwdays.com/en/event/intensive-docker-workshop
+  slides: https://2020-08-fwdays.container.training/
+
+- date: [2020-09-12, 2020-09-13]
+  country: www
+  city: streaming
+  event: fwdays
+  speaker: jpetazzo
+  title: Kubernetes Intensive Online Workshop
+  attend: https://fwdays.com/en/event/kubernetes-intensive-workshop
+  slides: https://2020-09-fwdays.container.training/
+
 - date: [2020-07-07, 2020-07-09]
   country: www
   city: streaming

slides/intro-fullday.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+title: |
+  Introduction
+  to Containers
+
+chat: "[Slack](https://dockercommunity.slack.com/messages/C7GKACWDV)"
+#chat: "[Gitter](https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/workshop-yyyymmdd-city)"
+
+gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
+
+slides: http://container.training/
+
+#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
+
+exclude:
+- self-paced
+
+content:
+- shared/title.md
+- logistics.md
+- containers/intro.md
+- shared/about-slides.md
+- shared/chat-room-im.md
+#- shared/chat-room-slack.md
+#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
+#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
+- shared/toc.md
+-
+  #- containers/Docker_Overview.md
+  #- containers/Docker_History.md
+  - containers/Training_Environment.md
+  #- containers/Installing_Docker.md
+  - containers/First_Containers.md
+  - containers/Background_Containers.md
+  #- containers/Start_And_Attach.md
+  - containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md
+  #- containers/Labels.md
+  - containers/Getting_Inside.md
+  - containers/Initial_Images.md
+-
+  - containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md
+  - containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md
+  - containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md
+  - containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md
+-
+  - containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md
+  #- containers/Network_Drivers.md
+  - containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md
+  - containers/Container_Network_Model.md
+  - containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Composefile.md
+-
+  - containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md
+  #- containers/Publishing_To_Docker_Hub.md
+  - containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md
+  #- containers/Docker_Machine.md
+  #- containers/Advanced_Dockerfiles.md
+  #- containers/Init_Systems.md
+  #- containers/Application_Configuration.md
+  #- containers/Logging.md
+  #- containers/Namespaces_Cgroups.md
+  #- containers/Copy_On_Write.md
+  #- containers/Containers_From_Scratch.md
+  #- containers/Container_Engines.md
+  #- containers/Pods_Anatomy.md
+  #- containers/Ecosystem.md
+  #- containers/Orchestration_Overview.md
+  - shared/thankyou.md
+  - containers/links.md

slides/intro-selfpaced.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+title: |
+  Introduction
+  to Containers
+
+chat: "[Slack](https://dockercommunity.slack.com/messages/C7GKACWDV)"
+#chat: "[Gitter](https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/workshop-yyyymmdd-city)"
+
+gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
+
+slides: http://container.training/
+
+#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
+
+exclude:
+- in-person
+
+content:
+- shared/title.md
+# - shared/logistics.md
+- containers/intro.md
+- shared/about-slides.md
+#- shared/chat-room-im.md
+#- shared/chat-room-slack.md
+#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
+#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
+- shared/toc.md
+- - containers/Docker_Overview.md
+  - containers/Docker_History.md
+  - containers/Training_Environment.md
+  - containers/Installing_Docker.md
+  - containers/First_Containers.md
+  - containers/Background_Containers.md
+  - containers/Start_And_Attach.md
+- - containers/Initial_Images.md
+  - containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md
+  - containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md
+  - containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md
+  - containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md
+- - containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md
+  - containers/Publishing_To_Docker_Hub.md
+  - containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md
+- - containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md
+  - containers/Labels.md
+  - containers/Getting_Inside.md
+- - containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md
+  - containers/Network_Drivers.md
+  - containers/Container_Network_Model.md
+  #- containers/Connecting_Containers_With_Links.md
+  - containers/Ambassadors.md
+- - containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md
+  - containers/Windows_Containers.md
+  - containers/Working_With_Volumes.md
+  - containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Composefile.md
+  - containers/Docker_Machine.md
+- - containers/Advanced_Dockerfiles.md
+  - containers/Init_Systems.md
+  - containers/Application_Configuration.md
+  - containers/Logging.md
+  - containers/Resource_Limits.md
+- - containers/Namespaces_Cgroups.md
+  - containers/Copy_On_Write.md
+  #- containers/Containers_From_Scratch.md
+- - containers/Container_Engines.md
+  - containers/Pods_Anatomy.md
+  - containers/Ecosystem.md
+  - containers/Orchestration_Overview.md
+  - shared/thankyou.md
+  - containers/links.md

slides/intro-twodays.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+title: |
+  Introduction
+  to Containers
+
+chat: "[Slack](https://dockercommunity.slack.com/messages/C7GKACWDV)"
+#chat: "[Gitter](https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/workshop-yyyymmdd-city)"
+
+gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
+
+slides: http://container.training/
+
+#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
+
+exclude:
+- self-paced
+
+content:
+- shared/title.md
+- logistics.md
+- containers/intro.md
+- shared/about-slides.md
+- shared/chat-room-im.md
+#- shared/chat-room-slack.md
+#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
+#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
+- shared/toc.md
+- # DAY 1
+  - containers/Docker_Overview.md
+  #- containers/Docker_History.md
+  - containers/Training_Environment.md
+  - containers/First_Containers.md
+  - containers/Background_Containers.md
+  - containers/Initial_Images.md
+-
+  - containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md
+  - containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md
+  - containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md
+  - containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md
+-
+  - containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md
+  - containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md
+  - containers/Publishing_To_Docker_Hub.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md
+-
+  - containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md
+  - containers/Labels.md
+  - containers/Start_And_Attach.md
+  - containers/Getting_Inside.md
+  - containers/Resource_Limits.md
+- # DAY 2
+  - containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md
+  - containers/Network_Drivers.md
+  - containers/Container_Network_Model.md
+-
+  - containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md
+  - containers/Working_With_Volumes.md
+  - containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md
+  - containers/Exercise_Composefile.md
+-
+  - containers/Installing_Docker.md
+  - containers/Container_Engines.md
+  - containers/Init_Systems.md
+  - containers/Advanced_Dockerfiles.md
+-
+  - containers/Application_Configuration.md
+  - containers/Logging.md
+  - containers/Orchestration_Overview.md
+-
+  - shared/thankyou.md
+  - containers/links.md
+#-
+  #- containers/Docker_Machine.md
+  #- containers/Ambassadors.md
+  #- containers/Namespaces_Cgroups.md
+  #- containers/Copy_On_Write.md
+  #- containers/Containers_From_Scratch.md
+  #- containers/Pods_Anatomy.md
+  #- containers/Ecosystem.md

slides/k8s-bootcamp.yml

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Intensive
-  Kubernetes
-  Bootcamp
-
-chat: "[Gitter](https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/training-20200609-online)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://2020-06-ardan.container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- self-paced
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-- logistics.md
-- k8s/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
-- shared/toc.md
--
-  - shared/prereqs.md
-  - shared/webssh.md
-  - shared/connecting.md
-  - shared/sampleapp.md
-  #- shared/composescale.md
-  #- shared/hastyconclusions.md
-  - shared/composedown.md
-  - k8s/concepts-k8s.md
-  - k8s/kubectlget.md
-  - k8s/kubectl-run.md
--
-  - shared/declarative.md
-  - k8s/declarative.md
-  - k8s/deploymentslideshow.md
-  - k8s/kubenet.md
-  - k8s/kubectlexpose.md
-  - k8s/shippingimages.md
-  #- k8s/buildshiprun-selfhosted.md
-  - k8s/buildshiprun-dockerhub.md
-  - k8s/ourapponkube.md
--
-  - k8s/batch-jobs.md
-  - k8s/labels-annotations.md
-  - k8s/kubectl-logs.md
-  - k8s/logs-cli.md
-  #- k8s/exercise-wordsmith.md
-  - k8s/yamldeploy.md
-  #- k8s/kubectlscale.md
-  - k8s/scalingdockercoins.md
-  - shared/hastyconclusions.md
-  - k8s/daemonset.md
--
-  #- k8s/dryrun.md
-  #- k8s/exercise-yaml.md
-  - k8s/rollout.md
-  #- k8s/record.md
-  - k8s/healthchecks.md
-  #- k8s/healthchecks-more.md
-  - k8s/setup-overview.md
-  - k8s/setup-devel.md
-  - k8s/setup-managed.md
-  #- k8s/setup-selfhosted.md
--
-  - k8s/namespaces.md
-  - k8s/localkubeconfig.md
-  - k8s/accessinternal.md
-  - k8s/kubectlproxy.md
-  - k8s/dashboard.md
-  - k8s/ingress.md
--
-  - k8s/volumes.md
-  #- k8s/exercise-configmap.md
-  #- k8s/build-with-docker.md
-  #- k8s/build-with-kaniko.md
-  - k8s/configuration.md
-  - k8s/whatsnext.md
-  - k8s/lastwords.md
-  - k8s/links.md
-  - shared/thankyou.md
--
-  - |
-    # (Extra material)
-  - k8s/helm-intro.md
-  - k8s/helm-chart-format.md
-  - k8s/helm-create-basic-chart.md
-  - k8s/helm-create-better-chart.md
-  - k8s/helm-secrets.md
-

slides/k8s/access-eks-cluster.md

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+## Accessing our EKS cluster
+
+- We also have a shared EKS cluster
+
+- With individual IAM users
+
+- Let's connect to this cluster!
+
+---
+
+## What we need
+
+- `kubectl` (obviously!)
+
+- `aws` CLI (recent-ish version)
+
+  (or `aws` CLI + `aws-iam-authenticator` plugin)
+
+- AWS API access key and secret access key
+
+- AWS region
+
+- EKS cluster name
+
+---
+
+## Setting up AWS credentials
+
+- There are many ways to do this
+
+- We're going to use environment variables
+
+- You're welcome to use whatever you like (e.g. AWS profiles)
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Set the AWS region, API access key, and secret key:
+  ```bash
+  export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION=`us-east-2`
+  export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=`AKI...`
+  export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=`xyz123...`
+  ```
+
+- Check that the AWS API recognizes us:
+  ```bash
+  aws sts get-caller-identity
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Updating our kubeconfig file
+
+- Now we can use the AWS CLI to:
+
+  - obtain the Kubernetes API address
+
+  - register it in our kubeconfig file
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Update our kubeconfig file:
+  ```bash
+  aws eks update-kubeconfig --name `fancy-clustername-1234`
+  ```
+
+- Run some harmless command:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl version
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Our resources
+
+- We have the following permissions:
+
+  - `view` in the `default` namespace
+
+  - `edit` in the `container-training` namespace
+
+  - `admin` in our personal namespace
+
+- Our personal namespace is our IAM user name
+
+  (but with dots replaced with dashes)
+
+- For instance, user `ada.lovelace` has namespace `ada-lovelace`
+
+---
+
+## Deploying things
+
+- Let's deploy DockerCoins in our personal namespace!
+
+- Expose the Web UI with a `LoadBalancer` service
+
+???
+
+:EN:- Working with an EKS cluster
+:FR:- Travailler avec un cluster EKS

slides/k8s/accessinternal.md

@@ -134,3 +134,17 @@ installed and set up `kubectl` to communicate with your cluster.
 
 :EN:- Securely accessing internal services
 :FR:- Accès sécurisé aux services internes
+
+:T: Accessing internal services from our local machine
+
+:Q: What's the advantage of "kubectl port-forward" compared to a NodePort?
+:A: It can forward arbitrary protocols
+:A: It doesn't require Kubernetes API credentials
+:A: It offers deterministic load balancing (instead of random)
+:A: ✔️It doesn't expose the service to the public
+
+:Q: What's the security concept behind "kubectl port-forward"?
+:A: ✔️We authenticate with the Kubernetes API, and it forwards connections on our behalf
+:A: It detects our source IP address, and only allows connections coming from it
+:A: It uses end-to-end mTLS (mutual TLS) to authenticate our connections
+:A: There is no security (as long as it's running, anyone can connect from anywhere)

slides/k8s/admission.md

@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+# Dynamic Admission Control
+
+- This is one of the many ways to extend the Kubernetes API
+
+- High level summary: dynamic admission control relies on webhooks that are ...
+
+  - dynamic (can be added/removed on the fly)
+
+  - running inside our outside the cluster
+
+  - *validating* (yay/nay) or *mutating* (can change objects that are created/updated)
+
+  - selective (can be configured to apply only to some kinds, some selectors...)
+
+  - mandatory or optional (should it block operations when webhook is down?)
+
+- Used for themselves (e.g. policy enforcement) or as part of operators
+
+---
+
+## Use cases
+
+Some examples ...
+
+- Stand-alone admission controllers
+
+  *validating:* policy enforcement (e.g. quotas, naming conventions ...)
+
+  *mutating:* inject or provide default values (e.g. pod presets)
+
+- Admission controllers part of a greater system
+
+  *validating:* advanced typing for operators
+
+  *mutating:* inject sidecars for service meshes
+
+---
+
+## You said *dynamic?*
+
+- Some admission controllers are built in the API server
+
+- They are enabled/disabled through Kubernetes API server configuration
+
+  (e.g. `--enable-admission-plugins`/`--disable-admission-plugins` flags)
+
+- Here, we're talking about *dynamic* admission controllers
+
+- They can be added/remove while the API server is running
+
+  (without touching the configuration files or even having access to them)
+
+- This is done through two kinds of cluster-scope resources:
+
+  ValidatingWebhookConfiguration and MutatingWebhookConfiguration
+
+---
+
+## You said *webhooks?*
+
+- A ValidatingWebhookConfiguration or MutatingWebhookConfiguration contains:
+
+  - a resource filter
+    <br/>
+    (e.g. "all pods", "deployments in namespace xyz", "everything"...)
+
+  - an operations filter
+    <br/>
+    (e.g. CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE)
+
+  - the address of the webhook server
+
+- Each time an operation matches the filters, it is sent to the webhook server
+
+---
+
+## What gets sent exactly?
+
+- The API server will `POST` a JSON object to the webhook
+
+- That object will be a Kubernetes API message with `kind` `AdmissionReview`
+
+- It will contain a `request` field, with, notably:
+
+  - `request.uid` (to be used when replying)
+
+  - `request.object` (the object created/deleted/changed)
+
+  - `request.oldObject` (when an object is modified)
+
+  - `request.userInfo` (who was making the request to the API in the first place)
+
+(See [the documentation](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/extensible-admission-controllers/#request) for a detailed example showing more fields.)
+
+---
+
+## How should the webhook respond?
+
+- By replying with another `AdmissionReview` in JSON
+
+- It should have a `response` field, with, notably:
+
+  - `response.uid` (matching the `request.uid`)
+
+  - `response.allowed` (`true`/`false`)
+
+  - `response.status.message` (optional string; useful when denying requests)
+
+  - `response.patchType` (when a mutating webhook changes the object; e.g. `json`)
+
+  - `response.patch` (the patch, encoded in base64)
+
+---
+
+## What if the webhook *does not* respond?
+
+- If "something bad" happens, the API server follows the `failurePolicy` option
+
+  - this is a per-webhook option (specified in the webhook configuration)
+
+  - it can be `Fail` (the default) or `Ignore` ("allow all, unmodified")
+
+- What's "something bad"?
+
+  - webhook responds with something invalid
+
+  - webhook takes more than 10 seconds to respond
+    <br/>
+    (this can be changed with `timeoutSeconds` field in the webhook config)
+
+  - webhook is down or has invalid certificates
+    <br/>
+    (TLS! It's not just a good idea; for admission control, it's the law!)
+
+---
+
+## What did you say about TLS?
+
+- The webhook configuration can indicate:
+
+  - either `url` of the webhook server (has to begin with `https://`)
+
+  - or `service.name` and `service.namespace` of a Service on the cluster
+
+- In the latter case, the Service has to accept TLS connections on port 443
+
+- It has to use a certificate with CN `<name>.<namespace>.svc`
+
+  (**and** a `subjectAltName` extension with `DNS:<name>.<namespace>.svc`)
+
+- The certificate needs to be valid (signed by a CA trusted by the API server)
+
+  ... alternatively, we can pass a `caBundle` in the webhook configuration
+
+---
+
+## Webhook server inside or outside
+
+- "Outside" webhook server is defined with `url` option
+
+  - convenient for external webooks (e.g. tamper-resistent audit trail)
+
+  - also great for initial development (e.g. with ngrok)
+
+  - requires outbound connectivity (duh) and can become a SPOF
+
+- "Inside" webhook server is defined with `service` option
+
+  - convenient when the webhook needs to be deployed and managed on the cluster
+
+  - also great for air gapped clusters
+
+  - development can be harder (but tools like [Tilt](https://tilt.dev) can help)
+
+---
+
+## Developing a simple admission webhook
+
+- We're going to register a custom webhook!
+
+- First, we'll just dump the `AdmissionRequest` object
+
+  (using a little Node app)
+
+- Then, we'll implement a strict policy on a specific label
+
+  (using a little Flask app)
+
+- Development will happen in local containers, plumbed with ngrok
+
+- The we will deploy to the cluster 🔥
+
+---
+
+## Running the webhook locally
+
+- We prepared a Docker Compose file to start the whole stack
+
+  (the Node "echo" app, the Flask app, and one ngrok tunnel for each of them)
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Go to the webhook directory:
+  ```bash
+  cd ~/container.training/webhooks/admission
+  ```
+
+- Start the webhook in Docker containers:
+  ```bash
+  docker-compose up
+  ```
+
+]
+
+*Note the URL in `ngrok-echo_1` looking like `url=https://xxxx.ngrok.io`.*
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## What's ngrok?
+
+- Ngrok provides secure tunnels to access local services
+
+- Example: run `ngrok http 1234`
+
+- `ngrok` will display a publicly-available URL (e.g. https://xxxxyyyyzzzz.ngrok.io)
+
+- Connections to https://xxxxyyyyzzzz.ngrok.io will terminate at `localhost:1234`
+
+- Basic product is free; extra features (vanity domains, end-to-end TLS...) for $$$
+
+- Perfect to develop our webhook!
+
+- Probably not for production, though
+
+  (webhook requests and responses now pass through the ngrok platform)
+
+---
+
+## Update the webhook configuration
+
+- We have a webhook configuration in `k8s/webhook-configuration.yaml`
+
+- We need to update the configuration with the correct `url`
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Edit the webhook configuration manifest:
+  ```bash
+  vim k8s/webhook-configuration.yaml
+  ```
+
+- **Uncomment** the `url:` line
+
+- **Update** the `.ngrok.io` URL with the URL shown by Compose
+
+- Save and quit
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Register the webhook configuration
+
+- Just after we register the webhook, it will be called for each matching request
+
+  (CREATE and UPDATE on Pods in all namespaces)
+
+- The `failurePolicy` is `Ignore`
+
+  (so if the webhook server is down, we can still create pods)
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Register the webhook:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f k8s/webhook-configuration.yaml
+  ```
+
+]
+
+It is strongly recommended to tail the logs of the API server while doing that.
+
+---
+
+## Create a pod
+
+- Let's create a pod and try to set a `color` label
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Create a pod named `chroma`:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl run --restart=Never chroma --image=nginx
+  ```
+
+- Add a label `color` set to `pink`:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl label pod chroma color=pink
+  ```
+
+]
+
+We should see the `AdmissionReview` objects in the Compose logs.
+
+Note: the webhook doesn't do anything (other than printing the request payload).
+
+---
+
+## Use the "real" admission webhook
+
+- We have a small Flask app implementing a particular policy on pod labels:
+
+  - if a pod sets a label `color`, it must be `blue`, `green`, `red`
+
+  - once that `color` label is set, it cannot be removed or changed
+
+- That Flask app was started when we did `docker-compose up` earlier
+
+- It is exposed through its own ngrok tunnel
+
+- We are going to use that webhook instead of the other one
+
+  (by changing only the `url` field in the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration)
+
+---
+
+## Update the webhook configuration
+
+.exercise[
+
+- First, check the ngrok URL of the tunnel for the Flask app:
+  ```bash
+  docker-compose logs ngrok-flask
+  ```
+
+- Then, edit the webhook configuration:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl edit validatingwebhookconfiguration admission.container.training
+  ```
+- Find the `url:` field with the `.ngrok.io` URL and update it
+
+- Save and quit; the new configuration is applied immediately
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Verify the behavior of the webhook
+
+- Try to create a few pods and/or change labels on existing pods
+
+- What happens if we try to make changes to the earlier pod?
+
+  (the one that has `label=pink`)
+
+---
+
+## Deploying the webhook on the cluster
+
+- Let's see what's needed to self-host the webhook server!
+
+- The webhook needs to be reachable through a Service on our cluster
+
+- The Service needs to accept TLS connections on port 443
+
+- We need a proper TLS certificate:
+
+  - with the right `CN` and `subjectAltName` (`<servicename>.<namespace>.svc`)
+
+  - signed by a trusted CA
+
+- We can either use a "real" CA, or use the `caBundle` option to specify the CA cert
+
+  (the latter makes it easy to use self-signed certs)
+
+---
+
+## In practice
+
+- We're going to generate a key pair and a self-signed certificate
+
+- We will store them in a Secret
+
+- We will run the webhook in a Deployment, exposed with a Service
+
+- We will update the webhook configuration to use that Service
+
+- The Service will be named `admission`, in Namespace `webhooks`
+
+  (keep in mind that the ValidatingWebhookConfiguration itself is at cluster scope)
+
+---
+
+## Let's get to work!
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Make sure we're in the right directory:
+  ```bash
+  cd ~/container.training/webhooks/admission
+  ```
+
+- Create the namespace:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl create namespace webhooks
+  ```
+
+- Switch to the namespace:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl config set-context --current --namespace=webhooks
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Deploying the webhook
+
+- *Normally,* we would author an image for this
+
+- Since our webhook is just *one* Python source file ...
+
+  ... we'll store it in a ConfigMap, and install dependencies on the fly
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Load the webhook source in a ConfigMap:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl create configmap admission --from-file=flask/webhook.py
+  ```
+
+- Create the Deployment and Service:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f k8s/webhook-server.yaml
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Generating the key pair and certificate
+
+- Let's call OpenSSL to the rescue!
+
+  (of course, there are plenty others options; e.g. `cfssl`)
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Generate a self-signed certificate:
+  ```bash
+    NAMESPACE=webhooks
+    SERVICE=admission
+    CN=$SERVICE.$NAMESPACE.svc
+    openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem \
+        -days 30 -subj /CN=$CN -addext subjectAltName=DNS:$CN
+  ```
+
+- Load up the key and cert in a Secret:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl create secret tls admission --cert=cert.pem --key=key.pem
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Update the webhook configuration
+
+- Let's reconfigure the webhook to use our Service instead of ngrok
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Edit the webhook configuration manifest:
+  ```bash
+  vim k8s/webhook-configuration.yaml
+  ```
+
+- Comment out the `url:` line
+
+- Uncomment the `service:` section
+
+- Save, quit
+
+- Update the webhook configuration:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f k8s/webhook-configuration.yaml
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Add our self-signed cert to the `caBundle`
+
+- The API server won't accept our self-signed certificate
+
+- We need to add it to the `caBundle` field in the webhook configuration
+
+- The `caBundle` will be our `cert.pem` file, encoded in base64
+
+---
+
+Shell to the rescue!
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Load up our cert and encode it in base64:
+  ```bash
+  CA=$(base64 -w0 < cert.pem)
+  ```
+
+- Define a patch operation to update the `caBundle`:
+  ```bash
+    PATCH='[{
+        "op": "replace",
+        "path": "/webhooks/0/clientConfig/caBundle",
+        "value":"'$CA'"
+    }]'
+  ```
+
+- Patch the webhook configuration:
+  ```bash
+    kubectl patch validatingwebhookconfiguration \
+                  admission.webhook.container.training \
+                  --type='json' -p="$PATCH"
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Try it out!
+
+- Keep an eye on the API server logs
+
+- Tail the logs of the pod running the webhook server
+
+- Create a few pods; we should see requests in the webhook server logs
+
+- Check that the label `color` is enforced correctly
+
+  (it should only allow values of `red`, `green`, `blue`)
+
+???
+
+:EN:- Dynamic admission control with webhooks
+:FR:- Contrôle d'admission dynamique (webhooks)

slides/k8s/aggregation-layer.md

@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# The Aggregation Layer
+
+- The aggregation layer is a way to extend the Kubernetes API
+
+- It is similar to CRDs
+
+  - it lets us define new resource types
+
+  - these resources can then be used with `kubectl` and other clients
+
+- The implementation is very different
+
+  - CRDs are handled within the API server
+
+  - the aggregation layer offloads requests to another process
+
+- They are designed for very different use-cases
+
+---
+
+## CRDs vs aggregation layer
+
+- The Kubernetes API is a REST-ish API with a hierarchical structure
+
+- It can be extended with Custom Resource Definifions (CRDs)
+
+- Custom resources are managed by the Kubernetes API server
+
+  - we don't need to write code
+
+  - the API server does all the heavy lifting
+
+  - these resources are persisted in Kubernetes' "standard" database
+    <br/>
+    (for most installations, that's `etcd`)
+
+- We can also define resources that are *not* managed by the API server
+
+  (the API server merely proxies the requests to another server)
+
+---
+
+## Which one is best?
+
+- For things that "map" well to objects stored in a traditional database:
+
+  *probably CRDs*
+
+- For things that "exist" only in Kubernetes and don't represent external resources:
+
+  *probably CRDs*
+
+- For things that are read-only, at least from Kubernetes' perspective:
+
+  *probably aggregation layer*
+
+- For things that can't be stored in etcd because of size or access patterns:
+
+  *probably aggregation layer*
+
+---
+
+## How are resources organized?
+
+- Let's have a look at the Kubernetes API hierarchical structure
+
+- We'll ask `kubectl` to show us the exacts requests that it's making
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Check the URI for a cluster-scope, "core" resource, e.g. a Node:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl -v6 get node node1
+  ```
+
+- Check the URI for a cluster-scope, "non-core" resource, e.g. a ClusterRole:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl -v6 get clusterrole view
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Core vs non-core
+
+- This is the structure of the URIs that we just checked:
+
+  ```
+    /api/v1/nodes/node1
+         ↑    ↑     ↑
+     `version` `kind` `name`
+
+    /apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles/view
+                        ↑           ↑        ↑       ↑
+                      `group`      `version`   `kind`    `name`
+  ```
+
+- There is no group for "core" resources
+
+- Or, we could say that the group, `core`, is implied
+
+---
+
+## Group-Version-Kind
+
+- In the API server, the Group-Version-Kind triple maps to a Go type
+
+  (look for all the "GVK" occurrences in the source code!)
+
+- In the API server URI router, the GVK is parsed "relatively early"
+
+  (so that the server can know which resource we're talking about)
+
+- "Well, actually ..." Things are a bit more complicated, see next slides!
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Namespaced resources
+
+- What about namespaced resources?
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Check the URI for a namespaced, "core" resource, e.g. a Service:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl -v6 get service kubernetes --namespace default
+  ```
+
+]
+
+- Here are what namespaced resources URIs look like:
+
+  ```
+    /api/v1/namespaces/default/services/kubernetes
+         ↑               ↑        ↑         ↑
+      `version`        `namespace`  `kind`      `name`
+
+    /apis/apps/v1/namespaces/kube-system/daemonsets/kube-proxy
+           ↑   ↑                 ↑           ↑          ↑
+       `group`  `version`        `namespace`     `kind`       `name`
+  ```
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Subresources
+
+- Many resources have *subresources*, for instance:
+
+  - `/status` (decouples status updates from other updates)
+
+  - `/scale` (exposes a consistent interface for autoscalers)
+
+  - `/proxy` (allows access to HTTP resources)
+
+  - `/portforward` (used by `kubectl port-forward`)
+
+  - `/logs` (access pod logs)
+
+- These are added at the end of the URI
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Accessing a subresource
+
+.exercise[
+
+- List `kube-proxy` pods:
+  ```bash
+    kubectl get pods --namespace=kube-system --selector=k8s-app=kube-proxy
+    PODNAME=$(
+      kubectl get pods --namespace=kube-system --selector=k8s-app=kube-proxy \
+              -o json | jq -r .items[0].metadata.name)
+  ```
+
+- Execute a command in a pod, showing the API requests:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl -v6 exec --namespace=kube-system $PODNAME -- echo hello world
+  ```
+
+]
+
+--
+
+The full request looks like:
+```
+POST https://.../api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/pods/kube-proxy-c7rlw/exec?
+command=echo&command=hello&command=world&container=kube-proxy&stderr=true&stdout=true
+```
+
+---
+
+## Listing what's supported on the server
+
+- There are at least three useful commands to introspect the API server
+
+.exercise[
+
+- List resources types, their group, kind, short names, and scope:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl api-resources
+  ```
+
+- List API groups + versions:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl api-versions
+  ```
+
+- List APIServices:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get apiservices
+  ```
+
+]
+
+--
+
+🤔 What's the difference between the last two?
+
+---
+
+## API registration
+
+- `kubectl api-versions` shows all API groups, including `apiregistration.k8s.io`
+
+- `kubectl get apiservices` shows the "routing table" for API requests
+
+- The latter doesn't show `apiregistration.k8s.io`
+
+  (APIServices belong to `apiregistration.k8s.io`)
+
+- Most API groups are `Local` (handled internally by the API server)
+
+- If we're running the `metrics-server`, it should handle `metrics.k8s.io`
+
+- This is an API group handled *outside* of the API server
+
+- This is the *aggregation layer!*
+
+---
+
+## Finding resources
+
+The following assumes that `metrics-server` is deployed on your cluster.
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Check that the metrics.k8s.io is registered with `metrics-server`:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get apiservices | grep metrics.k8s.io
+  ```
+
+- Check the resource kinds registered in the metrics.k8s.io group:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl api-resources --api-group=metrics.k8s.io
+  ```
+
+]
+
+(If the output of either command is empty, install `metrics-server` first.)
+
+---
+
+## `nodes` vs `nodes`
+
+- We can have multiple resources with the same name
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Look for resources named `node`:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl api-resources | grep -w nodes
+  ```
+
+- Compare the output of both commands:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get nodes
+  kubectl get nodes.metrics.k8s.io
+  ```
+
+]
+
+--
+
+🤔 What are the second kind of nodes? How can we see what's really in them?
+
+---
+
+## Node vs NodeMetrics
+
+- `nodes.metrics.k8s.io` (aka NodeMetrics) don't have fancy *printer columns*
+
+- But we can look at the raw data (with `-o json` or `-o yaml`)
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Look at NodeMetrics objects with one of these commands:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get -o yaml nodes.metrics.k8s.io
+  kubectl get -o yaml NodeMetrics
+  ```
+
+]
+
+--
+
+💡 Alright, these are the live metrics (CPU, RAM) for our nodes.
+
+---
+
+## An easier way to consume metrics
+
+- We might have seen these metrics before ... With an easier command!
+
+--
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Display node metrics:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl top nodes
+  ```
+
+- Check which API requests happen behind the scenes:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl top nodes -v6
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Aggregation layer in practice
+
+- We can write an API server to handle a subset of the Kubernetes API
+
+- Then we can register that server by creating an APIService resource
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Check the definition used for the `metrics-server`:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl describe apiservices v1beta1.metrics.k8s.io
+  ```
+]
+
+- Group priority is used when multiple API groups provide similar kinds
+
+  (e.g. `nodes` and `nodes.metrics.k8s.io` as seen earlier)
+
+---
+
+## Authentication flow
+
+- We have two Kubernetes API servers:
+ 
+  - "aggregator" (the main one; clients connect to it)
+
+  - "aggregated" (the one providing the extra API; aggregator connects to it)
+
+- Aggregator deals with client authentication
+
+- Aggregator authenticates with aggregated using mutual TLS
+
+- Aggregator passes (/forwards/proxies/...) requests to aggregated
+
+- Aggregated performs authorization by calling back aggregator
+
+  ("can subject X perform action Y on resource Z?")
+
+[This doc page](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/extend-kubernetes/configure-aggregation-layer/#authentication-flow) has very nice swim lanes showing that flow.
+
+---
+
+## Discussion
+
+- Aggregation layer is great for metrics
+
+  (fast-changing, ephemeral data, that would be outrageously bad for etcd)
+
+- It *could* be a good fit to expose other REST APIs as a pass-thru 
+
+  (but it's more common to see CRDs instead)
+
+???
+
+:EN:- The aggregation layer
+:FR:- Étendre l'API avec le *aggregation layer*

slides/k8s/apiserver-deepdive.md

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# API server internals
+
+- Understanding the internals of the API server is useful.red[¹]:
+
+  - when extending the Kubernetes API server (CRDs, webhooks...)
+
+  - when running Kubernetes at scale
+
+- Let's dive into a bit of code!
+
+.footnote[.red[¹]And by *useful*, we mean *strongly recommended or else...*]
+
+---
+
+## The main handler
+
+- The API server parses its configuration, and builds a `GenericAPIServer`
+
+- ... which contains an `APIServerHandler` ([src](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/server/handler.go#L37
+))
+
+- ... which contains a couple of `http.Handler` fields
+
+- Requests go through:
+
+  - `FullhandlerChain` (a series of HTTP filters, see next slide)
+
+  - `Director` (switches the request to `GoRestfulContainer` or `NonGoRestfulMux`)
+
+- `GoRestfulContainer`  is for "normal" APIs; integrates nicely with OpenAPI
+
+- `NonGoRestfulMux` is for everything else (e.g. proxy, delegation)
+
+---
+
+## The chain of handlers
+
+- API requests go through a complex chain of filters ([src](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/server/config.go#L671))
+
+  (note when reading that code: requests start at the bottom and go up)
+
+- This is where authentication, authorization, and admission happen
+
+  (as well as a few other things!)
+
+- Let's review an arbitrary selection of some of these handlers!
+
+*In the following slides, the handlers are in chronological order.*
+
+*Note: handlers are nested; so they can act at the beginning and end of a request.*
+
+---
+
+## `WithPanicRecovery`
+
+- Reminder about Go: there is no exception handling in Go; instead:
+
+  - functions typically return a composite `(SomeType, error)` type
+
+  - when things go really bad, the code can call `panic()`
+
+  - `panic()` can be caught with `recover()`
+    <br/>
+    (but this is almost never used like an exception handler!)
+
+- The API server code is not supposed to `panic()`
+
+- But just in case, we have that handler to prevent (some) crashes
+
+---
+
+## `WithRequestInfo` ([src](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/request/requestinfo.go#L163))
+
+
+- Parse out essential information:
+
+  API group, version, namespace, resource, subresource, verb ...
+
+- WithRequestInfo: parse out API group+version, Namespace, resource, subresource ...
+
+- Maps HTTP verbs (GET, PUT, ...) to Kubernetes verbs (list, get, watch, ...)
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## HTTP verb mapping
+
+- POST → create
+
+- PUT → update
+
+- PATCH → patch
+
+- DELETE
+  <br/> → delete (if a resource name is specified)
+  <br/> → deletecollection (otherwise)
+
+- GET, HEAD
+  <br/> → get (if a resource name is specified)
+  <br/> → list (otherwise)
+  <br/> → watch (if the `?watch=true` option is specified)
+
+---
+
+## `WithWaitGroup`, 
+
+- When we shutdown, tells clients (with in-flight requests) to retry
+
+  - only for "short" requests
+
+  - for long running requests, the client needs to do more
+
+- Long running requests include `watch` verb, `proxy` sub-resource
+
+(See also `WithTimeoutForNonLongRunningRequests`)
+
+---
+
+## AuthN and AuthZ
+
+- `WithAuthentication`:
+  the request goes through a *chain* of authenticators
+  ([src](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/filters/authentication.go#L38))
+
+- WithAudit
+
+- WithImpersonation: used for e.g. `kubectl ... --as another.user`
+
+- WithPriorityAndFairness or WithMaxInFlightLimit
+
+  (`system:masters` can bypass these)
+
+- WithAuthorization
+
+---
+
+## After all these handlers ...
+
+- We get to the "director" mentioned above
+
+- Api Groups get installed into the "gorestfulhandler"
+  ([src](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/server/genericapiserver.go#L423))
+
+- REST-ish resources are managed by various handlers
+  (in [this directory](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/handlers/))
+
+- These files show us the code path for each type of request
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Request code path
+
+- [create.go](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/handlers/create.go):
+  decode to HubGroupVersion; admission; mutating admission; store
+
+- [delete.go](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/handlers/delete.go):
+  validating admission only; deletion
+
+- [get.go](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/handlers/get.go) (get, list):
+  directly fetch from rest storage abstraction
+
+- [patch.go](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/handlers/patch.go):
+  admission; mutating admission; patch
+
+- [update.go](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/handlers/update.go):
+  decode to HubGroupVersion; admission; mutating admission; store
+
+- [watch.go](https://github.com/kubernetes/apiserver/blob/release-1.19/pkg/endpoints/handlers/watch.go):
+  similar to get.go, but with watch logic
+
+(HubGroupVersion = in-memory, "canonical" version.)
+
+???
+
+:EN:- Kubernetes API server internals
+:FR:- Fonctionnement interne du serveur API

slides/k8s/architecture.md

@@ -273,6 +273,26 @@ class: extra-details
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
+## Group-Version-Kind, or GVK
+
+- A particular type will be identified by the combination of:
+
+  - the API group it belongs to (core, `apps`, `metrics.k8s.io`, ...)
+
+  - the version of this API group (`v1`, `v1beta1`, ...)
+
+  - the "Kind" itself (Pod, Role, Job, ...)
+
+- "GVK" appears a lot in the API machinery code
+
+- Conversions are possible between different versions and even between API groups
+
+  (e.g. when Deployments moved from `extensions` to `apps`)
+
+---
+
 ## Update
 
 - Let's update our namespace object
@@ -334,6 +354,34 @@ We demonstrated *update* and *watch* semantics.
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
+## Watch events
+
+- `kubectl get --watch` shows changes
+
+- If we add `--output-watch-events`, we can also see:
+
+  - the difference between ADDED and MODIFIED resources
+
+  - DELETED resources
+
+.exercise[
+
+- In one terminal, watch pods, displaying full events:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get pods --watch --output-watch-events
+  ```
+
+- In another, run a short-lived pod:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl run pause --image=alpine --rm -ti --restart=Never -- sleep 5
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
 # Other control plane components
 
 - API server ✔️

slides/k8s/authn-authz.md

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 
 - [HTTP basic auth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication)
 
-  (carrying user and password in an HTTP header)
+  (carrying user and password in an HTTP header; [deprecated since Kubernetes 1.19](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/89069))
 
 - Authentication proxy
 
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ class: extra-details
 
 :EN:- Authentication and authorization in Kubernetes
 :EN:- Authentication with tokens and certificates
-:EN:- Aithorization with RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
+:EN:- Authorization with RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
 :EN:- Restricting permissions with Service Accounts
 :EN:- Working with Roles, Cluster Roles, Role Bindings, etc.
 

slides/k8s/authoring-yaml.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Authoring YAML
 
-- There are various ways to generate YAML with Kubernetes, e.g.:
+- We have already generated YAML implicitly, with e.g.:
 
   - `kubectl run`
 
@@ -32,26 +32,63 @@
 
 ---
 
-## We don't have to start from scratch
+## Various ways to write YAML
 
-- Create a resource (e.g. Deployment)
+- Completely from scratch with our favorite editor
 
-- Dump its YAML with `kubectl get -o yaml ...`
+  (yeah, right)
 
-- Edit the YAML
+- Dump an existing resource with `kubectl get -o yaml ...`
 
-- Use `kubectl apply -f ...` with the YAML file to:
+  (it is recommended to clean up the result)
 
-  - update the resource (if it's the same kind)
+- Ask `kubectl` to generate the YAML
 
-  - create a new resource (if it's a different kind)
+  (with a `kubectl create --dry-run -o yaml`)
 
-- Or: Use The Docs, Luke
+- Use The Docs, Luke
 
   (the documentation almost always has YAML examples)
 
 ---
 
+## Generating YAML from scratch
+
+- Start with a namespace:
+  ```yaml
+    kind: Namespace
+    apiVersion: v1
+    metadata:
+      name: hello
+  ```
+
+- We can use `kubectl explain` to see resource definitions:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl explain -r pod.spec
+  ```
+
+- Not the easiest option!
+
+---
+
+## Dump the YAML for an existing resource
+
+- `kubectl get -o yaml` works!
+
+- A lot of fields in `metadata` are not necessary
+
+  (`managedFields`, `resourceVersion`, `uid`, `creationTimestamp` ...)
+
+- Most objects will have a `status` field that is not necessary
+
+- Default or empty values can also be removed for clarity
+
+- This can be done manually or with the `kubectl-neat` plugin
+
+  `kubectl get -o yaml ... | kubectl neat`
+
+---
+
 ## Generating YAML without creating resources
 
 - We can use the `--dry-run` option
@@ -63,14 +100,18 @@
   kubectl create deployment web --image nginx --dry-run
   ```
 
+- Optionally clean it up with `kubectl neat`, too
+
 ]
 
-- We can clean up that YAML even more if we want
+Note: in recent versions of Kubernetes, we should use `--dry-run=client`
 
-  (for instance, we can remove the `creationTimestamp` and empty dicts)
+(Or `--dry-run=server`; more on that later!)
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
 ## Using `--dry-run` with `kubectl apply`
 
 - The `--dry-run` option can also be used with `kubectl apply`
@@ -87,6 +128,8 @@
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
 ## The limits of `kubectl apply --dry-run`
 
 .exercise[
@@ -112,6 +155,8 @@ The resulting YAML doesn't represent a valid DaemonSet.
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
 ## Server-side dry run
 
 - Since Kubernetes 1.13, we can use [server-side dry run and diffs](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/01/14/apiserver-dry-run-and-kubectl-diff/)
@@ -124,7 +169,7 @@ The resulting YAML doesn't represent a valid DaemonSet.
 
 - Try the same YAML file as earlier, with server-side dry run:
   ```bash
-  kubectl apply -f web.yaml --server-dry-run --validate=false -o yaml
+  kubectl apply -f web.yaml --dry-run=server --validate=false -o yaml
   ```
 
 ]
@@ -135,6 +180,8 @@ Instead, it has the fields expected in a DaemonSet.
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
 ## Advantages of server-side dry run
 
 - The YAML is verified much more extensively
@@ -149,6 +196,8 @@ Instead, it has the fields expected in a DaemonSet.
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
 ## `kubectl diff`
 
 - Kubernetes 1.13 also introduced `kubectl diff`
@@ -209,3 +258,8 @@ Note: we don't need to specify `--validate=false` here.
   - check that it still works!
 
 - That YAML will be useful later when using e.g. Kustomize or Helm
+
+???
+
+:EN:- Techniques to write YAML manifests
+:FR:- Comment écrire des *manifests* YAML

slides/k8s/batch-jobs.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 - Jobs are great for "long" background work
 
-  ("long" being at least minutes our hours)
+  ("long" being at least minutes or hours)
 
 - CronJobs are great to schedule Jobs at regular intervals
 
@@ -148,6 +148,28 @@ class: extra-details
 
 class: extra-details
 
+## Setting a time limit
+
+- It is possible to set a time limit (or deadline) for a job
+
+- This is done with the field `spec.activeDeadlineSeconds`
+
+  (by default, it is unlimited)
+
+- When the job is older than this time limit, all its pods are terminated
+
+- Note that there can also be a `spec.activeDeadlineSeconds` field in pods!
+
+- They can be set independently, and have different effects:
+
+  - the deadline of the job will stop the entire job
+
+  - the deadline of the pod will only stop an individual pod
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
 ## What about `kubectl run` before v1.18?
 
 - Creating a Deployment:
@@ -176,12 +198,8 @@ class: extra-details
 
   - can't express parallelism or completions of Jobs
 
-  - can't express Pods with multiple containers
-
   - can't express healthchecks, resource limits
 
-  - etc.
-
 - `kubectl create` and `kubectl run` are *helpers* that generate YAML manifests
 
 - If we write these manifests ourselves, we can use all features and options

slides/k8s/cert-manager.md

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# cert-manager
+
+- cert-manager¹ facilitates certificate signing through the Kubernetes API:
+
+  - we create a Certificate object (that's a CRD)
+
+  - cert-manager creates a private key
+
+  - it signs that key ...
+
+  - ... or interacts with a certificate authority to obtain the signature
+
+  - it stores the resulting key+cert in a Secret resource
+
+- These Secret resources can be used in many places (Ingress, mTLS, ...)
+
+.footnote[.red[¹]Always lower case, words separated with a dash; see the [style guide](https://cert-manager.io/docs/faq/style/_.)]
+
+---
+
+## Getting signatures
+
+- cert-manager can use multiple *Issuers* (another CRD), including:
+
+  - self-signed
+
+  - cert-manager acting as a CA
+
+  - the [ACME protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Certificate_Management_Environment]) (notably used by Let's Encrypt)
+
+  - [HashiCorp Vault](https://www.vaultproject.io/)
+
+- Multiple issuers can be configured simultaneously
+
+- Issuers can be available in a single namespace, or in the whole cluster
+
+  (then we use the *ClusterIssuer* CRD)
+
+---
+
+## cert-manager in action
+
+- We will install cert-manager
+
+- We will create a ClusterIssuer to obtain certificates with Let's Encrypt
+
+  (this will involve setting up an Ingress Controller)
+
+- We will create a Certificate request
+
+- cert-manager will honor that request and create a TLS Secret
+
+---
+
+## Installing cert-manager
+
+- It can be installed with a YAML manifest, or with Helm
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Create the namespace for cert-manager:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl create ns cert-manager
+  ```
+
+- Add the Jetstack repository:
+  ```bash
+  helm repo add jetstack https://charts.jetstack.io
+  ```
+
+- Install cert-manager:
+  ```bash
+    helm install cert-manager jetstack/cert-manager \
+         --namespace cert-manager \
+         --set installCRDs=true
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## ClusterIssuer manifest
+
+```yaml
+@@INCLUDE[k8s/cm-clusterissuer.yaml]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Creating the ClusterIssuer
+
+- The manifest shown on the previous slide is in @@LINK[k8s/cm-clusterissuer.yaml]
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Create the ClusterIssuer:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f ~/container.training/k8s/cm-clusterissuer.yaml
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Certificate manifest
+
+```yaml
+@@INCLUDE[k8s/cm-certificate.yaml]
+```
+
+- The `name`, `secretName`, and `dnsNames` don't have to match
+
+- There can be multiple `dnsNames`
+
+- The `issuerRef` must match the ClusterIssuer that we created earlier
+
+---
+
+## Creating the Certificate
+
+- The manifest shown on the previous slide is in @@LINK[k8s/cm-certificate.yaml]
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Edit the Certificate to update the domain name
+
+  (make sure to replace A.B.C.D with the IP address of one of your nodes!)
+
+- Create the Certificate:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f ~/container.training/k8s/cm-certificate.yaml
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## What's happening?
+
+- cert-manager will create:
+
+  - the secret key
+
+  - a Pod, a Service, and an Ingress to complete the HTTP challenge
+
+- then it waits for the challenge to complete
+
+.exercise[
+
+- View the resources created by cert-manager:
+  ```bash
+    kubectl get pods,services,ingresses \
+            --selector=acme.cert-manager.io/http01-solver=true
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## HTTP challenge
+
+- The CA (in this case, Let's Encrypt) will fetch a particular URL:
+
+  `http://<our-domain>/.well-known/acme-challenge/<token>`
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Check the *path* of the Ingress in particular:
+  ```bash
+    kubectl describe ingress 
+            --selector=acme.cert-manager.io/http01-solver=true
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## What's missing ?
+
+--
+
+An Ingress Controller! 😅
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Install an Ingress Controller:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f ~/container.training/k8s/traefik-v2.yaml
+  ```
+
+- Wait a little bit, and check that we now have a `kubernetes.io/tls` Secret:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get secrets
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Using the secret
+
+- For bonus points, try to use the secret in an Ingress!
+
+- This is what the manifest would look like:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
+kind: Ingress
+metadata:
+  name: xyz
+spec:
+  tls:
+  - secretName: xyz.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+    hosts:
+    - xyz.A.B.C.D.nip.io
+  rules:
+  ...
+```
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Let's Encrypt and nip.io
+
+- Let's Encrypt has [rate limits](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/rate-limits/) per domain
+
+  (the limits only apply to the production environment, not staging)
+
+- There is a limit of 50 certificates per registered domain
+
+- If we try to use the production environment, we will probably hit the limit
+
+- It's fine to use the staging environment for these experiments
+
+  (our certs won't validate in a browser, but we can always check
+  the details of the cert to verify that it was issued by Let's Encrypt!)
+
+???
+
+:EN:- Obtaining certificates with cert-manager
+:FR:- Obtenir des certificats avec cert-manager
+
+:T: Obtaining TLS certificates with cert-manager

slides/k8s/cluster-backup.md

@@ -217,15 +217,16 @@ docker run --rm --net host -v $PWD:/vol \
 
 ## How can we remember all these flags?
 
-- Look at the static pod manifest for etcd
+- Older versions of kubeadm did add a healthcheck probe with all these flags
 
-  (in `/etc/kubernetes/manifests`)
+- That healthcheck probe was calling `etcdctl` with all the right flags 
 
-- The healthcheck probe is calling `etcdctl` with all the right flags 
-  😉👍✌️
+- With recent versions of kubeadm, we're on our own!
 
 - Exercise: write the YAML for a batch job to perform the backup
 
+  (how will you access the key and certificate required to connect?)
+
 ---
 
 ## Restoring an etcd snapshot
@@ -337,9 +338,9 @@ docker run --rm --net host -v $PWD:/vol \
 
   (e.g. [Portworx](https://docs.portworx.com/portworx-install-with-kubernetes/storage-operations/create-snapshots/) can [create snapshots through annotations](https://docs.portworx.com/portworx-install-with-kubernetes/storage-operations/create-snapshots/snaps-annotations/#taking-periodic-snapshots-on-a-running-pod))
 
-- Option 3: [snapshots through Kubernetes API](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2018/10/09/introducing-volume-snapshot-alpha-for-kubernetes/)
+- Option 3: [snapshots through Kubernetes API](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volume-snapshots/)
 
-  (now in alpha for a few storage providers: GCE, OpenSDS, Ceph, Portworx)
+  (Generally available since Kuberentes 1.20 for a number of [CSI](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/01/15/container-storage-interface-ga/) volume plugins : GCE, OpenSDS, Ceph, Portworx, etc)
 
 ---
 

slides/k8s/cni-internals.md

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# CNI internals
+
+- Kubelet looks for a CNI configuration file
+
+  (by default, in `/etc/cni/net.d`)
+
+- Note: if we have multiple files, the first one will be used
+
+  (in lexicographic order)
+
+- If no configuration can be found, kubelet holds off on creating containers
+
+  (except if they are using `hostNetwork`)
+
+- Let's see how exactly plugins are invoked!
+
+---
+
+## General principle
+
+- A plugin is an executable program
+
+- It is invoked with by kubelet to set up / tear down networking for a container
+
+- It doesn't take any command-line argument
+
+- However, it uses environment variables to know what to do, which container, etc.
+
+- It reads JSON on stdin, and writes back JSON on stdout
+
+- There will generally be multiple plugins invoked in a row
+
+  (at least IPAM + network setup; possibly more)
+
+---
+
+## Environment variables
+
+- `CNI_COMMAND`: `ADD`, `DEL`, `CHECK`, or `VERSION`
+
+- `CNI_CONTAINERID`: opaque identifier
+
+  (container ID of the "sandbox", i.e. the container running the `pause` image)
+
+- `CNI_NETNS`: path to network namespace pseudo-file
+
+  (e.g. `/var/run/netns/cni-0376f625-29b5-7a21-6c45-6a973b3224e5`)
+
+- `CNI_IFNAME`: interface name, usually `eth0`
+
+- `CNI_PATH`: path(s) with plugin executables (e.g. `/opt/cni/bin`)
+
+- `CNI_ARGS`: "extra arguments" (see next slide)
+
+---
+
+## `CNI_ARGS`
+
+- Extra key/value pair arguments passed by "the user"
+
+- "The user", here, is "kubelet" (or in an abstract way, "Kubernetes")
+
+- This is used to pass the pod name and namespace to the CNI plugin
+
+- Example:
+  ```
+  IgnoreUnknown=1
+  K8S_POD_NAMESPACE=default
+  K8S_POD_NAME=web-96d5df5c8-jcn72
+  K8S_POD_INFRA_CONTAINER_ID=016493dbff152641d334d9828dab6136c1ff...
+  ```
+
+Note that technically, it's a `;`-separated list, so it really looks like this:
+```
+CNI_ARGS=IgnoreUnknown=1;K8S_POD_NAMESPACE=default;K8S_POD_NAME=web-96d...
+```
+
+---
+
+## JSON in, JSON out
+
+- The plugin reads its configuration on stdin
+
+- It writes back results in JSON
+
+  (e.g. allocated address, routes, DNS...)
+
+⚠️ "Plugin configuration" is not always the same as "CNI configuration"!
+
+---
+
+## Conf vs Conflist
+
+- The CNI configuration can be a single plugin configuration
+
+  - it will then contain a `type` field in the top-most structure
+
+  - it will be passed "as-is"
+
+- It can also be a "conflist", containing a chain of plugins
+
+  (it will then contain a `plugins` field in the top-most structure)
+
+- Plugins are then invoked in order (reverse order for `DEL` action)
+
+- In that case, the input of the plugin is not the whole configuration
+
+  (see details on next slide)
+
+---
+
+## List of plugins
+
+- When invoking a plugin in a list, the JSON input will be:
+
+  - the configuration of the plugin
+
+  - augmented with `name` (matching the conf list `name`)
+
+  - augmented with `prevResult` (which will be the output of the previous plugin)
+
+- Conceptually, a plugin (generally the first one) will do the "main setup"
+
+- Other plugins can do tuning / refinement (firewalling, traffic shaping...)
+
+---
+
+## Analyzing plugins
+
+- Let's see what goes in and out of our CNI plugins!
+
+- We will create a fake plugin that:
+
+  - saves its environment and input
+
+  - executes the real plugin with the saved input
+
+  - saves the plugin output
+
+  - passes the saved output
+
+---
+
+## Our fake plugin
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/sh
+PLUGIN=$(basename $0)
+cat > /tmp/cni.$$.$PLUGIN.in
+env | sort > /tmp/cni.$$.$PLUGIN.env
+echo "PPID=$PPID, $(readlink /proc/$PPID/exe)" > /tmp/cni.$$.$PLUGIN.parent
+$0.real < /tmp/cni.$$.$PLUGIN.in > /tmp/cni.$$.$PLUGIN.out
+EXITSTATUS=$?
+cat /tmp/cni.$$.$PLUGIN.out
+exit $EXITSTATUS
+```
+
+Save this script as `/opt/cni/bin/debug` and make it executable.
+
+---
+
+## Substituting the fake plugin
+
+- For each plugin that we want to instrument:
+
+  - rename the plugin from e.g. `ptp` to `ptp.real`
+
+  - symlink `ptp` to our `debug` plugin
+
+- There is no need to change the CNI configuration or restart kubelet
+
+---
+
+## Create some pods and looks at the results
+
+- Create a pod
+
+- For each instrumented plugin, there will be files in `/tmp`:
+
+  `cni.PID.pluginname.in` (JSON input)
+
+  `cni.PID.pluginname.env` (environment variables)
+
+  `cni.PID.pluginname.parent` (parent process information)
+
+  `cni.PID.pluginname.out` (JSON output)
+
+❓️ What is calling our plugins?
+
+???
+
+:EN:- Deep dive into CNI internals
+:FR:- La Container Network Interface (CNI) en détails

slides/k8s/configuration.md

@@ -60,21 +60,41 @@
 
 ## Command-line arguments
 
-- Pass options to `args` array in the container specification
+- Indicate what should run in the container
 
-- Example ([source](https://github.com/coreos/pods/blob/master/kubernetes.yaml#L29)): 
+- Pass `command` and/or `args` in the container options in a Pod's template
+
+- Both `command` and `args` are arrays
+
+- Example ([source](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/blob/main/k8s/consul-1.yaml#L70)):
   ```yaml
-      args: 
-        - "--data-dir=/var/lib/etcd"
-        - "--advertise-client-urls=http://127.0.0.1:2379"
-        - "--listen-client-urls=http://127.0.0.1:2379"
-        - "--listen-peer-urls=http://127.0.0.1:2380"
-        - "--name=etcd"
+    args:
+    - "agent"
+    - "-bootstrap-expect=3"
+    - "-retry-join=provider=k8s label_selector=\"app=consul\" namespace=\"$(NS)\""
+    - "-client=0.0.0.0"
+    - "-data-dir=/consul/data"
+    - "-server"
+    - "-ui"
   ```
 
-- The options can be passed directly to the program that we run ...
+---
 
-  ... or to a wrapper script that will use them to e.g. generate a config file
+## `args` or `command`?
+
+- Use `command` to override the `ENTRYPOINT` defined in the image
+
+- Use `args` to keep the `ENTRYPOINT` defined in the image
+
+  (the parameters specified in `args` are added to the `ENTRYPOINT`)
+
+- In doubt, use `command`
+
+- It is also possible to use *both* `command` and `args`
+
+  (they will be strung together, just like `ENTRYPOINT` and `CMD`)
+
+- See the [docs](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/inject-data-application/define-command-argument-container/#notes) to see how they interact together
 
 ---
 
@@ -210,6 +230,8 @@
 
   (through files that get created in the container filesystem)
 
+- That second link also includes a list of all the fields that can be used with the downward API
+
 ---
 
 ## Environment variables, pros and cons
@@ -512,48 +534,12 @@ spec:
 
 ]
 
----
-
-## Passwords, tokens, sensitive information
-
-- For sensitive information, there is another special resource: *Secrets*
-
-- Secrets and Configmaps work almost the same way
-
-  (we'll expose the differences on the next slide)
-
-- The *intent* is different, though:
-
-  *"You should use secrets for things which are actually secret like API keys, 
-  credentials, etc., and use config map for not-secret configuration data."*
-
-  *"In the future there will likely be some differentiators for secrets like rotation or support for backing the secret API w/ HSMs, etc."*
-
-  (Source: [the author of both features](https://stackoverflow.com/a/36925553/580281
-))
-
----
-
-## Differences between configmaps and secrets
- 
-- Secrets are base64-encoded when shown with `kubectl get secrets -o yaml`
-
-  - keep in mind that this is just *encoding*, not *encryption*
-
-  - it is very easy to [automatically extract and decode secrets](https://medium.com/@mveritym/decoding-kubernetes-secrets-60deed7a96a3)
-
-- [Secrets can be encrypted at rest](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/encrypt-data/)
-
-- With RBAC, we can authorize a user to access configmaps, but not secrets
-
-  (since they are two different kinds of resources)
-
 ???
 
 :EN:- Managing application configuration
 :EN:- Exposing configuration with the downward API
-:EN:- Exposing configuration with Config Maps and Secrets
+:EN:- Exposing configuration with Config Maps
 
 :FR:- Gérer la configuration des applications
 :FR:- Configuration au travers de la *downward API*
-:FR:- Configuration via les *Config Maps* et *Secrets*
+:FR:- Configurer les applications avec des *Config Maps*

slides/k8s/control-plane-auth.md

@@ -92,6 +92,29 @@
 
 ---
 
+## etcd authorization
+
+- etcd supports RBAC, but Kubernetes doesn't use it by default
+
+  (note: etcd RBAC is completely different from Kubernetes RBAC!)
+
+- By default, etcd access is "all or nothing"
+
+  (if you have a valid certificate, you get in)
+
+- Be very careful if you use the same root CA for etcd and other things
+
+  (if etcd trusts the root CA, then anyone with a valid cert gets full etcd access)
+
+- For more details, check the following resources:
+
+  - [etcd documentation on authentication](https://etcd.io/docs/current/op-guide/authentication/)
+
+  - [PKI The Wrong Way](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcOLDEzsVHI) at KubeCon NA 2020
+
+---
+
+
 ## API server clients
 
 - The API server has a sophisticated authentication and authorization system
@@ -190,6 +213,24 @@
 
 ---
 
+class: extra-details
+
+## How are these permissions set up?
+
+- A bunch of roles and bindings are defined as constants in the API server code:
+
+  [auth/authorizer/rbac/bootstrappolicy/policy.go](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/release-1.19/plugin/pkg/auth/authorizer/rbac/bootstrappolicy/policy.go#L188)
+
+- They are created automatically when the API server starts:
+
+  [registry/rbac/rest/storage_rbac.go](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/release-1.19/pkg/registry/rbac/rest/storage_rbac.go#L140)
+
+- We must use the correct Common Names (`CN`) for the control plane certificates
+
+  (since the bindings defined above refer to these common names)
+
+---
+
 ## Service account tokens
 
 - Each time we create a service account, the controller manager generates a token

slides/k8s/crd.md

@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+# Custom Resource Definitions
+
+- CRDs are one of the (many) ways to extend the API
+
+- CRDs can be defined dynamically
+
+  (no need to recompile or reload the API server)
+
+- A CRD is defined with a CustomResourceDefinition resource
+
+  (CustomResourceDefinition is conceptually similar to a *metaclass*)
+
+---
+
+## A very simple CRD
+
+The file @@LINK[k8s/coffee-1.yaml] describes a very simple CRD representing different kinds of coffee:
+
+```yaml
+@@INCLUDE[k8s/coffee-1.yaml]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Creating a CRD
+
+- Let's create the Custom Resource Definition for our Coffee resource
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Load the CRD:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f ~/container.training/k8s/coffee-1.yaml
+  ```
+
+- Confirm that it shows up:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get crds
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Creating custom resources
+
+The YAML below defines a resource using the CRD that we just created:
+
+```yaml
+kind: Coffee
+apiVersion: container.training/v1alpha1
+metadata:
+  name: arabica
+spec:
+  taste: strong
+```
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Create a few types of coffee beans:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f ~/container.training/k8s/coffees.yaml
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Viewing custom resources
+
+- By default, `kubectl get` only shows name and age of custom resources
+
+.exercise[
+
+- View the coffee beans that we just created:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get coffees
+  ```
+
+]
+
+- We'll see in a bit how to improve that
+
+---
+
+## What can we do with CRDs?
+
+There are many possibilities!
+
+- *Operators* encapsulate complex sets of resources
+
+  (e.g.: a PostgreSQL replicated cluster; an etcd cluster...
+  <br/>
+  see [awesome operators](https://github.com/operator-framework/awesome-operators) and
+  [OperatorHub](https://operatorhub.io/) to find more)
+
+- Custom use-cases like [gitkube](https://gitkube.sh/)
+
+  - creates a new custom type, `Remote`, exposing a git+ssh server
+
+  - deploy by pushing YAML or Helm charts to that remote
+
+- Replacing built-in types with CRDs
+
+  (see [this lightning talk by Tim Hockin](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji0FWzFwNhA))
+
+---
+
+## What's next?
+
+- Creating a basic CRD is quick and easy
+
+- But there is a lot more that we can (and probably should) do:
+
+  - improve input with *data validation*
+
+  - improve output with *custom columns*
+
+- And of course, we probably need a *controller* to go with our CRD!
+
+  (otherwise, we're just using the Kubernetes API as a fancy data store)
+
+---
+
+## Additional printer columns
+
+- We can specify `additionalPrinterColumns` in the CRD
+
+- This is similar to `-o custom-columns`
+
+  (map a column name to a path in the object, e.g. `.spec.taste`)
+
+```yaml
+    additionalPrinterColumns:
+    - jsonPath: .spec.taste
+      description: Subjective taste of that kind of coffee bean
+      name: Taste
+      type: string
+    - jsonPath: .metadata.creationTimestamp
+      name: Age
+      type: date
+```
+
+---
+
+## Using additional printer columns
+
+- Let's update our CRD using @@LINK[k8s/coffee-3.yaml]
+
+.exercise[
+
+- Update the CRD:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl apply -f ~/container.training/k8s/coffee-3.yaml
+  ```
+
+- Look at our Coffee resources:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get coffees
+  ```
+
+]
+
+Note: we can update a CRD without having to re-create the corresponding resources.
+
+(Good news, right?)
+
+---
+
+## Data validation
+
+- By default, CRDs are not *validated*
+
+  (we can put anything we want in the `spec`)
+
+- When creating a CRD, we can pass an OpenAPI v3 schema
+
+  (which will then be used to validate resources)
+
+- More advanced validation can also be done with admission webhooks, e.g.:
+
+  - consistency between parameters
+
+  - advanced integer filters (e.g. odd number of replicas)
+
+  - things that can change in one direction but not the other
+
+---
+
+## OpenAPI v3 scheme exapmle
+
+This is what we have in @@LINK[k8s/coffee-3.yaml]:
+
+```yaml
+    schema:
+      openAPIV3Schema:
+        type: object
+        required: [ spec ]
+        properties:
+          spec:
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              taste:
+                description: Subjective taste of that kind of coffee bean
+                type: string
+            required: [ taste ]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Validation *a posteriori*
+
+- Some of the "coffees" that we defined earlier *do not* pass validation
+
+- How is that possible?
+
+--
+
+- Validation happens at *admission*
+
+  (when resources get written into the database)
+
+- Therefore, we can have "invalid" resources in etcd
+
+  (they are invalid from the CRD perspective, but the CRD can be changed)
+
+🤔 How should we handle that ?
+
+---
+
+## Versions
+
+- If the data format changes, we can roll out a new version of the CRD
+
+  (e.g. go from `v1alpha1` to `v1alpha2`)
+
+- In a CRD we can specify the versions that exist, that are *served*, and *stored*
+
+  - multiple versions can be *served*
+
+  - only one can be *stored*
+
+- Kubernetes doesn't automatically migrate the content of the database
+
+- However, it can convert between versions when resources are read/written
+
+---
+
+## Conversion
+
+- When *creating* a new resource, the *stored* version is used
+
+  (if we create it with another version, it gets converted)
+
+- When *getting* or *watching* resources, the *requested* version is used
+
+  (if it is stored with another version, it gets converted)
+
+- By default, "conversion" only changes the `apiVersion` field
+
+- ... But we can register *conversion webhooks*
+
+  (see [that doc page](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/extend-kubernetes/custom-resources/custom-resource-definition-versioning/#webhook-conversion) for details)
+
+---
+
+## Migrating database content
+
+- We need to *serve* a version as long as we *store* objects in that version
+
+  (=as long as the database has at least one object with that version)
+
+- If we want to "retire" a version, we need to migrate these objects first
+
+- All we have to do is to read and re-write them
+
+  (the [kube-storage-version-migrator](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kube-storage-version-migrator) tool can help)
+
+---
+
+## What's next?
+
+- Generally, when creating a CRD, we also want to run a *controller*
+
+  (otherwise nothing will happen when we create resources of that type)
+
+- The controller will typically *watch* our custom resources
+
+  (and take action when they are created/updated)
+
+---
+
+## CRDs in the wild
+
+- [gitkube](https://storage.googleapis.com/gitkube/gitkube-setup-stable.yaml)
+
+- [A redis operator](https://github.com/amaizfinance/redis-operator/blob/master/deploy/crds/k8s_v1alpha1_redis_crd.yaml)
+
+- [cert-manager](https://github.com/jetstack/cert-manager/releases/download/v1.0.4/cert-manager.yaml)
+
+*How big are these YAML files?*
+
+*What's the size (e.g. in lines) of each resource?*
+
+---
+
+## CRDs in practice
+
+- Production-grade CRDs can be extremely verbose
+
+  (because of the openAPI schema validation)
+
+- This can (and usually will) be managed by a framework
+
+---
+
+## (Ab)using the API server
+
+- If we need to store something "safely" (as in: in etcd), we can use CRDs
+
+- This gives us primitives to read/write/list objects (and optionally validate them)
+
+- The Kubernetes API server can run on its own
+
+  (without the scheduler, controller manager, and kubelets)
+
+- By loading CRDs, we can have it manage totally different objects
+
+  (unrelated to containers, clusters, etc.)
+
+???
+
+:EN:- Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs)
+:FR:- Les CRDs *(Custom Resource Definitions)*