fix(deps): update module github.com/spf13/pflag to v1.0.6 (#1266 )

Co-authored-by: renovate[bot] <29139614+renovate[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Change default token cache storage to disk (#1264 )
2026-02-28 07:53:50 +00:00 · 2025-01-30 12:22:57 +00:00 · 2025-01-30 18:47:07 +09:00 · 2025-01-26 16:04:14 +09:00 · 2025-01-25 16:08:28 +09:00 · 2025-01-25 10:04:12 +09:00
108 changed files with 4032 additions and 2472 deletions
--- a/.github/release.yml
+++ b/.github/release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# https://docs.github.com/en/repositories/releasing-projects-on-github/automatically-generated-release-notes
+changelog:
+  categories:
+    - title: Features
+      labels:
+        - '*'
+      exclude:
+        labels:
+          - renovate
+          - refactoring
+    - title: Refactoring
+      labels:
+        - refactoring
+    - title: Dependencies
+      labels:
+        - renovate
--- a/.github/renovate.json5
+++ b/.github/renovate.json5
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
  "$schema": "https://docs.renovatebot.com/renovate-schema.json",
  "extends": [
    "github>int128/renovate-base",
-    "github>int128/go-renovate-config#v1.6.0",
-    "github>int128/go-renovate-config:go-directive#v1.6.0",
-    "github>int128/go-renovate-config:github-actions#v1.6.0",
-    "github>int128/go-renovate-config:kubernetes#v1.6.0",
-    "github>int128/go-renovate-config:kustomization-github-releases#v1.6.0",
+    "github>int128/go-renovate-config#v1.7.2",
+    "github>int128/go-renovate-config:go-directive#v1.7.2",
+    "github>int128/go-renovate-config:github-actions#v1.7.2",
+    "github>int128/go-renovate-config:kubernetes#v1.7.2",
+    "github>int128/go-renovate-config:kustomization-github-releases#v1.7.2",
+    "helpers:pinGitHubActionDigests",
  ],
 }
--- a/.github/workflows/acceptance-test.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/acceptance-test.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+name: acceptance-test
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/acceptance-test.yaml
+      - acceptance_test/**
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/acceptance-test.yaml
+      - acceptance_test/**
+
+jobs:
+  test-makefile:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@f111f3307d8850f501ac008e886eec1fd1932a34 # v5.3.0
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+          cache-dependency-path: go.sum
+      - run: make -C acceptance_test check
+      - run: make -C acceptance_test
+        env:
+          OIDC_ISSUER_URL: https://accounts.google.com
+          OIDC_CLIENT_ID: REDACTED.apps.googleusercontent.com
+          YOUR_EMAIL: REDACTED@gmail.com
+      - run: make -C acceptance_test delete-cluster
+      - run: make -C acceptance_test clean
--- a/.github/workflows/docker.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker.yaml
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ on:
      - pkg/**
      - go.*
      - Dockerfile
-      - Makefile
  push:
    branches:
      - master
@@ -18,59 +17,54 @@ on:
      - pkg/**
      - go.*
      - Dockerfile
-      - Makefile
    tags:
      - v*

 jobs:
-  build-linux-amd64:
-    uses: int128/docker-build-workflow/.github/workflows/build.yaml@v1
-    with:
-      platforms: linux/amd64
-      flavor: latest=false,suffix=-linux-amd64
-
-  build-linux-arm64:
-    uses: int128/docker-build-workflow/.github/workflows/build.yaml@v1
-    with:
-      platforms: linux/arm64
-      flavor: latest=false,suffix=-linux-arm64
-
-  build-linux-ppc64le:
-    uses: int128/docker-build-workflow/.github/workflows/build.yaml@v1
-    with:
-      platforms: linux/ppc64le
-      flavor: latest=false,suffix=-linux-ppc64le
-
  build:
-    needs:
-      - build-linux-amd64
-      - build-linux-arm64
-      - build-linux-ppc64le
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write
    outputs:
      image-uri: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}@${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}
    steps:
-      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: docker/login-action@9780b0c442fbb1117ed29e0efdff1e18412f7567 # v3.3.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@369eb591f429131d6889c46b94e711f089e6ca96 # v5.6.1
        id: metadata
        with:
          images: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}
-      - uses: int128/docker-manifest-create-action@v2
+      - uses: int128/docker-build-cache-config-action@622932dfa73db7d3a65e40d5fcc094f2101e659a # v1.37.0
+        id: cache
+        with:
+          image: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}/cache
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@53851d14592bedcffcf25ea515637cff71ef929a # v3.3.0
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@6524bf65af31da8d45b59e8c27de4bd072b392f5 # v3.8.0
+      - uses: docker/build-push-action@ca877d9245402d1537745e0e356eab47c3520991 # v6.13.0
        id: build
        with:
+          push: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' }}
          tags: ${{ steps.metadata.outputs.tags }}
-          sources: |
-            ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}@${{ needs.build-linux-amd64.outputs.digest }}
-            ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}@${{ needs.build-linux-arm64.outputs.digest }}
-            ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}@${{ needs.build-linux-ppc64le.outputs.digest }}
+          labels: ${{ steps.metadata.outputs.labels }}
+          cache-from: ${{ steps.cache.outputs.cache-from }}
+          cache-to: ${{ steps.cache.outputs.cache-to }}
+          platforms: |
+            linux/amd64
+            linux/arm64
+            linux/ppc64le

  test:
+    if: github.event_name == 'push'
    needs: build
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-      - run: docker run --rm '${{ needs.build.outputs.image-uri }}' --help
+      - run: docker run --rm "$IMAGE_URI" --help
+        env:
+          IMAGE_URI: ${{ needs.build.outputs.image-uri }}
--- a/.github/workflows/go.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/go.yaml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
      - integration_test/**
      - mocks/**
      - tools/**
-      - go.*
+      - '**/go.*'
    tags:
      - v*
  pull_request:
@@ -22,26 +22,19 @@ on:
      - integration_test/**
      - mocks/**
      - tools/**
-      - go.*
+      - '**/go.*'

 jobs:
-  check:
-    uses: int128/go-workflows/.github/workflows/check.yaml@v0.4.0
-    with:
-        go-version-file: go.mod
-        cache-dependency-path: go.sum
-        golangci-lint-version: v1.61.0
-
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@f111f3307d8850f501ac008e886eec1fd1932a34 # v5.3.0
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          cache-dependency-path: go.sum
-      - run: go test -v -race ./pkg/...
+      - run: make test

  integration-test:
    strategy:
@@ -54,21 +47,33 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@f111f3307d8850f501ac008e886eec1fd1932a34 # v5.3.0
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          cache-dependency-path: go.sum
-      - run: go test -v -race ./integration_test/...
+      - run: make integration-test
+
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@f111f3307d8850f501ac008e886eec1fd1932a34 # v5.3.0
+        with:
+          go-version-file: tools/go.mod
+          cache-dependency-path: tools/go.sum
+      - run: make lint

  generate:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@f111f3307d8850f501ac008e886eec1fd1932a34 # v5.3.0
        with:
          go-version-file: tools/go.mod
          cache-dependency-path: tools/go.sum
+      - run: go mod tidy
      - run: make generate
-      - uses: int128/update-generated-files-action@v2
+      - uses: int128/update-generated-files-action@65b9a7ae3ededc5679d78343f58fbebcf1ebd785 # v2.57.0
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yaml
@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ jobs:
          - runs-on: windows-latest
            GOOS: windows
            GOARCH: amd64
+          - runs-on: windows-latest
+            GOOS: windows
+            GOARCH: arm64
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.runs-on }}
    env:
      GOOS: ${{ matrix.platform.GOOS }}
@@ -54,13 +57,13 @@ jobs:
      CGO_ENABLED: ${{ matrix.platform.CGO_ENABLED }}
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@f111f3307d8850f501ac008e886eec1fd1932a34 # v5.3.0
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          cache-dependency-path: go.sum
      - run: go build -ldflags '-X main.version=${{ github.ref_name }}'
-      - uses: int128/go-release-action@v2
+      - uses: int128/go-release-action@2979cc5b15ceb7ae458e95b0a9467afc7ae25259 # v2.0.0
        with:
          binary: kubelogin

@@ -71,5 +74,5 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: rajatjindal/krew-release-bot@v0.0.46
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: rajatjindal/krew-release-bot@3d9faef30a82761d610544f62afddca00993eef9 # v0.0.47
--- a/.github/workflows/system-test.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/system-test.yaml
@@ -22,17 +22,18 @@ jobs:
  system-test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@f111f3307d8850f501ac008e886eec1fd1932a34 # v5.3.0
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          cache-dependency-path: go.sum

-      # for certutil
+      - run: sudo apt-get update
+      # Install certutil.
      # https://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/libnss3-tools
-      - run: sudo apt update
-      - run: sudo apt install -y libnss3-tools
-      - run: mkdir -p ~/.pki/nssdb
+      # Install keyring related packages.
+      # https://github.com/zalando/go-keyring/issues/45
+      - run: sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y libnss3-tools dbus-x11 gnome-keyring

      - run: echo '127.0.0.1 dex-server' | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts

--- a/.krew.yaml
+++ b/.krew.yaml
@@ -60,3 +60,9 @@ spec:
      matchLabels:
        os: windows
        arch: amd64
+  - bin: kubelogin.exe
+    {{ addURIAndSha "https://github.com/int128/kubelogin/releases/download/{{ .TagName }}/kubelogin_windows_arm64.zip" .TagName }}
+    selector:
+      matchLabels:
+        os: windows
+        arch: arm64
--- a/14
+++ b/14
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
-FROM golang:1.23 as builder
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:1.23 AS builder

 WORKDIR /builder
-COPY go.* .
+
+# Copy the Go Modules manifests
+COPY go.mod go.mod
+COPY go.sum go.sum
 RUN go mod download
+
+# Copy the go source
 COPY main.go .
 COPY pkg pkg
-RUN go build
+
+ARG TARGETOS
+ARG TARGETARCH
+RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=${TARGETOS:-linux} GOARCH=${TARGETARCH} go build

 FROM gcr.io/distroless/base-debian12
 COPY --from=builder /builder/kubelogin /
--- a/13
+++ b/13
@@ -1,9 +1,22 @@
 .PHONY: all
 all:

+.PHONY: test
+test:
+	go test -v -race ./pkg/...
+
+.PHONY: integration-test
+integration-test:
+	go test -v -race ./integration_test/...
+
 .PHONY: generate
 generate:
 	$(MAKE) -C tools
 	./tools/bin/wire ./pkg/di
 	rm -fr mocks/
 	./tools/bin/mockery
+
+.PHONY: lint
+lint:
+	$(MAKE) -C tools
+	./tools/bin/golangci-lint run
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ Take a look at the diagram:

 ![Diagram of the credential plugin](docs/credential-plugin-diagram.svg)

-
 ## Getting Started

 ### Setup
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ Install the latest release from [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/), [Krew](https://git

 ```sh
 # Homebrew (macOS and Linux)
-brew install int128/kubelogin/kubelogin
+brew install kubelogin

 # Krew (macOS, Linux, Windows and ARM)
 kubectl krew install oidc-login
@@ -31,28 +30,28 @@ kubectl krew install oidc-login
 choco install kubelogin
 ```

-If you install via GitHub releases, you need to put the `kubelogin` binary on your path under the name `kubectl-oidc_login` so that the [kubectl plugin mechanism](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/extend-kubectl/kubectl-plugins/) can find it when you invoke `kubectl oidc-login`. The other install methods do this for you.
+If you install via GitHub releases, save the binary as the name `kubectl-oidc_login` on your path.
+When you invoke `kubectl oidc-login`, kubectl finds it by the [naming convention of kubectl plugins](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/extend-kubectl/kubectl-plugins/).
+The other install methods do this for you.

 You need to set up the OIDC provider, cluster role binding, Kubernetes API server and kubeconfig.
-The kubeconfig looks like:
+Your kubeconfig looks like this:

 ```yaml
 users:
- name: oidc
-  user:
-    exec:
-      apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1
-      command: kubectl
-      args:
-      - oidc-login
-      - get-token
-      - --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL
-      - --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID
-      - --oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
+  - name: oidc
+    user:
+      exec:
+        apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1
+        command: kubectl
+        args:
+          - oidc-login
+          - get-token
+          - --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL
+          - --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID
 ```

-See [setup guide](docs/setup.md) for more.
-
+See the [setup guide](docs/setup.md) for more.

 ### Run

@@ -65,33 +64,46 @@ kubectl get pods
 Kubectl executes kubelogin before calling the Kubernetes APIs.
 Kubelogin automatically opens the browser, and you can log in to the provider.

-<img src="docs/keycloak-login.png" alt="keycloak-login" width="455" height="329">
+After the authentication, kubelogin returns the credentials to kubectl.
+Kubectl then calls the Kubernetes APIs with the credentials.

-After authentication, kubelogin returns the credentials to kubectl and kubectl then calls the Kubernetes APIs with these credentials.
-
-```
+```console
 % kubectl get pods
 Open http://localhost:8000 for authentication
 NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
 echoserver-86c78fdccd-nzmd5   1/1     Running   0          26d
 ```

-Kubelogin writes the ID token and refresh token to the token cache file.
+Kubelogin stores the ID token and refresh token to the cache.
+If the ID token is valid, it just returns it.
+If the ID token has expired, it will refresh the token using the refresh token.
+If the refresh token has expired, it will perform re-authentication.

-If the cached ID token is valid, kubelogin just returns it.
-If the cached ID token has expired, kubelogin will refresh the token using the refresh token.
-If the refresh token has expired, kubelogin will perform re-authentication (you will have to login via browser again).
+## Troubleshooting

+### Token cache

-### Troubleshoot
+Kubelogin stores the token cache to the file system by default.
+For enhanced security, it is recommended to store it to the keyring.
+See the [token cache](docs/usage.md#token-cache) for details.

-You can log out by removing the token cache directory (default `~/.kube/cache/oidc-login`).
-Kubelogin will ask you to login via browser again if the token cache file does not exist i.e., it starts with a clean slate
-
-You can dump claims of an ID token by `setup` command.
+You can log out by deleting the token cache.

 ```console
-% kubectl oidc-login setup --oidc-issuer-url https://accounts.google.com --oidc-client-id REDACTED --oidc-client-secret REDACTED
+% kubectl oidc-login clean
+Deleted the token cache at /home/user/.kube/cache/oidc-login
+Deleted the token cache from the keyring
+```
+
+Kubelogin will ask you to log in via the browser again.
+If the browser has a cookie for the provider, you need to log out from the provider or clear the cookie.
+
+### ID token claims
+
+You can run `setup` command to dump the claims of an ID token from the provider.
+
+```console
+% kubectl oidc-login setup --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL --oidc-client-id=REDACTED
 ...
 You got a token with the following claims:

@@ -103,23 +115,22 @@ You got a token with the following claims:
 }
 ```

-You can increase the log level by `-v1` option.
+You can set `-v1` option to increase the log level.

 ```yaml
 users:
- name: oidc
-  user:
-    exec:
-      apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1
-      command: kubectl
-      args:
-      - oidc-login
-      - get-token
-      - -v1
+  - name: oidc
+    user:
+      exec:
+        apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1
+        command: kubectl
+        args:
+          - oidc-login
+          - get-token
+          - -v1
 ```

-You can verify kubelogin works with your provider using [acceptance test](acceptance_test).
-
+You can run the [acceptance test](acceptance_test) to verify if kubelogin works with your provider.

 ## Docs

@@ -129,11 +140,7 @@ You can verify kubelogin works with your provider using [acceptance test](accept
 - [System test](system_test)
 - [Acceptance_test for identity providers](acceptance_test)

-
 ## Contributions

 This is an open source software licensed under Apache License 2.0.
 Feel free to open issues and pull requests for improving code and documents.
-
-This software is developed with [GoLand](https://www.jetbrains.com/go/) licensed for open source development.
-Special thanks for the support.
--- a/acceptance_test/Makefile
+++ b/acceptance_test/Makefile
@@ -4,33 +4,38 @@ OUTPUT_DIR := $(CURDIR)/output
 KUBECONFIG := $(OUTPUT_DIR)/kubeconfig.yaml
 export KUBECONFIG

-# create a Kubernetes cluster
 .PHONY: cluster
 cluster:
-	# create a cluster
+	# Create a cluster.
 	mkdir -p $(OUTPUT_DIR)
 	sed -e "s|OIDC_ISSUER_URL|$(OIDC_ISSUER_URL)|" -e "s|OIDC_CLIENT_ID|$(OIDC_CLIENT_ID)|" cluster.yaml > $(OUTPUT_DIR)/cluster.yaml
 	kind create cluster --name $(CLUSTER_NAME) --config $(OUTPUT_DIR)/cluster.yaml
-	# set up access control
+
+	# Set up the access control.
 	kubectl create clusterrole cluster-readonly --verb=get,watch,list --resource='*.*'
 	kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-readonly --clusterrole=cluster-readonly --user=$(YOUR_EMAIL)
-	# set up kubectl
+
+	# Set up kubectl.
 	kubectl config set-credentials oidc \
-		--exec-api-version=client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 \
+		--exec-api-version=client.authentication.k8s.io/v1 \
+		--exec-interactive-mode=Never \
 		--exec-command=$(CURDIR)/../kubelogin \
 		--exec-arg=get-token \
 		--exec-arg=--token-cache-dir=$(OUTPUT_DIR)/token-cache \
 		--exec-arg=--oidc-issuer-url=$(OIDC_ISSUER_URL) \
 		--exec-arg=--oidc-client-id=$(OIDC_CLIENT_ID) \
-		--exec-arg=--oidc-client-secret=$(OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET) \
 		--exec-arg=--oidc-extra-scope=email
-	# switch the default user
+
+	# Switch the default user.
 	kubectl config set-context --current --user=oidc

-# clean up the resources
+	# Show the kubeconfig.
+	kubectl config view
+
 .PHONY: clean
 clean:
 	-rm -r $(OUTPUT_DIR)
+
 .PHONY: delete-cluster
 delete-cluster:
 	kind delete cluster --name $(CLUSTER_NAME)
--- a/acceptance_test/README.md
+++ b/acceptance_test/README.md
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 # kubelogin/acceptance_test

-This is a manual test for verifying Kubernetes OIDC authentication with your OIDC provider.
-
+This is a manual test to verify if the Kubernetes OIDC authentication works with your OIDC provider.

 ## Purpose

 This test checks the following points:

-1. You can set up your OIDC provider using [setup guide](../docs/setup.md).
+1. You can set up your OIDC provider using the [setup guide](../docs/setup.md).
 1. The plugin works with your OIDC provider.

-
 ## Getting Started

 ### Prerequisite
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ make -C ..
 ```

 You need to set up your provider.
-See [setup guide](../docs/setup.md) for more.
+See the [setup guide](../docs/setup.md) for more.

 You need to install the following tools:

@@ -44,7 +42,6 @@ For example, you can create a cluster with Google account authentication.
 ```sh
 make OIDC_ISSUER_URL=https://accounts.google.com \
  OIDC_CLIENT_ID=REDACTED.apps.googleusercontent.com \
-  OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET=REDACTED \
  YOUR_EMAIL=REDACTED@gmail.com
 ```

--- a/docs/keycloak-login.png
+++ b/docs/keycloak-login.png
--- a/docs/setup.md
+++ b/docs/setup.md
@@ -10,25 +10,32 @@ Let's see the following steps:
 1. Set up the kubeconfig
 1. Verify cluster access

-
 ## 1. Set up the OIDC provider

+Kubelogin supports the following authentication flows:
+
+- Authorization code flow
+- Device authorization grant
+- Resource owner password credentials grant
+
+See the [usage](usage.md) for the details.
+
 ### Google Identity Platform

 You can log in with a Google account.

-Open [Google APIs Console](https://console.developers.google.com/apis/credentials) and create an OAuth client with the following setting:
+Open [Google APIs Console](https://console.cloud.google.com/apis/credentials) and create an OAuth client with the following setting:

- Application Type: Other
+- Application Type: Desktop app

 Check the client ID and secret.
 Replace the following variables in the later sections.

-Variable                | Value
------------------------|------
-`ISSUER_URL`            | `https://accounts.google.com`
-`YOUR_CLIENT_ID`        | `xxx.apps.googleusercontent.com`
-`YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET`    | random string
+| Variable             | Value                            |
+| -------------------- | -------------------------------- |
+| `ISSUER_URL`         | `https://accounts.google.com`    |
+| `YOUR_CLIENT_ID`     | `xxx.apps.googleusercontent.com` |
+| `YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET` | `XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX` |

 ### Keycloak

@@ -39,8 +46,8 @@ Open Keycloak and create an OIDC client as follows:

 - Client ID: `YOUR_CLIENT_ID`
 - Valid Redirect URLs:
-    - `http://localhost:8000`
-    - `http://localhost:18000` (used if the port 8000 is already in use)
+  - `http://localhost:8000`
+  - `http://localhost:18000` (used if the port 8000 is already in use)
 - Issuer URL: `https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/YOUR_REALM`

 You can associate client roles by adding the following mapper:
@@ -56,11 +63,12 @@ For example, if you have `admin` role of the client, you will get a JWT with the

 Replace the following variables in the later sections.

-Variable                | Value
------------------------|------
-`ISSUER_URL`            | `https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/YOUR_REALM`
-`YOUR_CLIENT_ID`        | `YOUR_CLIENT_ID`
-`YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET`    | random string
+| Variable         | Value                                                 |
+| ---------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
+| `ISSUER_URL`     | `https://keycloak.example.com/auth/realms/YOUR_REALM` |
+| `YOUR_CLIENT_ID` | `YOUR_CLIENT_ID`                                      |
+
+`YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET` is not required for this configuration.

 ### Dex with GitHub

@@ -77,29 +85,29 @@ Deploy [Dex](https://github.com/dexidp/dex) with the following config:
 ```yaml
 issuer: https://dex.example.com
 connectors:
- type: github
-  id: github
-  name: GitHub
-  config:
-    clientID: YOUR_GITHUB_CLIENT_ID
-    clientSecret: YOUR_GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET
-    redirectURI: https://dex.example.com/callback
+  - type: github
+    id: github
+    name: GitHub
+    config:
+      clientID: YOUR_GITHUB_CLIENT_ID
+      clientSecret: YOUR_GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET
+      redirectURI: https://dex.example.com/callback
 staticClients:
- id: YOUR_CLIENT_ID
-  name: Kubernetes
-  redirectURIs:
-  - http://localhost:8000
-  - http://localhost:18000
-  secret: YOUR_DEX_CLIENT_SECRET
+  - id: YOUR_CLIENT_ID
+    name: Kubernetes
+    redirectURIs:
+      - http://localhost:8000
+      - http://localhost:18000
+    secret: YOUR_DEX_CLIENT_SECRET
 ```

 Replace the following variables in the later sections.

-Variable                | Value
------------------------|------
-`ISSUER_URL`            | `https://dex.example.com`
-`YOUR_CLIENT_ID`        | `YOUR_CLIENT_ID`
-`YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET`    | `YOUR_DEX_CLIENT_SECRET`
+| Variable             | Value                     |
+| -------------------- | ------------------------- |
+| `ISSUER_URL`         | `https://dex.example.com` |
+| `YOUR_CLIENT_ID`     | `YOUR_CLIENT_ID`          |
+| `YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET` | `YOUR_DEX_CLIENT_SECRET`  |

 ### Okta

@@ -112,19 +120,19 @@ Open your Okta organization and create an application with the following options
 - Application type: Native
 - Initiate login URI: `http://localhost:8000`
 - Login redirect URIs:
-    - `http://localhost:8000`
-    - `http://localhost:18000` (used if the port 8000 is already in use)
+  - `http://localhost:8000`
+  - `http://localhost:18000` (used if the port 8000 is already in use)
 - Allowed grant types: Authorization Code
 - Client authentication: Use PKCE (for public clients)

 Replace the following variables in the later sections.

-Variable                | Value
------------------------|------
-`ISSUER_URL`            | `https://YOUR_ORGANIZATION.okta.com`
-`YOUR_CLIENT_ID`        | random string
+| Variable         | Value                                |
+| ---------------- | ------------------------------------ |
+| `ISSUER_URL`     | `https://YOUR_ORGANIZATION.okta.com` |
+| `YOUR_CLIENT_ID` | random string                        |

-You do not need to set `YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET`.
+`YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET` is not required for this configuration.

 If you need `groups` claim for access control,
 see [jetstack/okta-kubectl-auth](https://github.com/jetstack/okta-kubectl-auth/blob/master/docs/okta-setup.md) and [#250](https://github.com/int128/kubelogin/issues/250).
@@ -135,53 +143,49 @@ Login with an account that has permissions to create applications.
 Create an OIDC application with the following configuration:

 - Redirect URIs:
-    - `http://localhost:8000`
-    - `http://localhost:18000` (used if the port 8000 is already in use)
+  - `http://localhost:8000`
+  - `http://localhost:18000` (used if the port 8000 is already in use)
 - Grant type: Authorization Code
 - PKCE Enforcement: Required

 Leverage the following variables in the next steps.

-Variable                | Value
------------------------|------
-`ISSUER_URL`            | `https://auth.pingone.com/<PingOne Tenant Id>/as`
-`YOUR_CLIENT_ID`        |  random string
+| Variable         | Value                                             |
+| ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
+| `ISSUER_URL`     | `https://auth.pingone.com/<PingOne Tenant Id>/as` |
+| `YOUR_CLIENT_ID` | random string                                     |

 `YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET` is not required for this configuration.

-## 2. Verify authentication
+## 2. Authenticate with the OpenID Connect Provider

 Run the following command:

 ```sh
 kubectl oidc-login setup \
  --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL \
-  --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID \
-  --oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
+  --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID
 ```

+If your provider requires a client secret, add `--oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET`.
+
 It launches the browser and navigates to `http://localhost:8000`.
 Please log in to the provider.

-You can set extra options, for example, extra scope or CA certificate.
-See also the full options.
+For the full options,

 ```sh
 kubectl oidc-login setup --help
 ```

-
 ## 3. Bind a cluster role

-Here bind `cluster-admin` role to you.
+You can run the following command to bind `cluster-admin` role to you:

 ```sh
 kubectl create clusterrolebinding oidc-cluster-admin --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user='ISSUER_URL#YOUR_SUBJECT'
 ```

-As well as you can create a custom cluster role and bind it.
-
-
 ## 4. Set up the Kubernetes API server

 Add the following flags to kube-apiserver:
@@ -193,40 +197,25 @@ Add the following flags to kube-apiserver:

 See [Kubernetes Authenticating: OpenID Connect Tokens](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#openid-connect-tokens) for the all flags.

-If you are using [kops](https://github.com/kubernetes/kops), run `kops edit cluster` and append the following settings:
-
-```yaml
-spec:
-  kubeAPIServer:
-    oidcIssuerURL: ISSUER_URL
-    oidcClientID: YOUR_CLIENT_ID
-```
-
-If you are using [kube-aws](https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/kube-aws), append the following settings to the `cluster.yaml`:
-
-```yaml
-       oidc:
-         enabled: true
-         issuerUrl: ISSUER_URL
-         clientId: YOUR_CLIENT_ID
-```
-
-
 ## 5. Set up the kubeconfig

 Add `oidc` user to the kubeconfig.

 ```sh
 kubectl config set-credentials oidc \
-  --exec-api-version=client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 \
+  --exec-interactive-mode=Never \
+  --exec-api-version=client.authentication.k8s.io/v1 \
  --exec-command=kubectl \
  --exec-arg=oidc-login \
  --exec-arg=get-token \
  --exec-arg=--oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL \
-  --exec-arg=--oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID \
-  --exec-arg=--oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
+  --exec-arg=--oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID
 ```

+If your provider requires a client secret, add `--oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET`.
+
+For security, it is recommended to add `--token-cache-storage=keyring` to store the token cache to the keyring instead of the file system.
+If you encounter an error, see the [token cache](usage.md#token-cache) for details.

 ## 6. Verify cluster access

--- a/docs/standalone-mode.md
+++ b/docs/standalone-mode.md
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 Kubelogin supports the standalone mode as well.
 It writes the token to the kubeconfig (typically `~/.kube/config`) after authentication.

-
 ## Getting started

 Configure your kubeconfig like:
@@ -53,16 +52,16 @@ Your kubeconfig looks like:

 ```yaml
 users:
- name: keycloak
-  user:
-    auth-provider:
-      config:
-        client-id: YOUR_CLIENT_ID
-        client-secret: YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
-        idp-issuer-url: https://issuer.example.com
-        id-token: ey...       # kubelogin will add or update the ID token here
-        refresh-token: ey...  # kubelogin will add or update the refresh token here
-      name: oidc
+  - name: keycloak
+    user:
+      auth-provider:
+        config:
+          client-id: YOUR_CLIENT_ID
+          client-secret: YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
+          idp-issuer-url: https://issuer.example.com
+          id-token: ey... # kubelogin will add or update the ID token here
+          refresh-token: ey... # kubelogin will add or update the refresh token here
+        name: oidc
 ```

 If the ID token is valid, kubelogin does nothing.
@@ -75,7 +74,6 @@ You already have a valid token until 2019-05-18 10:28:51 +0900 JST
 If the ID token has expired, kubelogin will refresh the token using the refresh token in the kubeconfig.
 If the refresh token has expired, kubelogin will proceed the authentication.

-
 ## Usage

 You can set path to the kubeconfig file by the option or the environment variable just like kubectl.
@@ -94,15 +92,15 @@ If you set multiple files, kubelogin will find the file which has the current au
 Kubelogin supports the following keys of `auth-provider` in a kubeconfig.
 See [kubectl authentication](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#using-kubectl) for more.

-Key | Direction | Value
----|-----------|------
-`idp-issuer-url`                  | Read (Mandatory) | Issuer URL of the provider.
-`client-id`                       | Read (Mandatory) | Client ID of the provider.
-`client-secret`                   | Read (Mandatory) | Client Secret of the provider.
-`idp-certificate-authority`       | Read | CA certificate path of the provider.
-`idp-certificate-authority-data`  | Read | Base64 encoded CA certificate of the provider.
-`extra-scopes`                    | Read | Scopes to request to the provider (comma separated).
-`id-token`                        | Write | ID token got from the provider.
-`refresh-token`                   | Write | Refresh token got from the provider.
+| Key                              | Direction        | Value                                                |
+| -------------------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
+| `idp-issuer-url`                 | Read (Mandatory) | Issuer URL of the provider.                          |
+| `client-id`                      | Read (Mandatory) | Client ID of the provider.                           |
+| `client-secret`                  | Read (Mandatory) | Client Secret of the provider.                       |
+| `idp-certificate-authority`      | Read             | CA certificate path of the provider.                 |
+| `idp-certificate-authority-data` | Read             | Base64 encoded CA certificate of the provider.       |
+| `extra-scopes`                   | Read             | Scopes to request to the provider (comma separated). |
+| `id-token`                       | Write            | ID token got from the provider.                      |
+| `refresh-token`                  | Write            | Refresh token got from the provider.                 |

 See also [usage.md](usage.md).
--- a/docs/usage.md
+++ b/docs/usage.md
@@ -11,15 +11,16 @@ Flags:
      --oidc-client-id string                           Client ID of the provider (mandatory)
      --oidc-client-secret string                       Client secret of the provider
      --oidc-extra-scope strings                        Scopes to request to the provider
-      --oidc-use-pkce                                   Force PKCE usage
      --oidc-use-access-token                           Instead of using the id_token, use the access_token to authenticate to Kubernetes
-      --token-cache-dir string                          Path to a directory for token cache (default "~/.kube/cache/oidc-login")
      --force-refresh                                   If set, refresh the ID token regardless of its expiration time
+      --token-cache-dir string                          Path to a directory of the token cache (default "~/.kube/cache/oidc-login")
+      --token-cache-storage string                      Storage for the token cache. One of (disk|keyring) (default "disk")
      --certificate-authority stringArray               Path to a cert file for the certificate authority
      --certificate-authority-data stringArray          Base64 encoded cert for the certificate authority
-      --insecure-skip-tls-verify                        If set, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure
+      --insecure-skip-tls-verify                        [SECURITY RISK] If set, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity
      --tls-renegotiation-once                          If set, allow a remote server to request renegotiation once per connection
      --tls-renegotiation-freely                        If set, allow a remote server to repeatedly request renegotiation
+      --oidc-pkce-method string                         PKCE code challenge method. Automatically determined by default. One of (auto|no|S256) (default "auto")
      --grant-type string                               Authorization grant type to use. One of (auto|authcode|authcode-keyboard|password|device-code) (default "auto")
      --listen-address strings                          [authcode] Address to bind to the local server. If multiple addresses are set, it will try binding in order (default [127.0.0.1:8000,127.0.0.1:18000])
      --skip-open-browser                               [authcode] Do not open the browser automatically
@@ -51,7 +52,6 @@ Global Flags:
      --vmodule moduleSpec               comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging
 ```

-
 ## Options

 ### Authentication timeout
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ This prevents a process from remaining forever.
 You can change the timeout by the following flag:

 ```yaml
-      - --authentication-timeout-sec=60
+- --authentication-timeout-sec=60
 ```

 For now this timeout works only for the authorization code flow.
@@ -71,17 +71,31 @@ For now this timeout works only for the authorization code flow.
 You can set the extra scopes to request to the provider by `--oidc-extra-scope`.

 ```yaml
-      - --oidc-extra-scope=email
-      - --oidc-extra-scope=profile
+- --oidc-extra-scope=email
+- --oidc-extra-scope=profile
 ```

+### PKCE
+
+Kubelogin automatically uses the PKCE if the provider supports it.
+It determines the code challenge method by the `code_challenge_methods_supported` claim of the OpenID Connect Discovery document.
+
+If your provider does not return a valid `code_challenge_methods_supported` claim,
+you can enforce the code challenge method by `--oidc-pkce-method`.
+
+```yaml
+- --oidc-pkce-method=S256
+```
+
+For the most providers, you don't need to set this option explicitly.
+
 ### CA certificate

 You can use your self-signed certificate for the provider.

 ```yaml
-      - --certificate-authority=/home/user/.kube/keycloak-ca.pem
-      - --certificate-authority-data=LS0t...
+- --certificate-authority=/home/user/.kube/keycloak-ca.pem
+- --certificate-authority-data=LS0t...
 ```

 ### HTTP proxy
@@ -89,6 +103,25 @@ You can use your self-signed certificate for the provider.
 You can set the following environment variables if you are behind a proxy: `HTTP_PROXY`, `HTTPS_PROXY` and `NO_PROXY`.
 See also [net/http#ProxyFromEnvironment](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#ProxyFromEnvironment).

+### Token cache
+
+Kubelogin stores the token cache to the file system by default.
+
+You can store the token cache to the OS keyring for enhanced security.
+It depends on [zalando/go-keyring](https://github.com/zalando/go-keyring).
+
+```yaml
+- --token-cache-storage=keyring
+```
+
+You can delete the token cache by the clean command.
+
+```console
+% kubectl oidc-login clean
+Deleted the token cache at /home/user/.kube/cache/oidc-login
+Deleted the token cache from the keyring
+```
+
 ### Home directory expansion

 If a value in the following options begins with a tilde character `~`, it is expanded to the home directory.
@@ -98,18 +131,18 @@ If a value in the following options begins with a tilde character `~`, it is exp
 - `--local-server-key`
 - `--token-cache-dir`

-
 ## Authentication flows

 Kubelogin support the following flows:

- Authorization code flow
- Authorization code flow with a keyboard
- Resource owner password credentials grant flow
+- [Authorization code flow](#authorization-code-flow)
+- [Authorization code flow with a keyboard](#authorization-code-flow-with-a-keyboard)
+- [Device authorization grant](#device-authorization-grant)
+- [Resource owner password credentials grant](#resource-owner-password-credentials-grant)

 ### Authorization code flow

-Kubelogin performs the authorization code flow by default.
+Kubelogin performs the [authorization code flow](https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#CodeFlowAuth) by default.

 It starts the local server at port 8000 or 18000 by default.
 You need to register the following redirect URIs to the provider:
@@ -120,50 +153,51 @@ You need to register the following redirect URIs to the provider:
 You can change the listening address.

 ```yaml
-      - --listen-address=127.0.0.1:12345
-      - --listen-address=127.0.0.1:23456
+- --listen-address=127.0.0.1:12345
+- --listen-address=127.0.0.1:23456
 ```

 You can specify a certificate for the local webserver if HTTPS is required by your identity provider.

 ```yaml
-      - --local-server-cert=localhost.crt
-      - --local-server-key=localhost.key
+- --local-server-cert=localhost.crt
+- --local-server-key=localhost.key
 ```

 You can change the hostname of redirect URI from the default value `localhost`.

 ```yaml
-      - --oidc-redirect-url-hostname=127.0.0.1
+- --oidc-redirect-url-hostname=127.0.0.1
 ```

 You can add extra parameters to the authentication request.

 ```yaml
-      - --oidc-auth-request-extra-params=ttl=86400
+- --oidc-auth-request-extra-params=ttl=86400
 ```

 When authentication completed, kubelogin shows a message to close the browser.
 You can change the URL to show after authentication.

 ```yaml
-      - --open-url-after-authentication=https://example.com/success.html
+- --open-url-after-authentication=https://example.com/success.html
 ```

-You can skip opening the browser if you encounter some environment problem.
+If you encounter a problem with the browser, you can change the browser command or skip opening the browser.

 ```yaml
-      - --skip-open-browser
+# Change the browser command
+- --browser-command=google-chrome
+# Do not open the browser
+- --skip-open-browser
 ```

-For Linux users, you change the default browser by `BROWSER` environment variable.
-
 ### Authorization code flow with a keyboard

 If you cannot access the browser, instead use the authorization code flow with a keyboard.

 ```yaml
-      - --grant-type=authcode-keyboard
+- --grant-type=authcode-keyboard
 ```

 Kubelogin will show the URL and prompt.
@@ -179,34 +213,55 @@ The default of redirect URI is `urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob`.
 You can overwrite it.

 ```yaml
-      - oidc-redirect-url-authcode-keyboard=http://localhost
+- oidc-redirect-url-authcode-keyboard=http://localhost
 ```

 You can add extra parameters to the authentication request.

 ```yaml
-      - --oidc-auth-request-extra-params=ttl=86400
+- --oidc-auth-request-extra-params=ttl=86400
 ```

-### Resource owner password credentials grant flow
+### Device authorization grant

-Kubelogin performs the resource owner password credentials grant flow
+Kubelogin performs the [device authorization grant](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8628) when `--grant-type=device-code` is set.
+
+```yaml
+- --grant-type=device-code
+```
+
+It automatically opens the browser.
+If the provider returns the `verification_uri_complete` parameter, you don't need to enter the code.
+Otherwise, you need to enter the code shown.
+
+If you encounter a problem with the browser, you can change the browser command or skip opening the browser.
+
+```yaml
+# Change the browser command
+- --browser-command=google-chrome
+# Do not open the browser
+- --skip-open-browser
+```
+
+### Resource owner password credentials grant
+
+Kubelogin performs the resource owner password credentials grant
 when `--grant-type=password` or `--username` is set.

-Note that most OIDC providers do not support this flow.
-Keycloak supports this flow but you need to explicitly enable the "Direct Access Grants" feature in the client settings.
+Note that most OIDC providers do not support this grant.
+Keycloak supports this grant but you need to explicitly enable the "Direct Access Grants" feature in the client settings.

 You can set the username and password.

 ```yaml
-      - --username=USERNAME
-      - --password=PASSWORD
+- --username=USERNAME
+- --password=PASSWORD
 ```

 If the password is not set, kubelogin will show the prompt for the password.

 ```yaml
-      - --username=USERNAME
+- --username=USERNAME
 ```

 ```
@@ -217,7 +272,7 @@ Password:
 If the username is not set, kubelogin will show the prompt for the username and password.

 ```yaml
-      - --grant-type=password
+- --grant-type=password
 ```

 ```
@@ -233,25 +288,25 @@ The kubeconfig looks like:

 ```yaml
 users:
- name: oidc
-  user:
-    exec:
-      apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1
-      command: docker
-      args:
-      - run
-      - --rm
-      - -v
-      - /tmp/.token-cache:/.token-cache
-      - -p
-      - 8000:8000
-      - ghcr.io/int128/kubelogin
-      - get-token
-      - --token-cache-dir=/.token-cache
-      - --listen-address=0.0.0.0:8000
-      - --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL
-      - --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID
-      - --oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
+  - name: oidc
+    user:
+      exec:
+        apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1
+        command: docker
+        args:
+          - run
+          - --rm
+          - -v
+          - /tmp/.token-cache:/.token-cache
+          - -p
+          - 8000:8000
+          - ghcr.io/int128/kubelogin
+          - get-token
+          - --token-cache-dir=/.token-cache
+          - --listen-address=0.0.0.0:8000
+          - --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL
+          - --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID
+          - --oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
 ```

 Known limitations:
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,32 +1,35 @@
 module github.com/int128/kubelogin

-go 1.23.1
+go 1.23.5

 require (
-	github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.10.0
-	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.11.0
+	github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.12.1
+	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.12.0
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0
 	github.com/google/wire v0.6.0
-	github.com/int128/oauth2cli v1.14.0
+	github.com/int128/oauth2cli v1.14.1
 	github.com/int128/oauth2dev v1.0.1
 	github.com/pkg/browser v0.0.0-20240102092130-5ac0b6a4141c
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.1
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.23.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.8.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.24.0
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/zalando/go-keyring v0.2.6
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.25.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.28.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
-	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.31.1
-	k8s.io/client-go v0.31.1
+	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.32.1
+	k8s.io/client-go v0.32.1
 	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.130.1
 )

 require (
-	github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20240801214329-3f85d328b335 // indirect
-	github.com/chromedp/sysutil v1.0.0 // indirect
+	al.essio.dev/pkg/shellescape v1.5.1 // indirect
+	github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20250120090109-d38428e4d9c8 // indirect
+	github.com/chromedp/sysutil v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/danieljoos/wincred v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
 	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.2 // indirect
@@ -34,28 +37,30 @@ require (
 	github.com/gobwas/httphead v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gobwas/ws v1.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.6 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/int128/listener v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
-	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.7.7 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
+	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1 // indirect
 	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.27.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.25.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.16.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.28.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.19.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
-	k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20240711033017-18e509b52bc8 // indirect
-	sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20221116044647-bc3834ca7abd // indirect
-	sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.1 // indirect
+	k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20241104100929-3ea5e8cea738 // indirect
+	sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20241010143419-9aa6b5e7a4b3 // indirect
+	sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.2 // indirect
 	sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.4.0 // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,182 +1,90 @@
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.38.0/go.mod h1:990N+gfupTy94rShfmMCWGDn0LpTmnzTp2qbd1dvSRU=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.44.1/go.mod h1:iSa0KzasP4Uvy3f1mN/7PiObzGgflwredwwASm/v6AU=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.44.2/go.mod h1:60680Gw3Yr4ikxnPRS/oxxkBccT6SA1yMk63TGekxKY=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.45.1/go.mod h1:RpBamKRgapWJb87xiFSdk4g1CME7QZg3uwTez+TSTjc=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.46.3/go.mod h1:a6bKKbmY7er1mI7TEI4lsAkts/mkhTSZK8w33B4RAg0=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.50.0/go.mod h1:r9sluTvynVuxRIOHXQEHMFffphuXHOMZMycpNR5e6To=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.52.0/go.mod h1:pXajvRH/6o3+F9jDHZWQ5PbGhn+o8w9qiu/CffaVdO4=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.53.0/go.mod h1:fp/UouUEsRkN6ryDKNW/Upv/JBKnv6WDthjR6+vze6M=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.54.0/go.mod h1:1rq2OEkV3YMf6n/9ZvGWI3GWw0VoqH/1x2nd8Is/bPc=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.56.0/go.mod h1:jr7tqZxxKOVYizybht9+26Z/gUq7tiRzu+ACVAMbKVk=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.57.0/go.mod h1:oXiQ6Rzq3RAkkY7N6t3TcE6jE+CIBBbA36lwQ1JyzZs=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.62.0/go.mod h1:jmCYTdRCQuc1PHIIJ/maLInMho30T/Y0M4hTdTShOYc=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.65.0/go.mod h1:O5N8zS7uWy9vkA9vayVHs65eM1ubvY4h553ofrNHObY=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.0.1/go.mod h1:i/xbL2UlR5RvWAURpBYZTtm/cXjCha9lbfbpx4poX+o=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.3.0/go.mod h1:PjpwJnslEMmckchkHFfq+HTD2DmtT67aNFKH1/VBDHE=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.4.0/go.mod h1:S8dzgnTigyfTmLBfrtrhyYhwRxG72rYxvftPBK2Dvzc=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.5.0/go.mod h1:snEHRnqQbz117VIFhE8bmtwIDY80NLUZUMb4Nv6dBIg=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.7.0/go.mod h1://okPTzCYNXSlb24MZs83e2Do+h+VXtc4gLoIoXIAPc=
-cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.8.0/go.mod h1:J5hqkt3O0uAFnINi6JXValWIb1v0goeZM77hZzJN/fQ=
-cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.0.0/go.mod h1:LXYbyblFSglQ5pkeyhO+Qmw7ukd3C+pD7TKLgZqpHYE=
-cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.1.0/go.mod h1:umbIZjpQpHh4hmRpGhH4tLFup+FVzqBi1b3c64qFpCk=
-cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.0.1/go.mod h1:R0Gpsv3s54REJCy4fxDixWD93lHJMoZTyQ2kNxGRt3I=
-cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EwwdRX2sKPjnvnqCa270oGRyludottCI76h+R3AArQw=
-cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.2.0/go.mod h1:jhfEVHT8odbXTkndysNHCcx0awwzvfOlguIAii9o8iA=
-cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.3.1/go.mod h1:i+ucay31+CNRpDW4Lu78I4xXG+O1r/MAHgjpRVR+TSU=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.0.0/go.mod h1:IhtSnM/ZTZV8YYJWCY8RULGVqBDmpoyjwiyrjsg+URw=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.5.0/go.mod h1:tpKbwo567HUNpVclU5sGELwQWBDZ8gh0ZeosJ0Rtdos=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.6.0/go.mod h1:N7U0C8pVQ/+NIKOBQyamJIeKQKkZ+mxpohlUTyfDhBk=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.8.0/go.mod h1:Wv1Oy7z6Yz3DshWRJFhqM/UCfaWIRTdp0RXyy7KQOVs=
-cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.10.0/go.mod h1:FLPqc6j+Ki4BU591ie1oL6qBQGu2Bl/tZ9ullr3+Kg0=
-dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
-github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
-github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20240801214329-3f85d328b335 h1:bATMoZLH2QGct1kzDxfmeBUQI/QhQvB0mBrOTct+YlQ=
-github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20240801214329-3f85d328b335/go.mod h1:GKljq0VrfU4D5yc+2qA6OVr8pmO/MBbPEWqWQ/oqGEs=
-github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.10.0 h1:bRclRYVpMm/UVD76+1HcRW9eV3l58rFfy7AdBvKab1E=
-github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.10.0/go.mod h1:ei/1ncZIqXX1YnAYDkxhD4gzBgavMEUu7JCKvztdomE=
-github.com/chromedp/sysutil v1.0.0 h1:+ZxhTpfpZlmchB58ih/LBHX52ky7w2VhQVKQMucy3Ic=
-github.com/chromedp/sysutil v1.0.0/go.mod h1:kgWmDdq8fTzXYcKIBqIYvRRTnYb9aNS9moAV0xufSww=
-github.com/chzyer/logex v1.1.10/go.mod h1:+Ywpsq7O8HXn0nuIou7OrIPyXbp3wmkHB+jjWRnGsAI=
-github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5PlCu98SY8svDHJxuZscDgtXS6KTTbou5AhLI=
-github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
-github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
-github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20191209042840-269d4d468f6f/go.mod h1:M8M6+tZqaGXZJjfX53e64911xZQV5JYwmTeXPW+k8Sc=
-github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.11.0 h1:Ia3MxdwpSw702YW0xgfmP1GVCMA9aEFWu12XUZ3/OtI=
-github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.11.0/go.mod h1:gE3LgjOgFoHi9a4ce4/tJczr0Ai2/BoDhf0r5lltWI0=
+al.essio.dev/pkg/shellescape v1.5.1 h1:86HrALUujYS/h+GtqoB26SBEdkWfmMI6FubjXlsXyho=
+al.essio.dev/pkg/shellescape v1.5.1/go.mod h1:6sIqp7X2P6mThCQ7twERpZTuigpr6KbZWtls1U8I890=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0/go.mod h1:zFmK7XCadkQkj6TtorcaGlCW1hT1fIilQDwofLpJ20k=
+github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20250120090109-d38428e4d9c8 h1:Q2byC+xLgH/Z7hExJ8G/jVqsvCfGhMmNgM1ysZARA3o=
+github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20250120090109-d38428e4d9c8/go.mod h1:RTGuBeCeabAJGi3OZf71a6cGa7oYBfBP75VJZFLv6SU=
+github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.12.1 h1:kBMblXk7xH5/6j3K9uk8d7/c+fzXWiUsCsPte0VMwOA=
+github.com/chromedp/chromedp v0.12.1/go.mod h1:F6+wdq9LKFDMoyxhq46ZLz4VLXrsrCAR3sFqJz4Nqc0=
+github.com/chromedp/sysutil v1.1.0 h1:PUFNv5EcprjqXZD9nJb9b/c9ibAbxiYo4exNWZyipwM=
+github.com/chromedp/sysutil v1.1.0/go.mod h1:WiThHUdltqCNKGc4gaU50XgYjwjYIhKWoHGPTUfWTJ8=
+github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.12.0 h1:sJk+8G2qq94rDI6ehZ71Bol3oUHy63qNYmkiSjrc/Jo=
+github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.12.0/go.mod h1:gE3LgjOgFoHi9a4ce4/tJczr0Ai2/BoDhf0r5lltWI0=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.4/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
+github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
+github.com/danieljoos/wincred v1.2.2 h1:774zMFJrqaeYCK2W57BgAem/MLi6mtSE47MB6BOJ0i0=
+github.com/danieljoos/wincred v1.2.2/go.mod h1:w7w4Utbrz8lqeMbDAK0lkNJUv5sAOkFi7nd/ogr0Uh8=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc h1:U9qPSI2PIWSS1VwoXQT9A3Wy9MM3WgvqSxFWenqJduM=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3 v3.11.0 h1:rAQeMHw1c7zTmncogyy8VvRZwtkmkZ4FxERmMY4rD+g=
 github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3 v3.11.0/go.mod h1:6n3XBCmQQb25CM2LCACGz8ukIrRry+4bhvbpWn3mrbc=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.0/go.mod h1:YTl/9mNaCwkRvm6d1a2C3ymFceY/DCBVvsKhRF0iEA4=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.1-0.20191026205805-5f8ba28d4473/go.mod h1:YTl/9mNaCwkRvm6d1a2C3ymFceY/DCBVvsKhRF0iEA4=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.4/go.mod h1:6rpuAdCZL397s3pYoYcLgu1mIlRU8Am5FuJP05cCM98=
-github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.1.0/go.mod h1:iSmxcyjqTsJpI2R4NaDN7+kN2VEUnK/pcBlmesArF7c=
 github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0 h1:iM5WgngdRBanHcxugY4JySA0nk1wZorNOpTgCMedv5E=
 github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0/go.mod h1:pxXPTn3joSm21Gbwsv0w9OSA2y1HFR9qXEeXQVeNoDQ=
-github.com/go-gl/glfw v0.0.0-20190409004039-e6da0acd62b1/go.mod h1:vR7hzQXu2zJy9AVAgeJqvqgH9Q5CA+iKCZ2gyEVpxRU=
-github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20191125211704-12ad95a8df72/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
-github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20200222043503-6f7a984d4dc4/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.2 h1:R3l3kkBds16bO7ZFAEEcofK0MkrAJt3jlJznWZG0nvk=
 github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.2/go.mod h1:WVf9LFMHh/QVrmqrOfqun0C45tMe3RoiKJMPvgWwLfY=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 h1:6pFjapn8bFcIbiKo3XT4j/BhANplGihG6tvd+8rYgrY=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
-github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.19.6 h1:eCs3fxoIi3Wh6vtgmLTOjdhSpiqphQ+DaPn38N2ZdrE=
-github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.19.6/go.mod h1:osyAmYz/mB/C3I+WsTTSgw1ONzaLJoLCyoi6/zppojs=
+github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.21.0 h1:YgdVicSA9vH5RiHs9TZW5oyafXZFc6+2Vc1rr/O9oNQ=
+github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.21.0/go.mod h1:IUyH9l/+uyhIYQ/PXVA41Rexl+kOkAPDdXEYns6fzUY=
 github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.20.2 h1:3sVjiK66+uXK/6oQ8xgcRKcFgQ5KXa2KvnJRumpMGbE=
 github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.20.2/go.mod h1:Bl1zwGIM8/wsvqjsOQLJ/SH+En5Ap4rVB5KVcIDZG2k=
-github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.22.4 h1:QLMzNJnMGPRNDCbySlcj1x01tzU8/9LTTL9hZZZogBU=
-github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.22.4/go.mod h1:UzaqsxGiab7freDnrUUra0MwWfN/q7tE4j+VcZ0yl14=
+github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.23.0 h1:vsEVJDUo2hPJ2tu0/Xc+4noaxyEffXNIs3cOULZ+GrE=
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 github.com/gobwas/httphead v0.1.0 h1:exrUm0f4YX0L7EBwZHuCF4GDp8aJfVeBrlLQrs6NqWU=
 github.com/gobwas/httphead v0.1.0/go.mod h1:O/RXo79gxV8G+RqlR/otEwx4Q36zl9rqC5u12GKvMCM=
 github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1 h1:xfeeEhW7pwmX8nuLVlqbzVc7udMDrwetjEv+TZIz1og=
 github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1/go.mod h1:q8bcK0KcYlCgd9e7WYLm9LpyS+YeLd8JVDW6WezmKEw=
 github.com/gobwas/ws v1.4.0 h1:CTaoG1tojrh4ucGPcoJFiAQUAsEWekEWvLy7GsVNqGs=
 github.com/gobwas/ws v1.4.0/go.mod h1:G3gNqMNtPppf5XUz7O4shetPpcZ1VJ7zt18dlUeakrc=
+github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.1.0 h1:4KLkAxT3aOY8Li4FRJe/KvhoNFFxo0m6fNuFUO8QJUk=
+github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.1.0/go.mod h1:xhWf0FNVPg57R7Z0UbKHbJfkEywrmjJnf7w5xrFpKfA=
 github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1 h1:MTLVXXHf8ekldpJk3AKicLij9MdwOWkZ+a/jHHZby9E=
 github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1/go.mod h1:9zxTsyu5xtJ9DK+1tFZyibEV7y3uwDxPPfbxeeHCoD0=
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-rsc.io/quote/v3 v3.1.0/go.mod h1:yEA65RcK8LyAZtP9Kv3t0HmxON59tX3rD+tICJqUlj0=
-rsc.io/sampler v1.3.0/go.mod h1:T1hPZKmBbMNahiBKFy5HrXp6adAjACjK9JXDnKaTXpA=
-sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20221116044647-bc3834ca7abd h1:EDPBXCAspyGV4jQlpZSudPeMmr1bNJefnuqLsRAsHZo=
-sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20221116044647-bc3834ca7abd/go.mod h1:B8JuhiUyNFVKdsE8h686QcCxMaH6HrOAZj4vswFpcB0=
-sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.1 h1:150L+0vs/8DA78h1u02ooW1/fFq/Lwr+sGiqlzvrtq4=
-sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.1/go.mod h1:N8hJocpFajUSSeSJ9bOZ77VzejKZaXsTtZo4/u7Io08=
+k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20241105132330-32ad38e42d3f h1:GA7//TjRY9yWGy1poLzYYJJ4JRdzg3+O6e8I+e+8T5Y=
+k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20241105132330-32ad38e42d3f/go.mod h1:R/HEjbvWI0qdfb8viZUeVZm0X6IZnxAydC7YU42CMw4=
+k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20241104100929-3ea5e8cea738 h1:M3sRQVHv7vB20Xc2ybTt7ODCeFj6JSWYFzOFnYeS6Ro=
+k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20241104100929-3ea5e8cea738/go.mod h1:OLgZIPagt7ERELqWJFomSt595RzquPNLL48iOWgYOg0=
+sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20241010143419-9aa6b5e7a4b3 h1:/Rv+M11QRah1itp8VhT6HoVx1Ray9eB4DBr+K+/sCJ8=
+sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20241010143419-9aa6b5e7a4b3/go.mod h1:18nIHnGi6636UCz6m8i4DhaJ65T6EruyzmoQqI2BVDo=
+sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.2 h1:MdmvkGuXi/8io6ixD5wud3vOLwc1rj0aNqRlpuvjmwA=
+sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.2/go.mod h1:N8f93tFZh9U6vpxwRArLiikrE5/2tiu1w1AGfACIGE4=
 sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.4.0 h1:Mk1wCc2gy/F0THH0TAp1QYyJNzRm2KCLy3o5ASXVI5E=
 sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.4.0/go.mod h1:Ejl7/uTz7PSA4eKMyQCUTnhZYNmLIl+5c2lQPGR2BPY=
--- a/integration_test/clean_test.go
+++ b/integration_test/clean_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package integration_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/httpdriver"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/di"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/clock"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
+)
+
+func TestClean(t *testing.T) {
+	tokenCacheDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	cmd := di.NewCmdForHeadless(clock.Fake(time.Now()), os.Stdin, os.Stdout, logger.New(t), httpdriver.Zero(t))
+	exitCode := cmd.Run(context.TODO(), []string{
+		"kubelogin",
+		"clean",
+		"--token-cache-dir", tokenCacheDir,
+	}, "HEAD")
+	if exitCode != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("exit status wants 0 but %d", exitCode)
+	}
+}
--- a/integration_test/credetial_plugin_test.go
+++ b/integration_test/credetial_plugin_test.go
@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/httpdriver"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/keypair"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/testconfig"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/di"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/browser"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
 	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
-	clientauthenticationv1beta1 "k8s.io/client-go/pkg/apis/clientauthentication/v1beta1"
+	clientauthenticationv1 "k8s.io/client-go/pkg/apis/clientauthentication/v1"
 )

 // Run the integration tests of the credential plugin use-case.
@@ -42,56 +43,57 @@ func TestCredentialPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 			args:    []string{"--certificate-authority", keypair.Server.CACertPath},
 		},
 	} {
-		httpDriverOption := httpdriver.Option{
+		httpDriverConfig := httpdriver.Config{
 			TLSConfig:    tc.keyPair.TLSConfig,
 			BodyContains: "Authenticated",
 		}

 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Run("AuthCode", func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
 				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 				defer cancel()
-				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, oidcserver.Config{
-					Want: oidcserver.Want{
-						Scope:             "openid",
-						RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
+				svc := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, testconfig.Config{
+					Want: testconfig.Want{
+						Scope:               "openid",
+						RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://localhost:",
+						CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 					},
-					Response: oidcserver.Response{
-						IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
+					Response: testconfig.Response{
+						IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+						CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 					},
 				})
 				var stdout bytes.Buffer
 				runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 					tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-					issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-					httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpDriverOption),
+					issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+					httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpDriverConfig),
 					now:           now,
 					stdout:        &stdout,
 					args:          tc.args,
 				})
-				assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+				assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 			})

 			t.Run("ROPC", func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
 				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 				defer cancel()
-				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, oidcserver.Config{
-					Want: oidcserver.Want{
+				svc := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, testconfig.Config{
+					Want: testconfig.Want{
 						Scope:             "openid",
 						RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 						Username:          "USER1",
 						Password:          "PASS1",
 					},
-					Response: oidcserver.Response{
-						IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
+					Response: testconfig.Response{
+						IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+						CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 					},
 				})
 				var stdout bytes.Buffer
 				runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 					tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-					issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
+					issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
 					httpDriver:    httpdriver.Zero(t),
 					now:           now,
 					stdout:        &stdout,
@@ -100,110 +102,165 @@ func TestCredentialPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 						"--password", "PASS1",
 					}, tc.args...),
 				})
-				assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+				assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 			})

 			t.Run("TokenCacheLifecycle", func(t *testing.T) {
-				t.Parallel()
 				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 				defer cancel()
-				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, oidcserver.Config{})
+				svc := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, testconfig.Config{})

 				t.Run("NoCache", func(t *testing.T) {
-					sv.SetConfig(oidcserver.Config{
-						Want: oidcserver.Want{
-							Scope:             "openid",
-							RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
+					svc.SetConfig(testconfig.Config{
+						Want: testconfig.Want{
+							Scope:               "openid",
+							RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://localhost:",
+							CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 						},
-						Response: oidcserver.Response{
-							IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
-							RefreshToken:  "REFRESH_TOKEN_1",
+						Response: testconfig.Response{
+							IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+							RefreshToken:                  "REFRESH_TOKEN_1",
+							CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 						},
 					})
 					var stdout bytes.Buffer
 					runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 						tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-						issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-						httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpDriverOption),
+						issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+						httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpDriverConfig),
 						now:           now,
 						stdout:        &stdout,
 						args:          tc.args,
 					})
-					assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+					assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 				})
 				t.Run("Valid", func(t *testing.T) {
-					sv.SetConfig(oidcserver.Config{})
+					svc.SetConfig(testconfig.Config{})
 					var stdout bytes.Buffer
 					runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 						tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-						issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
+						issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
 						httpDriver:    httpdriver.Zero(t),
 						now:           now,
 						stdout:        &stdout,
 						args:          tc.args,
 					})
-					assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+					assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 				})
 				t.Run("Refresh", func(t *testing.T) {
-					sv.SetConfig(oidcserver.Config{
-						Want: oidcserver.Want{
+					svc.SetConfig(testconfig.Config{
+						Want: testconfig.Want{
 							Scope:             "openid",
 							RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 							RefreshToken:      "REFRESH_TOKEN_1",
 						},
-						Response: oidcserver.Response{
-							IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(3 * time.Hour),
-							RefreshToken:  "REFRESH_TOKEN_2",
+						Response: testconfig.Response{
+							IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(3 * time.Hour),
+							RefreshToken:                  "REFRESH_TOKEN_2",
+							CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 						},
 					})
 					var stdout bytes.Buffer
 					runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 						tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-						issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-						httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpDriverOption),
+						issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+						httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpDriverConfig),
 						now:           now.Add(2 * time.Hour),
 						stdout:        &stdout,
 						args:          tc.args,
 					})
-					assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(3*time.Hour))
+					assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(3*time.Hour))
 				})
 				t.Run("RefreshAgain", func(t *testing.T) {
-					sv.SetConfig(oidcserver.Config{
-						Want: oidcserver.Want{
+					svc.SetConfig(testconfig.Config{
+						Want: testconfig.Want{
 							Scope:             "openid",
 							RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 							RefreshToken:      "REFRESH_TOKEN_2",
 						},
-						Response: oidcserver.Response{
-							IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(5 * time.Hour),
+						Response: testconfig.Response{
+							IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(5 * time.Hour),
+							CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 						},
 					})
 					var stdout bytes.Buffer
 					runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 						tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-						issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-						httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpDriverOption),
+						issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+						httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpDriverConfig),
 						now:           now.Add(4 * time.Hour),
 						stdout:        &stdout,
 						args:          tc.args,
 					})
-					assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(5*time.Hour))
+					assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(5*time.Hour))
 				})
 			})
 		})
 	}

 	t.Run("PKCE", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
+		t.Run("Not supported by provider", func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
+			defer cancel()
+			svc := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+				Want: testconfig.Want{
+					Scope:               "openid",
+					RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://localhost:",
+					CodeChallengeMethod: "",
+				},
+				Response: testconfig.Response{
+					IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+					CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: nil,
+				},
+			})
+			var stdout bytes.Buffer
+			runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
+				tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
+				issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+				httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
+				now:           now,
+				stdout:        &stdout,
+			})
+			assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+		})
+
+		t.Run("Enforce", func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
+			defer cancel()
+			svc := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+				Want: testconfig.Want{
+					Scope:               "openid",
+					RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://localhost:",
+					CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
+				},
+				Response: testconfig.Response{
+					IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+					CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: nil,
+				},
+			})
+			var stdout bytes.Buffer
+			runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
+				tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
+				issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+				httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
+				now:           now,
+				stdout:        &stdout,
+				args:          []string{"--oidc-use-pkce"},
+			})
+			assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("TLSData", func(t *testing.T) {
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
+		svc := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.Server, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
 				Scope:               "openid",
 				RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://localhost:",
 				CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
 				IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
 				CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 			},
@@ -211,57 +268,34 @@ func TestCredentialPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 		var stdout bytes.Buffer
 		runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 			tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-			issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
-			now:           now,
-			stdout:        &stdout,
-		})
-		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
-	})
-
-	t.Run("TLSData", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
-		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.Server, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
-				Scope:             "openid",
-				RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
-			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
-				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
-			},
-		})
-		var stdout bytes.Buffer
-		runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
-			tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-			issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{TLSConfig: keypair.Server.TLSConfig, BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
+			issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{TLSConfig: keypair.Server.TLSConfig, BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
 			now:           now,
 			stdout:        &stdout,
 			args:          []string{"--certificate-authority-data", keypair.Server.CACertBase64},
 		})
-		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 	})

 	t.Run("ExtraScopes", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
-				Scope:             "email profile openid",
-				RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
+		svc := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
+				Scope:               "email profile openid",
+				RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://localhost:",
+				CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
-				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
+				IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+				CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 			},
 		})
 		var stdout bytes.Buffer
 		runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 			tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-			issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
+			issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
 			now:           now,
 			stdout:        &stdout,
 			args: []string{
@@ -269,77 +303,80 @@ func TestCredentialPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 				"--oidc-extra-scope", "profile",
 			},
 		})
-		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 	})

 	t.Run("OpenURLAfterAuthentication", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
-				Scope:             "openid",
-				RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
+		svc := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
+				Scope:               "openid",
+				RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://localhost:",
+				CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
-				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
+				IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+				CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 			},
 		})
 		var stdout bytes.Buffer
 		runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 			tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-			issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{BodyContains: "URL=https://example.com/success"}),
+			issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{BodyContains: "URL=https://example.com/success"}),
 			now:           now,
 			stdout:        &stdout,
 			args:          []string{"--open-url-after-authentication", "https://example.com/success"},
 		})
-		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 	})

 	t.Run("RedirectURLHostname", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
-				Scope:             "openid",
-				RedirectURIPrefix: "http://127.0.0.1:",
+		svc := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
+				Scope:               "openid",
+				RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://127.0.0.1:",
+				CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
-				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
+				IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+				CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 			},
 		})
 		var stdout bytes.Buffer
 		runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 			tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-			issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
+			issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
 			now:           now,
 			stdout:        &stdout,
 			args:          []string{"--oidc-redirect-url-hostname", "127.0.0.1"},
 		})
-		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 	})

 	t.Run("RedirectURLHTTPS", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
-				Scope:             "openid",
-				RedirectURIPrefix: "https://localhost:",
+		svc := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
+				Scope:               "openid",
+				RedirectURIPrefix:   "https://localhost:",
+				CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
-				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
+				IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+				CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 			},
 		})
 		var stdout bytes.Buffer
 		runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 			tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-			issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-			httpDriver: httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{
+			issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+			httpDriver: httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{
 				TLSConfig:    keypair.Server.TLSConfig,
 				BodyContains: "Authenticated",
 			}),
@@ -350,31 +387,32 @@ func TestCredentialPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 				"--local-server-key", keypair.Server.KeyPath,
 			},
 		})
-		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 	})

 	t.Run("ExtraParams", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
-				Scope:             "openid",
-				RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
+		svc := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
+				Scope:               "openid",
+				RedirectURIPrefix:   "http://localhost:",
+				CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 				ExtraParams: map[string]string{
 					"ttl":    "86400",
 					"reauth": "false",
 				},
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
-				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
+				IDTokenExpiry:                 now.Add(time.Hour),
+				CodeChallengeMethodsSupported: []string{"plain", "S256"},
 			},
 		})
 		var stdout bytes.Buffer
 		runGetToken(t, ctx, getTokenConfig{
 			tokenCacheDir: tokenCacheDir,
-			issuerURL:     sv.IssuerURL(),
-			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
+			issuerURL:     svc.IssuerURL(),
+			httpDriver:    httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{BodyContains: "Authenticated"}),
 			now:           now,
 			stdout:        &stdout,
 			args: []string{
@@ -382,7 +420,7 @@ func TestCredentialPlugin(t *testing.T) {
 				"--oidc-auth-request-extra-params", "reauth=false",
 			},
 		})
-		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, sv.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
+		assertCredentialPluginStdout(t, &stdout, svc.LastTokenResponse().IDToken, now.Add(time.Hour))
 	})
 }

@@ -397,6 +435,10 @@ type getTokenConfig struct {

 func runGetToken(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, cfg getTokenConfig) {
 	cmd := di.NewCmdForHeadless(clock.Fake(cfg.now), os.Stdin, cfg.stdout, logger.New(t), cfg.httpDriver)
+	t.Setenv(
+		"KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO",
+		`{"kind":"ExecCredential","apiVersion":"client.authentication.k8s.io/v1","spec":{"interactive":true}}`,
+	)
 	exitCode := cmd.Run(ctx, append([]string{
 		"kubelogin",
 		"get-token",
@@ -411,22 +453,22 @@ func runGetToken(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, cfg getTokenConfig) {
 }

 func assertCredentialPluginStdout(t *testing.T, stdout io.Reader, token string, expiry time.Time) {
-	var got clientauthenticationv1beta1.ExecCredential
+	var got clientauthenticationv1.ExecCredential
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(stdout).Decode(&got); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("could not decode json of the credential plugin: %s", err)
 		return
 	}
-	want := clientauthenticationv1beta1.ExecCredential{
+	want := clientauthenticationv1.ExecCredential{
 		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
-			APIVersion: "client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1",
+			APIVersion: "client.authentication.k8s.io/v1",
 			Kind:       "ExecCredential",
 		},
-		Status: &clientauthenticationv1beta1.ExecCredentialStatus{
+		Status: &clientauthenticationv1.ExecCredentialStatus{
 			Token:               token,
 			ExpirationTimestamp: &metav1.Time{Time: expiry},
 		},
 	}
 	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("kubeconfig mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+		t.Errorf("stdout mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 	}
 }
--- a/integration_test/httpdriver/http_driver.go
+++ b/integration_test/httpdriver/http_driver.go
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 )

-type Option struct {
+type Config struct {
 	TLSConfig    *tls.Config
 	BodyContains string
 }

 // New returns a client to simulate browser access.
-func New(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, o Option) *client {
-	return &client{ctx, t, o}
+func New(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, config Config) *client {
+	return &client{ctx, t, config}
 }

 // Zero returns a client which call is not expected.
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ func Zero(t *testing.T) *zeroClient {
 }

 type client struct {
-	ctx context.Context
-	t   *testing.T
-	o   Option
+	ctx    context.Context
+	t      *testing.T
+	config Config
 }

 func (c *client) Open(url string) error {
-	client := http.Client{Transport: &http.Transport{TLSClientConfig: c.o.TLSConfig}}
+	client := http.Client{Transport: &http.Transport{TLSClientConfig: c.config.TLSConfig}}
 	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", url, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		c.t.Errorf("could not create a request: %s", err)
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ func (c *client) Open(url string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	body := string(b)
-	if !strings.Contains(body, c.o.BodyContains) {
-		c.t.Errorf("body should contain %s but was %s", c.o.BodyContains, body)
+	if !strings.Contains(body, c.config.BodyContains) {
+		c.t.Errorf("body should contain %s but was %s", c.config.BodyContains, body)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
--- a/integration_test/oidcserver/handler/handler.go
+++ b/integration_test/oidcserver/handler/handler.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Package handler provides a HTTP handler for the OpenID Connect Provider.
+// Package handler provides HTTP handlers for the OpenID Connect Provider.
 package handler

 import (
@@ -6,29 +6,34 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/service"
 )

-func New(t *testing.T, provider Provider) *Handler {
-	return &Handler{t, provider}
+func Register(t *testing.T, mux *http.ServeMux, provider service.Provider) {
+	h := &Handlers{t, provider}
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /.well-known/openid-configuration", h.Discovery)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /certs", h.GetCertificates)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /auth", h.AuthenticateCode)
+	mux.HandleFunc("POST /token", h.Exchange)
 }

-// Handler provides a HTTP handler for the OpenID Connect Provider.
+// Handlers provides HTTP handlers for the OpenID Connect Provider.
 // You need to implement the Provider interface.
 // Note that this skips some security checks and is only for testing.
-type Handler struct {
+type Handlers struct {
 	t        *testing.T
-	provider Provider
+	provider service.Provider
 }

-func (h *Handler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	wr := &responseWriterRecorder{w, 200}
-	err := h.serveHTTP(wr, r)
+func (h *Handlers) handleError(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, f func() error) {
+	err := f()
 	if err == nil {
-		h.t.Logf("%d %s %s", wr.statusCode, r.Method, r.RequestURI)
 		return
 	}
-	if errResp := new(ErrorResponse); errors.As(err, &errResp) {
+	if errResp := new(service.ErrorResponse); errors.As(err, &errResp) {
 		h.t.Logf("400 %s %s: %s", r.Method, r.RequestURI, err)
 		w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		w.WriteHeader(400)
@@ -42,38 +47,35 @@ func (h *Handler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	http.Error(w, err.Error(), 500)
 }

-type responseWriterRecorder struct {
-	http.ResponseWriter
-	statusCode int
-}
-
-func (w *responseWriterRecorder) WriteHeader(statusCode int) {
-	w.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(statusCode)
-	w.statusCode = statusCode
-}
-
-func (h *Handler) serveHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
-	m := r.Method
-	p := r.URL.Path
-	switch {
-	case m == "GET" && p == "/.well-known/openid-configuration":
+func (h *Handlers) Discovery(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	h.handleError(w, r, func() error {
 		discoveryResponse := h.provider.Discovery()
 		w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		e := json.NewEncoder(w)
 		if err := e.Encode(discoveryResponse); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("could not render json: %w", err)
 		}
-	case m == "GET" && p == "/certs":
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+func (h *Handlers) GetCertificates(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	h.handleError(w, r, func() error {
 		certificatesResponse := h.provider.GetCertificates()
 		w.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
 		e := json.NewEncoder(w)
 		if err := e.Encode(certificatesResponse); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("could not render json: %w", err)
 		}
-	case m == "GET" && p == "/auth":
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+func (h *Handlers) AuthenticateCode(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	h.handleError(w, r, func() error {
 		q := r.URL.Query()
 		redirectURI, state := q.Get("redirect_uri"), q.Get("state")
-		code, err := h.provider.AuthenticateCode(AuthenticationRequest{
+		code, err := h.provider.AuthenticateCode(service.AuthenticationRequest{
 			RedirectURI:         redirectURI,
 			State:               state,
 			Scope:               q.Get("scope"),
@@ -85,16 +87,25 @@ func (h *Handler) serveHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("authentication error: %w", err)
 		}
-		to := fmt.Sprintf("%s?state=%s&code=%s", redirectURI, state, code)
-		http.Redirect(w, r, to, 302)
-	case m == "POST" && p == "/token":
+		redirectTo, err := url.Parse(redirectURI)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid redirect_uri: %w", err)
+		}
+		redirectTo.RawQuery = url.Values{"state": {state}, "code": {code}}.Encode()
+		http.Redirect(w, r, redirectTo.String(), http.StatusFound)
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+func (h *Handlers) Exchange(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	h.handleError(w, r, func() error {
 		if err := r.ParseForm(); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("could not parse the form: %w", err)
 		}
 		grantType := r.Form.Get("grant_type")
 		switch grantType {
 		case "authorization_code":
-			tokenResponse, err := h.provider.Exchange(TokenRequest{
+			tokenResponse, err := h.provider.Exchange(service.TokenRequest{
 				Code:         r.Form.Get("code"),
 				CodeVerifier: r.Form.Get("code_verifier"),
 			})
@@ -135,13 +146,11 @@ func (h *Handler) serveHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
 		default:
 			// 5.2. Error Response
 			// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-5.2
-			return &ErrorResponse{
+			return &service.ErrorResponse{
 				Code:        "invalid_grant",
 				Description: fmt.Sprintf("unknown grant_type %s", grantType),
 			}
 		}
-	default:
-		http.NotFound(w, r)
-	}
-	return nil
+		return nil
+	})
 }
--- a/integration_test/oidcserver/http/http.go
+++ b/integration_test/oidcserver/http/http.go
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-// Package http provides a http server running on localhost for testing.
-package http
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"net"
-	"net/http"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/keypair"
-)
-
-func Start(t *testing.T, h http.Handler, k keypair.KeyPair) string {
-	if k == keypair.None {
-		return startNoTLS(t, h)
-	}
-	return startTLS(t, h, k)
-}
-
-func startNoTLS(t *testing.T, h http.Handler) string {
-	t.Helper()
-	l, port := newLocalhostListener(t)
-	url := "http://localhost:" + port
-	s := &http.Server{
-		Handler: h,
-	}
-	go func() {
-		err := s.Serve(l)
-		if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
-			t.Error(err)
-		}
-	}()
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		if err := s.Shutdown(context.TODO()); err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("could not shutdown the server: %s", err)
-		}
-	})
-	return url
-}
-
-func startTLS(t *testing.T, h http.Handler, k keypair.KeyPair) string {
-	t.Helper()
-	l, port := newLocalhostListener(t)
-	url := "https://localhost:" + port
-	s := &http.Server{
-		Handler: h,
-	}
-	go func() {
-		err := s.ServeTLS(l, k.CertPath, k.KeyPath)
-		if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
-			t.Error(err)
-		}
-	}()
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		if err := s.Shutdown(context.TODO()); err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("could not shutdown the server: %s", err)
-		}
-	})
-	return url
-}
-
-func newLocalhostListener(t *testing.T) (net.Listener, string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Could not create a listener: %s", err)
-	}
-	addr := l.Addr().String()
-	_, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Could not parse the address %s: %s", addr, err)
-	}
-	return l, port
-}
--- a/integration_test/oidcserver/oidcserver.go
+++ b/integration_test/oidcserver/oidcserver.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Package oidcserver provides a stub of OpenID Connect provider.
+package oidcserver
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/keypair"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/handler"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/service"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/testconfig"
+)
+
+// New starts a server for the OpenID Connect provider.
+func New(t *testing.T, kp keypair.KeyPair, config testconfig.Config) service.Service {
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	serverURL := startServer(t, mux, kp)
+
+	svc := service.New(t, serverURL, config)
+	handler.Register(t, mux, svc)
+	return svc
+}
+
+func startServer(t *testing.T, h http.Handler, kp keypair.KeyPair) string {
+	if kp == keypair.None {
+		srv := httptest.NewServer(h)
+		t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+		return srv.URL
+	}
+
+	// Unfortunately, httptest package did not work with keypair.KeyPair.
+	// We use httptest package only for allocating a new port.
+	portAllocator := httptest.NewUnstartedServer(h)
+	t.Cleanup(portAllocator.Close)
+	serverURL := fmt.Sprintf("https://localhost:%d", portAllocator.Listener.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr).Port)
+	srv := &http.Server{Handler: h}
+	go func() {
+		err := srv.ServeTLS(portAllocator.Listener, kp.CertPath, kp.KeyPath)
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	}()
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if err := srv.Shutdown(context.TODO()); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("could not shutdown the server: %s", err)
+		}
+	})
+	return serverURL
+}
--- a/integration_test/oidcserver/server.go
+++ b/integration_test/oidcserver/server.go
@@ -1,216 +0,0 @@
-// Package oidcserver provides a stub of OpenID Connect provider.
-package oidcserver
-
-import (
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/keypair"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/handler"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/http"
-	testingJWT "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/jwt"
-)
-
-type Server interface {
-	IssuerURL() string
-	SetConfig(Config)
-	LastTokenResponse() *handler.TokenResponse
-}
-
-// Want represents a set of expected values.
-type Want struct {
-	Scope               string
-	RedirectURIPrefix   string
-	CodeChallengeMethod string            // optional
-	ExtraParams         map[string]string // optional
-	Username            string            // optional
-	Password            string            // optional
-	RefreshToken        string            // optional
-}
-
-// Response represents a set of response values.
-type Response struct {
-	IDTokenExpiry                 time.Time
-	RefreshToken                  string
-	RefreshError                  string   // if set, Refresh() will return the error
-	CodeChallengeMethodsSupported []string // optional
-}
-
-// Config represents a configuration of the OpenID Connect provider.
-type Config struct {
-	Want     Want
-	Response Response
-}
-
-// New starts a HTTP server for the OpenID Connect provider.
-func New(t *testing.T, k keypair.KeyPair, c Config) Server {
-	sv := server{Config: c, t: t}
-	sv.issuerURL = http.Start(t, handler.New(t, &sv), k)
-	return &sv
-}
-
-type server struct {
-	Config
-	t                         *testing.T
-	issuerURL                 string
-	lastAuthenticationRequest *handler.AuthenticationRequest
-	lastTokenResponse         *handler.TokenResponse
-}
-
-func (sv *server) IssuerURL() string {
-	return sv.issuerURL
-}
-
-func (sv *server) SetConfig(cfg Config) {
-	sv.Config = cfg
-}
-
-func (sv *server) LastTokenResponse() *handler.TokenResponse {
-	return sv.lastTokenResponse
-}
-
-func (sv *server) Discovery() *handler.DiscoveryResponse {
-	// based on https://accounts.google.com/.well-known/openid-configuration
-	return &handler.DiscoveryResponse{
-		Issuer:                            sv.issuerURL,
-		AuthorizationEndpoint:             sv.issuerURL + "/auth",
-		TokenEndpoint:                     sv.issuerURL + "/token",
-		JwksURI:                           sv.issuerURL + "/certs",
-		UserinfoEndpoint:                  sv.issuerURL + "/userinfo",
-		RevocationEndpoint:                sv.issuerURL + "/revoke",
-		ResponseTypesSupported:            []string{"code id_token"},
-		SubjectTypesSupported:             []string{"public"},
-		IDTokenSigningAlgValuesSupported:  []string{"RS256"},
-		ScopesSupported:                   []string{"openid", "email", "profile"},
-		TokenEndpointAuthMethodsSupported: []string{"client_secret_post", "client_secret_basic"},
-		CodeChallengeMethodsSupported:     sv.Config.Response.CodeChallengeMethodsSupported,
-		ClaimsSupported:                   []string{"aud", "email", "exp", "iat", "iss", "name", "sub"},
-	}
-}
-
-func (sv *server) GetCertificates() *handler.CertificatesResponse {
-	idTokenKeyPair := testingJWT.PrivateKey
-	return &handler.CertificatesResponse{
-		Keys: []*handler.CertificatesResponseKey{
-			{
-				Kty: "RSA",
-				Alg: "RS256",
-				Use: "sig",
-				Kid: "dummy",
-				E:   base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(big.NewInt(int64(idTokenKeyPair.E)).Bytes()),
-				N:   base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(idTokenKeyPair.N.Bytes()),
-			},
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (sv *server) AuthenticateCode(req handler.AuthenticationRequest) (code string, err error) {
-	if req.Scope != sv.Want.Scope {
-		sv.t.Errorf("scope wants `%s` but was `%s`", sv.Want.Scope, req.Scope)
-	}
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(req.RedirectURI, sv.Want.RedirectURIPrefix) {
-		sv.t.Errorf("redirectURI wants prefix `%s` but was `%s`", sv.Want.RedirectURIPrefix, req.RedirectURI)
-	}
-	if req.CodeChallengeMethod != sv.Want.CodeChallengeMethod {
-		sv.t.Errorf("code_challenge_method wants `%s` but was `%s`", sv.Want.CodeChallengeMethod, req.CodeChallengeMethod)
-	}
-	for k, v := range sv.Want.ExtraParams {
-		got := req.RawQuery.Get(k)
-		if got != v {
-			sv.t.Errorf("parameter %s wants `%s` but was `%s`", k, v, got)
-		}
-	}
-	sv.lastAuthenticationRequest = &req
-	return "YOUR_AUTH_CODE", nil
-}
-
-func (sv *server) Exchange(req handler.TokenRequest) (*handler.TokenResponse, error) {
-	if req.Code != "YOUR_AUTH_CODE" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("code wants %s but was %s", "YOUR_AUTH_CODE", req.Code)
-	}
-	if sv.lastAuthenticationRequest.CodeChallengeMethod == "S256" {
-		// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636#section-4.6
-		challenge := computeS256Challenge(req.CodeVerifier)
-		if challenge != sv.lastAuthenticationRequest.CodeChallenge {
-			sv.t.Errorf("pkce S256 challenge did not match (want %s but was %s)", sv.lastAuthenticationRequest.CodeChallenge, challenge)
-		}
-	}
-	resp := &handler.TokenResponse{
-		TokenType:    "Bearer",
-		ExpiresIn:    3600,
-		AccessToken:  "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN",
-		RefreshToken: sv.Response.RefreshToken,
-		IDToken: testingJWT.EncodeF(sv.t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
-			claims.Issuer = sv.issuerURL
-			claims.Subject = "SUBJECT"
-			claims.IssuedAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(sv.Response.IDTokenExpiry.Add(-time.Hour))
-			claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(sv.Response.IDTokenExpiry)
-			claims.Audience = []string{"kubernetes"}
-			claims.Nonce = sv.lastAuthenticationRequest.Nonce
-		}),
-	}
-	sv.lastTokenResponse = resp
-	return resp, nil
-}
-
-func computeS256Challenge(verifier string) string {
-	c := sha256.Sum256([]byte(verifier))
-	return base64.URLEncoding.WithPadding(base64.NoPadding).EncodeToString(c[:])
-}
-
-func (sv *server) AuthenticatePassword(username, password, scope string) (*handler.TokenResponse, error) {
-	if scope != sv.Want.Scope {
-		sv.t.Errorf("scope wants `%s` but was `%s`", sv.Want.Scope, scope)
-	}
-	if username != sv.Want.Username {
-		sv.t.Errorf("username wants `%s` but was `%s`", sv.Want.Username, username)
-	}
-	if password != sv.Want.Password {
-		sv.t.Errorf("password wants `%s` but was `%s`", sv.Want.Password, password)
-	}
-	resp := &handler.TokenResponse{
-		TokenType:    "Bearer",
-		ExpiresIn:    3600,
-		AccessToken:  "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN",
-		RefreshToken: sv.Response.RefreshToken,
-		IDToken: testingJWT.EncodeF(sv.t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
-			claims.Issuer = sv.issuerURL
-			claims.Subject = "SUBJECT"
-			claims.IssuedAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(sv.Response.IDTokenExpiry.Add(-time.Hour))
-			claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(sv.Response.IDTokenExpiry)
-			claims.Audience = []string{"kubernetes"}
-		}),
-	}
-	sv.lastTokenResponse = resp
-	return resp, nil
-}
-
-func (sv *server) Refresh(refreshToken string) (*handler.TokenResponse, error) {
-	if refreshToken != sv.Want.RefreshToken {
-		sv.t.Errorf("refreshToken wants %s but was %s", sv.Want.RefreshToken, refreshToken)
-	}
-	if sv.Response.RefreshError != "" {
-		return nil, &handler.ErrorResponse{Code: "invalid_request", Description: sv.Response.RefreshError}
-	}
-	resp := &handler.TokenResponse{
-		TokenType:    "Bearer",
-		ExpiresIn:    3600,
-		AccessToken:  "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN",
-		RefreshToken: sv.Response.RefreshToken,
-		IDToken: testingJWT.EncodeF(sv.t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
-			claims.Issuer = sv.issuerURL
-			claims.Subject = "SUBJECT"
-			claims.IssuedAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(sv.Response.IDTokenExpiry.Add(-time.Hour))
-			claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(sv.Response.IDTokenExpiry)
-			claims.Audience = []string{"kubernetes"}
-		}),
-	}
-	sv.lastTokenResponse = resp
-	return resp, nil
-}
--- a/integration_test/oidcserver/service/service.go
+++ b/integration_test/oidcserver/service/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/testconfig"
+	testingJWT "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/jwt"
+)
+
+func New(t *testing.T, issuerURL string, config testconfig.Config) Service {
+	return &service{
+		config:    config,
+		t:         t,
+		issuerURL: issuerURL,
+	}
+}
+
+type service struct {
+	config                    testconfig.Config
+	t                         *testing.T
+	issuerURL                 string
+	lastAuthenticationRequest *AuthenticationRequest
+	lastTokenResponse         *TokenResponse
+}
+
+func (svc *service) IssuerURL() string {
+	return svc.issuerURL
+}
+
+func (svc *service) SetConfig(cfg testconfig.Config) {
+	svc.config = cfg
+}
+
+func (svc *service) LastTokenResponse() *TokenResponse {
+	return svc.lastTokenResponse
+}
+
+func (svc *service) Discovery() *DiscoveryResponse {
+	// based on https://accounts.google.com/.well-known/openid-configuration
+	return &DiscoveryResponse{
+		Issuer:                            svc.issuerURL,
+		AuthorizationEndpoint:             svc.issuerURL + "/auth",
+		TokenEndpoint:                     svc.issuerURL + "/token",
+		JwksURI:                           svc.issuerURL + "/certs",
+		UserinfoEndpoint:                  svc.issuerURL + "/userinfo",
+		RevocationEndpoint:                svc.issuerURL + "/revoke",
+		ResponseTypesSupported:            []string{"code id_token"},
+		SubjectTypesSupported:             []string{"public"},
+		IDTokenSigningAlgValuesSupported:  []string{"RS256"},
+		ScopesSupported:                   []string{"openid", "email", "profile"},
+		TokenEndpointAuthMethodsSupported: []string{"client_secret_post", "client_secret_basic"},
+		CodeChallengeMethodsSupported:     svc.config.Response.CodeChallengeMethodsSupported,
+		ClaimsSupported:                   []string{"aud", "email", "exp", "iat", "iss", "name", "sub"},
+	}
+}
+
+func (svc *service) GetCertificates() *CertificatesResponse {
+	idTokenKeyPair := testingJWT.PrivateKey
+	return &CertificatesResponse{
+		Keys: []*CertificatesResponseKey{
+			{
+				Kty: "RSA",
+				Alg: "RS256",
+				Use: "sig",
+				Kid: "dummy",
+				E:   base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(big.NewInt(int64(idTokenKeyPair.E)).Bytes()),
+				N:   base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(idTokenKeyPair.N.Bytes()),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (svc *service) AuthenticateCode(req AuthenticationRequest) (code string, err error) {
+	if req.Scope != svc.config.Want.Scope {
+		svc.t.Errorf("scope wants `%s` but was `%s`", svc.config.Want.Scope, req.Scope)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(req.RedirectURI, svc.config.Want.RedirectURIPrefix) {
+		svc.t.Errorf("redirectURI wants prefix `%s` but was `%s`", svc.config.Want.RedirectURIPrefix, req.RedirectURI)
+	}
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(svc.config.Want.CodeChallengeMethod, req.CodeChallengeMethod); diff != "" {
+		svc.t.Errorf("code_challenge_method mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+	}
+	for k, v := range svc.config.Want.ExtraParams {
+		got := req.RawQuery.Get(k)
+		if got != v {
+			svc.t.Errorf("parameter %s wants `%s` but was `%s`", k, v, got)
+		}
+	}
+	svc.lastAuthenticationRequest = &req
+	return "YOUR_AUTH_CODE", nil
+}
+
+func (svc *service) Exchange(req TokenRequest) (*TokenResponse, error) {
+	if req.Code != "YOUR_AUTH_CODE" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("code wants %s but was %s", "YOUR_AUTH_CODE", req.Code)
+	}
+	if svc.lastAuthenticationRequest.CodeChallengeMethod == "S256" {
+		// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636#section-4.6
+		challenge := computeS256Challenge(req.CodeVerifier)
+		if challenge != svc.lastAuthenticationRequest.CodeChallenge {
+			svc.t.Errorf("pkce S256 challenge did not match (want %s but was %s)", svc.lastAuthenticationRequest.CodeChallenge, challenge)
+		}
+	}
+	resp := &TokenResponse{
+		TokenType:    "Bearer",
+		ExpiresIn:    3600,
+		AccessToken:  "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN",
+		RefreshToken: svc.config.Response.RefreshToken,
+		IDToken: testingJWT.EncodeF(svc.t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
+			claims.Issuer = svc.issuerURL
+			claims.Subject = "SUBJECT"
+			claims.IssuedAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(svc.config.Response.IDTokenExpiry.Add(-time.Hour))
+			claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(svc.config.Response.IDTokenExpiry)
+			claims.Audience = []string{"kubernetes"}
+			claims.Nonce = svc.lastAuthenticationRequest.Nonce
+		}),
+	}
+	svc.lastTokenResponse = resp
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+func computeS256Challenge(verifier string) string {
+	c := sha256.Sum256([]byte(verifier))
+	return base64.URLEncoding.WithPadding(base64.NoPadding).EncodeToString(c[:])
+}
+
+func (svc *service) AuthenticatePassword(username, password, scope string) (*TokenResponse, error) {
+	if scope != svc.config.Want.Scope {
+		svc.t.Errorf("scope wants `%s` but was `%s`", svc.config.Want.Scope, scope)
+	}
+	if username != svc.config.Want.Username {
+		svc.t.Errorf("username wants `%s` but was `%s`", svc.config.Want.Username, username)
+	}
+	if password != svc.config.Want.Password {
+		svc.t.Errorf("password wants `%s` but was `%s`", svc.config.Want.Password, password)
+	}
+	resp := &TokenResponse{
+		TokenType:    "Bearer",
+		ExpiresIn:    3600,
+		AccessToken:  "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN",
+		RefreshToken: svc.config.Response.RefreshToken,
+		IDToken: testingJWT.EncodeF(svc.t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
+			claims.Issuer = svc.issuerURL
+			claims.Subject = "SUBJECT"
+			claims.IssuedAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(svc.config.Response.IDTokenExpiry.Add(-time.Hour))
+			claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(svc.config.Response.IDTokenExpiry)
+			claims.Audience = []string{"kubernetes"}
+		}),
+	}
+	svc.lastTokenResponse = resp
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+func (svc *service) Refresh(refreshToken string) (*TokenResponse, error) {
+	if refreshToken != svc.config.Want.RefreshToken {
+		svc.t.Errorf("refreshToken wants %s but was %s", svc.config.Want.RefreshToken, refreshToken)
+	}
+	if svc.config.Response.RefreshError != "" {
+		return nil, &ErrorResponse{Code: "invalid_request", Description: svc.config.Response.RefreshError}
+	}
+	resp := &TokenResponse{
+		TokenType:    "Bearer",
+		ExpiresIn:    3600,
+		AccessToken:  "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN",
+		RefreshToken: svc.config.Response.RefreshToken,
+		IDToken: testingJWT.EncodeF(svc.t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
+			claims.Issuer = svc.issuerURL
+			claims.Subject = "SUBJECT"
+			claims.IssuedAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(svc.config.Response.IDTokenExpiry.Add(-time.Hour))
+			claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(svc.config.Response.IDTokenExpiry)
+			claims.Audience = []string{"kubernetes"}
+		}),
+	}
+	svc.lastTokenResponse = resp
+	return resp, nil
+}
--- a/integration_test/oidcserver/service/types.go
+++ b/integration_test/oidcserver/service/types.go
@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
-package handler
+package service

 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
+
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/testconfig"
 )

-// Provider provides discovery and authentication methods.
+// Service represents the test service of OpenID Connect Provider.
+// It provides the feature of Provider and additional methods for testing.
+type Service interface {
+	Provider
+
+	IssuerURL() string
+	SetConfig(config testconfig.Config)
+	LastTokenResponse() *TokenResponse
+}
+
+// Provider represents an OpenID Connect Provider.
+//
 // If an implemented method returns an ErrorResponse,
 // the handler will respond 400 and corresponding json of the ErrorResponse.
 // Otherwise, the handler will respond 500 and fail the current test.
@@ -18,6 +31,8 @@ type Provider interface {
 	Refresh(refreshToken string) (*TokenResponse, error)
 }

+// DiscoveryResponse represents the type of:
+// https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-discovery-1_0.html#ProviderConfigurationResponse
 type DiscoveryResponse struct {
 	Issuer                            string   `json:"issuer"`
 	AuthorizationEndpoint             string   `json:"authorization_endpoint"`
@@ -34,10 +49,14 @@ type DiscoveryResponse struct {
 	CodeChallengeMethodsSupported     []string `json:"code_challenge_methods_supported"`
 }

+// CertificatesResponse represents the type of:
+// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7517#section-5
 type CertificatesResponse struct {
 	Keys []*CertificatesResponseKey `json:"keys"`
 }

+// CertificatesResponseKey represents the type of:
+// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7517#section-4
 type CertificatesResponseKey struct {
 	Kty string `json:"kty"`
 	Alg string `json:"alg"`
@@ -47,7 +66,7 @@ type CertificatesResponseKey struct {
 	E   string `json:"e"`
 }

-// AuthenticationRequest represents a type of:
+// AuthenticationRequest represents the type of:
 // https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#AuthRequest
 type AuthenticationRequest struct {
 	RedirectURI         string
@@ -59,13 +78,15 @@ type AuthenticationRequest struct {
 	RawQuery            url.Values
 }

-// TokenRequest represents a type of:
+// TokenRequest represents the type of:
 // https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#TokenRequest
 type TokenRequest struct {
 	Code         string
 	CodeVerifier string
 }

+// TokenResponse represents the type of:
+// https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#TokenResponse
 type TokenResponse struct {
 	AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
 	TokenType    string `json:"token_type"`
@@ -74,7 +95,7 @@ type TokenResponse struct {
 	IDToken      string `json:"id_token"`
 }

-// ErrorResponse represents an error response described in the following section:
+// ErrorResponse represents the error response described in the following section:
 // 5.2 Error Response
 // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-5.2
 type ErrorResponse struct {
--- a/integration_test/oidcserver/testconfig/types.go
+++ b/integration_test/oidcserver/testconfig/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package testconfig
+
+import "time"
+
+// Want represents a set of expected values.
+type Want struct {
+	Scope               string
+	RedirectURIPrefix   string
+	CodeChallengeMethod string
+	ExtraParams         map[string]string // optional
+	Username            string            // optional
+	Password            string            // optional
+	RefreshToken        string            // optional
+}
+
+// Response represents a set of response values.
+type Response struct {
+	IDTokenExpiry                 time.Time
+	RefreshToken                  string
+	RefreshError                  string // if set, Refresh() will return the error
+	CodeChallengeMethodsSupported []string
+}
+
+// Config represents a configuration of the OpenID Connect provider.
+type Config struct {
+	Want     Want
+	Response Response
+}
--- a/integration_test/standalone_test.go
+++ b/integration_test/standalone_test.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/keypair"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/kubeconfig"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/testconfig"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/di"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/browser"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/clock"
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 			keyPair: keypair.Server,
 		},
 	} {
-		httpDriverOption := httpdriver.Option{
+		httpDriverOption := httpdriver.Config{
 			TLSConfig:    tc.keyPair.TLSConfig,
 			BodyContains: "Authenticated",
 		}
@@ -45,12 +46,12 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Parallel()
 				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 				defer cancel()
-				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, oidcserver.Config{
-					Want: oidcserver.Want{
+				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, testconfig.Config{
+					Want: testconfig.Want{
 						Scope:             "openid",
 						RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 					},
-					Response: oidcserver.Response{
+					Response: testconfig.Response{
 						IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
 					},
 				})
@@ -74,14 +75,14 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Parallel()
 				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 				defer cancel()
-				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, oidcserver.Config{
-					Want: oidcserver.Want{
+				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, testconfig.Config{
+					Want: testconfig.Want{
 						Scope:             "openid",
 						RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 						Username:          "USER1",
 						Password:          "PASS1",
 					},
-					Response: oidcserver.Response{
+					Response: testconfig.Response{
 						IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
 					},
 				})
@@ -109,19 +110,19 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Parallel()
 				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 				defer cancel()
-				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, oidcserver.Config{})
+				sv := oidcserver.New(t, tc.keyPair, testconfig.Config{})
 				kubeConfigFilename := kubeconfig.Create(t, &kubeconfig.Values{
 					Issuer:                  sv.IssuerURL(),
 					IDPCertificateAuthority: tc.keyPair.CACertPath,
 				})

 				t.Run("NoToken", func(t *testing.T) {
-					sv.SetConfig(oidcserver.Config{
-						Want: oidcserver.Want{
+					sv.SetConfig(testconfig.Config{
+						Want: testconfig.Want{
 							Scope:             "openid",
 							RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 						},
-						Response: oidcserver.Response{
+						Response: testconfig.Response{
 							IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
 							RefreshToken:  "REFRESH_TOKEN_1",
 						},
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 					})
 				})
 				t.Run("Valid", func(t *testing.T) {
-					sv.SetConfig(oidcserver.Config{})
+					sv.SetConfig(testconfig.Config{})
 					runStandalone(t, ctx, standaloneConfig{
 						issuerURL:          sv.IssuerURL(),
 						kubeConfigFilename: kubeConfigFilename,
@@ -151,13 +152,13 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 					})
 				})
 				t.Run("Refresh", func(t *testing.T) {
-					sv.SetConfig(oidcserver.Config{
-						Want: oidcserver.Want{
+					sv.SetConfig(testconfig.Config{
+						Want: testconfig.Want{
 							Scope:             "openid",
 							RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 							RefreshToken:      "REFRESH_TOKEN_1",
 						},
-						Response: oidcserver.Response{
+						Response: testconfig.Response{
 							IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(3 * time.Hour),
 							RefreshToken:  "REFRESH_TOKEN_2",
 						},
@@ -174,13 +175,13 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 					})
 				})
 				t.Run("RefreshAgain", func(t *testing.T) {
-					sv.SetConfig(oidcserver.Config{
-						Want: oidcserver.Want{
+					sv.SetConfig(testconfig.Config{
+						Want: testconfig.Want{
 							Scope:             "openid",
 							RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 							RefreshToken:      "REFRESH_TOKEN_2",
 						},
-						Response: oidcserver.Response{
+						Response: testconfig.Response{
 							IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(5 * time.Hour),
 						},
 					})
@@ -203,12 +204,12 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.Server, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
+		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.Server, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
 				Scope:             "openid",
 				RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
 				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
 			},
 		})
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 		runStandalone(t, ctx, standaloneConfig{
 			issuerURL:          sv.IssuerURL(),
 			kubeConfigFilename: kubeConfigFilename,
-			httpDriver:         httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{TLSConfig: keypair.Server.TLSConfig}),
+			httpDriver:         httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{TLSConfig: keypair.Server.TLSConfig}),
 			now:                now,
 		})
 		kubeconfig.Verify(t, kubeConfigFilename, kubeconfig.AuthProviderConfig{
@@ -231,12 +232,12 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("env_KUBECONFIG", func(t *testing.T) {
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
+		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
 				Scope:             "openid",
 				RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
 				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
 			},
 		})
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("KUBECONFIG", kubeConfigFilename+string(os.PathListSeparator)+"kubeconfig/testdata/dummy.yaml")
 		runStandalone(t, ctx, standaloneConfig{
 			issuerURL:  sv.IssuerURL(),
-			httpDriver: httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{}),
+			httpDriver: httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{}),
 			now:        now,
 		})
 		kubeconfig.Verify(t, kubeConfigFilename, kubeconfig.AuthProviderConfig{
@@ -259,12 +260,12 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.TODO(), timeout)
 		defer cancel()
-		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, oidcserver.Config{
-			Want: oidcserver.Want{
+		sv := oidcserver.New(t, keypair.None, testconfig.Config{
+			Want: testconfig.Want{
 				Scope:             "profile groups openid",
 				RedirectURIPrefix: "http://localhost:",
 			},
-			Response: oidcserver.Response{
+			Response: testconfig.Response{
 				IDTokenExpiry: now.Add(time.Hour),
 			},
 		})
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ func TestStandalone(t *testing.T) {
 		runStandalone(t, ctx, standaloneConfig{
 			issuerURL:          sv.IssuerURL(),
 			kubeConfigFilename: kubeConfigFilename,
-			httpDriver:         httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Option{}),
+			httpDriver:         httpdriver.New(ctx, t, httpdriver.Config{}),
 			now:                now,
 		})
 		kubeconfig.Verify(t, kubeConfigFilename, kubeconfig.AuthProviderConfig{
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/service_mock/mock_Provider.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/service_mock/mock_Provider.go
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

-package handler_mock
+package service_mock

 import (
-	handler "github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/handler"
+	service "github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/service"
 	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
 )

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func (_m *MockProvider) EXPECT() *MockProvider_Expecter {
 }

 // AuthenticateCode provides a mock function with given fields: req
-func (_m *MockProvider) AuthenticateCode(req handler.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error) {
+func (_m *MockProvider) AuthenticateCode(req service.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error) {
 	ret := _m.Called(req)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
@@ -30,16 +30,16 @@ func (_m *MockProvider) AuthenticateCode(req handler.AuthenticationRequest) (str

 	var r0 string
 	var r1 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(handler.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error)); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(service.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error)); ok {
 		return rf(req)
 	}
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(handler.AuthenticationRequest) string); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(service.AuthenticationRequest) string); ok {
 		r0 = rf(req)
 	} else {
 		r0 = ret.Get(0).(string)
 	}

-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(handler.AuthenticationRequest) error); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(service.AuthenticationRequest) error); ok {
 		r1 = rf(req)
 	} else {
 		r1 = ret.Error(1)
@@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ type MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call struct {
 }

 // AuthenticateCode is a helper method to define mock.On call
-//   - req handler.AuthenticationRequest
+//   - req service.AuthenticationRequest
 func (_e *MockProvider_Expecter) AuthenticateCode(req interface{}) *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call {
 	return &MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("AuthenticateCode", req)}
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call) Run(run func(req handler.AuthenticationRequest)) *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call) Run(run func(req service.AuthenticationRequest)) *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call {
 	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(handler.AuthenticationRequest))
+		run(args[0].(service.AuthenticationRequest))
 	})
 	return _c
 }
@@ -71,29 +71,29 @@ func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call) Return(code string, err error) *Mo
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(handler.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error)) *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(service.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error)) *MockProvider_AuthenticateCode_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }

 // AuthenticatePassword provides a mock function with given fields: username, password, scope
-func (_m *MockProvider) AuthenticatePassword(username string, password string, scope string) (*handler.TokenResponse, error) {
+func (_m *MockProvider) AuthenticatePassword(username string, password string, scope string) (*service.TokenResponse, error) {
 	ret := _m.Called(username, password, scope)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for AuthenticatePassword")
 	}

-	var r0 *handler.TokenResponse
+	var r0 *service.TokenResponse
 	var r1 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, string, string) (*handler.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, string, string) (*service.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
 		return rf(username, password, scope)
 	}
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, string, string) *handler.TokenResponse); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, string, string) *service.TokenResponse); ok {
 		r0 = rf(username, password, scope)
 	} else {
 		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
-			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*handler.TokenResponse)
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.TokenResponse)
 		}
 	}

@@ -126,30 +126,30 @@ func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call) Run(run func(username string,
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call) Return(_a0 *handler.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call) Return(_a0 *service.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, string, string) (*handler.TokenResponse, error)) *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, string, string) (*service.TokenResponse, error)) *MockProvider_AuthenticatePassword_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }

-// Discovery provides a mock function with given fields:
-func (_m *MockProvider) Discovery() *handler.DiscoveryResponse {
+// Discovery provides a mock function with no fields
+func (_m *MockProvider) Discovery() *service.DiscoveryResponse {
 	ret := _m.Called()

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for Discovery")
 	}

-	var r0 *handler.DiscoveryResponse
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() *handler.DiscoveryResponse); ok {
+	var r0 *service.DiscoveryResponse
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() *service.DiscoveryResponse); ok {
 		r0 = rf()
 	} else {
 		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
-			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*handler.DiscoveryResponse)
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.DiscoveryResponse)
 		}
 	}

@@ -173,38 +173,38 @@ func (_c *MockProvider_Discovery_Call) Run(run func()) *MockProvider_Discovery_C
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_Discovery_Call) Return(_a0 *handler.DiscoveryResponse) *MockProvider_Discovery_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_Discovery_Call) Return(_a0 *service.DiscoveryResponse) *MockProvider_Discovery_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_Discovery_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() *handler.DiscoveryResponse) *MockProvider_Discovery_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_Discovery_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() *service.DiscoveryResponse) *MockProvider_Discovery_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }

 // Exchange provides a mock function with given fields: req
-func (_m *MockProvider) Exchange(req handler.TokenRequest) (*handler.TokenResponse, error) {
+func (_m *MockProvider) Exchange(req service.TokenRequest) (*service.TokenResponse, error) {
 	ret := _m.Called(req)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for Exchange")
 	}

-	var r0 *handler.TokenResponse
+	var r0 *service.TokenResponse
 	var r1 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(handler.TokenRequest) (*handler.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(service.TokenRequest) (*service.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
 		return rf(req)
 	}
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(handler.TokenRequest) *handler.TokenResponse); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(service.TokenRequest) *service.TokenResponse); ok {
 		r0 = rf(req)
 	} else {
 		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
-			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*handler.TokenResponse)
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.TokenResponse)
 		}
 	}

-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(handler.TokenRequest) error); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(service.TokenRequest) error); ok {
 		r1 = rf(req)
 	} else {
 		r1 = ret.Error(1)
@@ -219,42 +219,42 @@ type MockProvider_Exchange_Call struct {
 }

 // Exchange is a helper method to define mock.On call
-//   - req handler.TokenRequest
+//   - req service.TokenRequest
 func (_e *MockProvider_Expecter) Exchange(req interface{}) *MockProvider_Exchange_Call {
 	return &MockProvider_Exchange_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Exchange", req)}
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_Exchange_Call) Run(run func(req handler.TokenRequest)) *MockProvider_Exchange_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_Exchange_Call) Run(run func(req service.TokenRequest)) *MockProvider_Exchange_Call {
 	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(handler.TokenRequest))
+		run(args[0].(service.TokenRequest))
 	})
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_Exchange_Call) Return(_a0 *handler.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockProvider_Exchange_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_Exchange_Call) Return(_a0 *service.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockProvider_Exchange_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_Exchange_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(handler.TokenRequest) (*handler.TokenResponse, error)) *MockProvider_Exchange_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_Exchange_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(service.TokenRequest) (*service.TokenResponse, error)) *MockProvider_Exchange_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }

-// GetCertificates provides a mock function with given fields:
-func (_m *MockProvider) GetCertificates() *handler.CertificatesResponse {
+// GetCertificates provides a mock function with no fields
+func (_m *MockProvider) GetCertificates() *service.CertificatesResponse {
 	ret := _m.Called()

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for GetCertificates")
 	}

-	var r0 *handler.CertificatesResponse
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() *handler.CertificatesResponse); ok {
+	var r0 *service.CertificatesResponse
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() *service.CertificatesResponse); ok {
 		r0 = rf()
 	} else {
 		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
-			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*handler.CertificatesResponse)
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.CertificatesResponse)
 		}
 	}

@@ -278,34 +278,34 @@ func (_c *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call) Run(run func()) *MockProvider_GetCe
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call) Return(_a0 *handler.CertificatesResponse) *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call) Return(_a0 *service.CertificatesResponse) *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() *handler.CertificatesResponse) *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() *service.CertificatesResponse) *MockProvider_GetCertificates_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }

 // Refresh provides a mock function with given fields: refreshToken
-func (_m *MockProvider) Refresh(refreshToken string) (*handler.TokenResponse, error) {
+func (_m *MockProvider) Refresh(refreshToken string) (*service.TokenResponse, error) {
 	ret := _m.Called(refreshToken)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for Refresh")
 	}

-	var r0 *handler.TokenResponse
+	var r0 *service.TokenResponse
 	var r1 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string) (*handler.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string) (*service.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
 		return rf(refreshToken)
 	}
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string) *handler.TokenResponse); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string) *service.TokenResponse); ok {
 		r0 = rf(refreshToken)
 	} else {
 		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
-			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*handler.TokenResponse)
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.TokenResponse)
 		}
 	}

@@ -336,12 +336,12 @@ func (_c *MockProvider_Refresh_Call) Run(run func(refreshToken string)) *MockPro
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_Refresh_Call) Return(_a0 *handler.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockProvider_Refresh_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_Refresh_Call) Return(_a0 *service.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockProvider_Refresh_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockProvider_Refresh_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string) (*handler.TokenResponse, error)) *MockProvider_Refresh_Call {
+func (_c *MockProvider_Refresh_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string) (*service.TokenResponse, error)) *MockProvider_Refresh_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/service_mock/mock_Service.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/service_mock/mock_Service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package service_mock
+
+import (
+	service "github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/service"
+	testconfig "github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/testconfig"
+	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+)
+
+// MockService is an autogenerated mock type for the Service type
+type MockService struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+type MockService_Expecter struct {
+	mock *mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (_m *MockService) EXPECT() *MockService_Expecter {
+	return &MockService_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
+}
+
+// AuthenticateCode provides a mock function with given fields: req
+func (_m *MockService) AuthenticateCode(req service.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(req)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for AuthenticateCode")
+	}
+
+	var r0 string
+	var r1 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(service.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error)); ok {
+		return rf(req)
+	}
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(service.AuthenticationRequest) string); ok {
+		r0 = rf(req)
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Get(0).(string)
+	}
+
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(service.AuthenticationRequest) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(req)
+	} else {
+		r1 = ret.Error(1)
+	}
+
+	return r0, r1
+}
+
+// MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'AuthenticateCode'
+type MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// AuthenticateCode is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - req service.AuthenticationRequest
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) AuthenticateCode(req interface{}) *MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call {
+	return &MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("AuthenticateCode", req)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call) Run(run func(req service.AuthenticationRequest)) *MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].(service.AuthenticationRequest))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call) Return(code string, err error) *MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(code, err)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(service.AuthenticationRequest) (string, error)) *MockService_AuthenticateCode_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// AuthenticatePassword provides a mock function with given fields: username, password, scope
+func (_m *MockService) AuthenticatePassword(username string, password string, scope string) (*service.TokenResponse, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(username, password, scope)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for AuthenticatePassword")
+	}
+
+	var r0 *service.TokenResponse
+	var r1 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, string, string) (*service.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
+		return rf(username, password, scope)
+	}
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, string, string) *service.TokenResponse); ok {
+		r0 = rf(username, password, scope)
+	} else {
+		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.TokenResponse)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(string, string, string) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(username, password, scope)
+	} else {
+		r1 = ret.Error(1)
+	}
+
+	return r0, r1
+}
+
+// MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'AuthenticatePassword'
+type MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// AuthenticatePassword is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - username string
+//   - password string
+//   - scope string
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) AuthenticatePassword(username interface{}, password interface{}, scope interface{}) *MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call {
+	return &MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("AuthenticatePassword", username, password, scope)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call) Run(run func(username string, password string, scope string)) *MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].(string), args[1].(string), args[2].(string))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call) Return(_a0 *service.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, string, string) (*service.TokenResponse, error)) *MockService_AuthenticatePassword_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// Discovery provides a mock function with no fields
+func (_m *MockService) Discovery() *service.DiscoveryResponse {
+	ret := _m.Called()
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Discovery")
+	}
+
+	var r0 *service.DiscoveryResponse
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() *service.DiscoveryResponse); ok {
+		r0 = rf()
+	} else {
+		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.DiscoveryResponse)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockService_Discovery_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Discovery'
+type MockService_Discovery_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Discovery is a helper method to define mock.On call
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) Discovery() *MockService_Discovery_Call {
+	return &MockService_Discovery_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Discovery")}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Discovery_Call) Run(run func()) *MockService_Discovery_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run()
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Discovery_Call) Return(_a0 *service.DiscoveryResponse) *MockService_Discovery_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Discovery_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() *service.DiscoveryResponse) *MockService_Discovery_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// Exchange provides a mock function with given fields: req
+func (_m *MockService) Exchange(req service.TokenRequest) (*service.TokenResponse, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(req)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Exchange")
+	}
+
+	var r0 *service.TokenResponse
+	var r1 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(service.TokenRequest) (*service.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
+		return rf(req)
+	}
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(service.TokenRequest) *service.TokenResponse); ok {
+		r0 = rf(req)
+	} else {
+		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.TokenResponse)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(service.TokenRequest) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(req)
+	} else {
+		r1 = ret.Error(1)
+	}
+
+	return r0, r1
+}
+
+// MockService_Exchange_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Exchange'
+type MockService_Exchange_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Exchange is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - req service.TokenRequest
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) Exchange(req interface{}) *MockService_Exchange_Call {
+	return &MockService_Exchange_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Exchange", req)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Exchange_Call) Run(run func(req service.TokenRequest)) *MockService_Exchange_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].(service.TokenRequest))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Exchange_Call) Return(_a0 *service.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockService_Exchange_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Exchange_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(service.TokenRequest) (*service.TokenResponse, error)) *MockService_Exchange_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// GetCertificates provides a mock function with no fields
+func (_m *MockService) GetCertificates() *service.CertificatesResponse {
+	ret := _m.Called()
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for GetCertificates")
+	}
+
+	var r0 *service.CertificatesResponse
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() *service.CertificatesResponse); ok {
+		r0 = rf()
+	} else {
+		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.CertificatesResponse)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockService_GetCertificates_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'GetCertificates'
+type MockService_GetCertificates_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// GetCertificates is a helper method to define mock.On call
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) GetCertificates() *MockService_GetCertificates_Call {
+	return &MockService_GetCertificates_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("GetCertificates")}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_GetCertificates_Call) Run(run func()) *MockService_GetCertificates_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run()
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_GetCertificates_Call) Return(_a0 *service.CertificatesResponse) *MockService_GetCertificates_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_GetCertificates_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() *service.CertificatesResponse) *MockService_GetCertificates_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// IssuerURL provides a mock function with no fields
+func (_m *MockService) IssuerURL() string {
+	ret := _m.Called()
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for IssuerURL")
+	}
+
+	var r0 string
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() string); ok {
+		r0 = rf()
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Get(0).(string)
+	}
+
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockService_IssuerURL_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'IssuerURL'
+type MockService_IssuerURL_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// IssuerURL is a helper method to define mock.On call
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) IssuerURL() *MockService_IssuerURL_Call {
+	return &MockService_IssuerURL_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("IssuerURL")}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_IssuerURL_Call) Run(run func()) *MockService_IssuerURL_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run()
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_IssuerURL_Call) Return(_a0 string) *MockService_IssuerURL_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_IssuerURL_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() string) *MockService_IssuerURL_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// LastTokenResponse provides a mock function with no fields
+func (_m *MockService) LastTokenResponse() *service.TokenResponse {
+	ret := _m.Called()
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for LastTokenResponse")
+	}
+
+	var r0 *service.TokenResponse
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() *service.TokenResponse); ok {
+		r0 = rf()
+	} else {
+		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.TokenResponse)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'LastTokenResponse'
+type MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// LastTokenResponse is a helper method to define mock.On call
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) LastTokenResponse() *MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call {
+	return &MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("LastTokenResponse")}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call) Run(run func()) *MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run()
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call) Return(_a0 *service.TokenResponse) *MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() *service.TokenResponse) *MockService_LastTokenResponse_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// Refresh provides a mock function with given fields: refreshToken
+func (_m *MockService) Refresh(refreshToken string) (*service.TokenResponse, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(refreshToken)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Refresh")
+	}
+
+	var r0 *service.TokenResponse
+	var r1 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string) (*service.TokenResponse, error)); ok {
+		return rf(refreshToken)
+	}
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string) *service.TokenResponse); ok {
+		r0 = rf(refreshToken)
+	} else {
+		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
+			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*service.TokenResponse)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(string) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(refreshToken)
+	} else {
+		r1 = ret.Error(1)
+	}
+
+	return r0, r1
+}
+
+// MockService_Refresh_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Refresh'
+type MockService_Refresh_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Refresh is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - refreshToken string
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) Refresh(refreshToken interface{}) *MockService_Refresh_Call {
+	return &MockService_Refresh_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Refresh", refreshToken)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Refresh_Call) Run(run func(refreshToken string)) *MockService_Refresh_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].(string))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Refresh_Call) Return(_a0 *service.TokenResponse, _a1 error) *MockService_Refresh_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_Refresh_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string) (*service.TokenResponse, error)) *MockService_Refresh_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// SetConfig provides a mock function with given fields: config
+func (_m *MockService) SetConfig(config testconfig.Config) {
+	_m.Called(config)
+}
+
+// MockService_SetConfig_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'SetConfig'
+type MockService_SetConfig_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// SetConfig is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - config testconfig.Config
+func (_e *MockService_Expecter) SetConfig(config interface{}) *MockService_SetConfig_Call {
+	return &MockService_SetConfig_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("SetConfig", config)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_SetConfig_Call) Run(run func(config testconfig.Config)) *MockService_SetConfig_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].(testconfig.Config))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_SetConfig_Call) Return() *MockService_SetConfig_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return()
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockService_SetConfig_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(testconfig.Config)) *MockService_SetConfig_Call {
+	_c.Run(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// NewMockService creates a new instance of MockService. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
+// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
+func NewMockService(t interface {
+	mock.TestingT
+	Cleanup(func())
+}) *MockService {
+	mock := &MockService{}
+	mock.Mock.Test(t)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
+
+	return mock
+}
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver_mock/mock_Server.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver_mock/mock_Server.go
@@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
-
-package oidcserver_mock
-
-import (
-	handler "github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver/handler"
-	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
-
-	oidcserver "github.com/int128/kubelogin/integration_test/oidcserver"
-)
-
-// MockServer is an autogenerated mock type for the Server type
-type MockServer struct {
-	mock.Mock
-}
-
-type MockServer_Expecter struct {
-	mock *mock.Mock
-}
-
-func (_m *MockServer) EXPECT() *MockServer_Expecter {
-	return &MockServer_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
-}
-
-// IssuerURL provides a mock function with given fields:
-func (_m *MockServer) IssuerURL() string {
-	ret := _m.Called()
-
-	if len(ret) == 0 {
-		panic("no return value specified for IssuerURL")
-	}
-
-	var r0 string
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() string); ok {
-		r0 = rf()
-	} else {
-		r0 = ret.Get(0).(string)
-	}
-
-	return r0
-}
-
-// MockServer_IssuerURL_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'IssuerURL'
-type MockServer_IssuerURL_Call struct {
-	*mock.Call
-}
-
-// IssuerURL is a helper method to define mock.On call
-func (_e *MockServer_Expecter) IssuerURL() *MockServer_IssuerURL_Call {
-	return &MockServer_IssuerURL_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("IssuerURL")}
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_IssuerURL_Call) Run(run func()) *MockServer_IssuerURL_Call {
-	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run()
-	})
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_IssuerURL_Call) Return(_a0 string) *MockServer_IssuerURL_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_IssuerURL_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() string) *MockServer_IssuerURL_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
-	return _c
-}
-
-// LastTokenResponse provides a mock function with given fields:
-func (_m *MockServer) LastTokenResponse() *handler.TokenResponse {
-	ret := _m.Called()
-
-	if len(ret) == 0 {
-		panic("no return value specified for LastTokenResponse")
-	}
-
-	var r0 *handler.TokenResponse
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() *handler.TokenResponse); ok {
-		r0 = rf()
-	} else {
-		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
-			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*handler.TokenResponse)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return r0
-}
-
-// MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'LastTokenResponse'
-type MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call struct {
-	*mock.Call
-}
-
-// LastTokenResponse is a helper method to define mock.On call
-func (_e *MockServer_Expecter) LastTokenResponse() *MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call {
-	return &MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("LastTokenResponse")}
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call) Run(run func()) *MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call {
-	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run()
-	})
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call) Return(_a0 *handler.TokenResponse) *MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() *handler.TokenResponse) *MockServer_LastTokenResponse_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
-	return _c
-}
-
-// SetConfig provides a mock function with given fields: _a0
-func (_m *MockServer) SetConfig(_a0 oidcserver.Config) {
-	_m.Called(_a0)
-}
-
-// MockServer_SetConfig_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'SetConfig'
-type MockServer_SetConfig_Call struct {
-	*mock.Call
-}
-
-// SetConfig is a helper method to define mock.On call
-//   - _a0 oidcserver.Config
-func (_e *MockServer_Expecter) SetConfig(_a0 interface{}) *MockServer_SetConfig_Call {
-	return &MockServer_SetConfig_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("SetConfig", _a0)}
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_SetConfig_Call) Run(run func(_a0 oidcserver.Config)) *MockServer_SetConfig_Call {
-	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(oidcserver.Config))
-	})
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_SetConfig_Call) Return() *MockServer_SetConfig_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return()
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockServer_SetConfig_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(oidcserver.Config)) *MockServer_SetConfig_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
-	return _c
-}
-
-// NewMockServer creates a new instance of MockServer. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
-// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
-func NewMockServer(t interface {
-	mock.TestingT
-	Cleanup(func())
-}) *MockServer {
-	mock := &MockServer{}
-	mock.Mock.Test(t)
-
-	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
-
-	return mock
-}
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/cmd_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/cmd_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package cmd_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/reader_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/reader_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package reader_mock
+
+import (
+	credentialplugin "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin"
+	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+)
+
+// MockInterface is an autogenerated mock type for the Interface type
+type MockInterface struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+type MockInterface_Expecter struct {
+	mock *mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (_m *MockInterface) EXPECT() *MockInterface_Expecter {
+	return &MockInterface_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
+}
+
+// Read provides a mock function with no fields
+func (_m *MockInterface) Read() (credentialplugin.Input, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called()
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Read")
+	}
+
+	var r0 credentialplugin.Input
+	var r1 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() (credentialplugin.Input, error)); ok {
+		return rf()
+	}
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() credentialplugin.Input); ok {
+		r0 = rf()
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Get(0).(credentialplugin.Input)
+	}
+
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func() error); ok {
+		r1 = rf()
+	} else {
+		r1 = ret.Error(1)
+	}
+
+	return r0, r1
+}
+
+// MockInterface_Read_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Read'
+type MockInterface_Read_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Read is a helper method to define mock.On call
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Read() *MockInterface_Read_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_Read_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Read")}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Read_Call) Run(run func()) *MockInterface_Read_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run()
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Read_Call) Return(_a0 credentialplugin.Input, _a1 error) *MockInterface_Read_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0, _a1)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Read_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() (credentialplugin.Input, error)) *MockInterface_Read_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// NewMockInterface creates a new instance of MockInterface. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
+// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
+func NewMockInterface(t interface {
+	mock.TestingT
+	Cleanup(func())
+}) *MockInterface {
+	mock := &MockInterface{}
+	mock.Mock.Test(t)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
+
+	return mock
+}
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package writer_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/browser_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/browser_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package browser_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package clock_mock

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func (_m *MockInterface) EXPECT() *MockInterface_Expecter {
 	return &MockInterface_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
 }

-// Now provides a mock function with given fields:
+// Now provides a mock function with no fields
 func (_m *MockInterface) Now() time.Time {
 	ret := _m.Called()

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package logger_mock

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func (_c *MockInterface_AddFlags_Call) Return() *MockInterface_AddFlags_Call {
 }

 func (_c *MockInterface_AddFlags_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(*pflag.FlagSet)) *MockInterface_AddFlags_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	_c.Run(run)
 	return _c
 }

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func (_c *MockInterface_Printf_Call) Return() *MockInterface_Printf_Call {
 }

 func (_c *MockInterface_Printf_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, ...interface{})) *MockInterface_Printf_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	_c.Run(run)
 	return _c
 }

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger_mock/mock_Verbose.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger_mock/mock_Verbose.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package logger_mock

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (_c *MockVerbose_Infof_Call) Return() *MockVerbose_Infof_Call {
 }

 func (_c *MockVerbose_Infof_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, ...interface{})) *MockVerbose_Infof_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	_c.Run(run)
 	return _c
 }

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger_mock/mock_goLogger.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger_mock/mock_goLogger.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package logger_mock

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (_c *MockgoLogger_Printf_Call) Return() *MockgoLogger_Printf_Call {
 }

 func (_c *MockgoLogger_Printf_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, ...interface{})) *MockgoLogger_Printf_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	_c.Run(run)
 	return _c
 }

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/reader_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/reader_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package reader_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/stdio_mock/mock_Stdin.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/stdio_mock/mock_Stdin.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package stdio_mock
+
+import mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+
+// MockStdin is an autogenerated mock type for the Stdin type
+type MockStdin struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+type MockStdin_Expecter struct {
+	mock *mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (_m *MockStdin) EXPECT() *MockStdin_Expecter {
+	return &MockStdin_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
+}
+
+// Read provides a mock function with given fields: p
+func (_m *MockStdin) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(p)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Read")
+	}
+
+	var r0 int
+	var r1 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func([]byte) (int, error)); ok {
+		return rf(p)
+	}
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func([]byte) int); ok {
+		r0 = rf(p)
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Get(0).(int)
+	}
+
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func([]byte) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(p)
+	} else {
+		r1 = ret.Error(1)
+	}
+
+	return r0, r1
+}
+
+// MockStdin_Read_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Read'
+type MockStdin_Read_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Read is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - p []byte
+func (_e *MockStdin_Expecter) Read(p interface{}) *MockStdin_Read_Call {
+	return &MockStdin_Read_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Read", p)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockStdin_Read_Call) Run(run func(p []byte)) *MockStdin_Read_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].([]byte))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockStdin_Read_Call) Return(n int, err error) *MockStdin_Read_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(n, err)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockStdin_Read_Call) RunAndReturn(run func([]byte) (int, error)) *MockStdin_Read_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// NewMockStdin creates a new instance of MockStdin. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
+// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
+func NewMockStdin(t interface {
+	mock.TestingT
+	Cleanup(func())
+}) *MockStdin {
+	mock := &MockStdin{}
+	mock.Mock.Test(t)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
+
+	return mock
+}
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/stdio_mock/mock_Stdout.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/stdio_mock/mock_Stdout.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package stdio_mock
+
+import mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+
+// MockStdout is an autogenerated mock type for the Stdout type
+type MockStdout struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+type MockStdout_Expecter struct {
+	mock *mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (_m *MockStdout) EXPECT() *MockStdout_Expecter {
+	return &MockStdout_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
+}
+
+// Write provides a mock function with given fields: p
+func (_m *MockStdout) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(p)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Write")
+	}
+
+	var r0 int
+	var r1 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func([]byte) (int, error)); ok {
+		return rf(p)
+	}
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func([]byte) int); ok {
+		r0 = rf(p)
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Get(0).(int)
+	}
+
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func([]byte) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(p)
+	} else {
+		r1 = ret.Error(1)
+	}
+
+	return r0, r1
+}
+
+// MockStdout_Write_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Write'
+type MockStdout_Write_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Write is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - p []byte
+func (_e *MockStdout_Expecter) Write(p interface{}) *MockStdout_Write_Call {
+	return &MockStdout_Write_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Write", p)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockStdout_Write_Call) Run(run func(p []byte)) *MockStdout_Write_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].([]byte))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockStdout_Write_Call) Return(n int, err error) *MockStdout_Write_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(n, err)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockStdout_Write_Call) RunAndReturn(run func([]byte) (int, error)) *MockStdout_Write_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// NewMockStdout creates a new instance of MockStdout. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
+// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
+func NewMockStdout(t interface {
+	mock.TestingT
+	Cleanup(func())
+}) *MockStdout {
+	mock := &MockStdout{}
+	mock.Mock.Test(t)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
+
+	return mock
+}
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/jwt_mock/mock_Clock.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/jwt_mock/mock_Clock.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package jwt_mock

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func (_m *MockClock) EXPECT() *MockClock_Expecter {
 	return &MockClock_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
 }

-// Now provides a mock function with given fields:
+// Now provides a mock function with no fields
 func (_m *MockClock) Now() time.Time {
 	ret := _m.Called()

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig/loader_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig/loader_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package loader_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig/writer_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/kubeconfig/writer_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package writer_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client_mock/mock_FactoryInterface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client_mock/mock_FactoryInterface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package client_mock

@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ func (_m *MockFactoryInterface) EXPECT() *MockFactoryInterface_Expecter {
 	return &MockFactoryInterface_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
 }

-// New provides a mock function with given fields: ctx, p, tlsClientConfig, useAccessToken
-func (_m *MockFactoryInterface) New(ctx context.Context, p oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config, useAccessToken bool) (client.Interface, error) {
-	ret := _m.Called(ctx, p, tlsClientConfig, useAccessToken)
+// New provides a mock function with given fields: ctx, prov, tlsClientConfig
+func (_m *MockFactoryInterface) New(ctx context.Context, prov oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config) (client.Interface, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(ctx, prov, tlsClientConfig)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for New")
@@ -37,19 +37,19 @@ func (_m *MockFactoryInterface) New(ctx context.Context, p oidc.Provider, tlsCli

 	var r0 client.Interface
 	var r1 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, oidc.Provider, tlsclientconfig.Config, bool) (client.Interface, error)); ok {
-		return rf(ctx, p, tlsClientConfig, useAccessToken)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, oidc.Provider, tlsclientconfig.Config) (client.Interface, error)); ok {
+		return rf(ctx, prov, tlsClientConfig)
 	}
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, oidc.Provider, tlsclientconfig.Config, bool) client.Interface); ok {
-		r0 = rf(ctx, p, tlsClientConfig, useAccessToken)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, oidc.Provider, tlsclientconfig.Config) client.Interface); ok {
+		r0 = rf(ctx, prov, tlsClientConfig)
 	} else {
 		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
 			r0 = ret.Get(0).(client.Interface)
 		}
 	}

-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(context.Context, oidc.Provider, tlsclientconfig.Config, bool) error); ok {
-		r1 = rf(ctx, p, tlsClientConfig, useAccessToken)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(context.Context, oidc.Provider, tlsclientconfig.Config) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(ctx, prov, tlsClientConfig)
 	} else {
 		r1 = ret.Error(1)
 	}
@@ -64,16 +64,15 @@ type MockFactoryInterface_New_Call struct {

 // New is a helper method to define mock.On call
 //   - ctx context.Context
-//   - p oidc.Provider
+//   - prov oidc.Provider
 //   - tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config
-//   - useAccessToken bool
-func (_e *MockFactoryInterface_Expecter) New(ctx interface{}, p interface{}, tlsClientConfig interface{}, useAccessToken interface{}) *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call {
-	return &MockFactoryInterface_New_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("New", ctx, p, tlsClientConfig, useAccessToken)}
+func (_e *MockFactoryInterface_Expecter) New(ctx interface{}, prov interface{}, tlsClientConfig interface{}) *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call {
+	return &MockFactoryInterface_New_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("New", ctx, prov, tlsClientConfig)}
 }

-func (_c *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call) Run(run func(ctx context.Context, p oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config, useAccessToken bool)) *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call {
+func (_c *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call) Run(run func(ctx context.Context, prov oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config)) *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call {
 	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(context.Context), args[1].(oidc.Provider), args[2].(tlsclientconfig.Config), args[3].(bool))
+		run(args[0].(context.Context), args[1].(oidc.Provider), args[2].(tlsclientconfig.Config))
 	})
 	return _c
 }
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ func (_c *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call) Return(_a0 client.Interface, _a1 error)
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(context.Context, oidc.Provider, tlsclientconfig.Config, bool) (client.Interface, error)) *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call {
+func (_c *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(context.Context, oidc.Provider, tlsclientconfig.Config) (client.Interface, error)) *MockFactoryInterface_New_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package client_mock

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import (
 	oauth2dev "github.com/int128/oauth2dev"

 	oidc "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
+
+	pkce "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/pkce"
 )

 // MockInterface is an autogenerated mock type for the Interface type
@@ -369,6 +371,51 @@ func (_c *MockInterface_GetTokenByROPC_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(context.Conte
 	return _c
 }

+// NegotiatedPKCEMethod provides a mock function with no fields
+func (_m *MockInterface) NegotiatedPKCEMethod() pkce.Method {
+	ret := _m.Called()
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for NegotiatedPKCEMethod")
+	}
+
+	var r0 pkce.Method
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() pkce.Method); ok {
+		r0 = rf()
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Get(0).(pkce.Method)
+	}
+
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'NegotiatedPKCEMethod'
+type MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// NegotiatedPKCEMethod is a helper method to define mock.On call
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) NegotiatedPKCEMethod() *MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("NegotiatedPKCEMethod")}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call) Run(run func()) *MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run()
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call) Return(_a0 pkce.Method) *MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() pkce.Method) *MockInterface_NegotiatedPKCEMethod_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
 // Refresh provides a mock function with given fields: ctx, refreshToken
 func (_m *MockInterface) Refresh(ctx context.Context, refreshToken string) (*oidc.TokenSet, error) {
 	ret := _m.Called(ctx, refreshToken)
@@ -428,53 +475,6 @@ func (_c *MockInterface_Refresh_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(context.Context, str
 	return _c
 }

-// SupportedPKCEMethods provides a mock function with given fields:
-func (_m *MockInterface) SupportedPKCEMethods() []string {
-	ret := _m.Called()
-
-	if len(ret) == 0 {
-		panic("no return value specified for SupportedPKCEMethods")
-	}
-
-	var r0 []string
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func() []string); ok {
-		r0 = rf()
-	} else {
-		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
-			r0 = ret.Get(0).([]string)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return r0
-}
-
-// MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'SupportedPKCEMethods'
-type MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call struct {
-	*mock.Call
-}
-
-// SupportedPKCEMethods is a helper method to define mock.On call
-func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) SupportedPKCEMethods() *MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call {
-	return &MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("SupportedPKCEMethods")}
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call) Run(run func()) *MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call {
-	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run()
-	})
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call) Return(_a0 []string) *MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call) RunAndReturn(run func() []string) *MockInterface_SupportedPKCEMethods_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
-	return _c
-}
-
 // NewMockInterface creates a new instance of MockInterface. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
 // The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
 func NewMockInterface(t interface {
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger_mock/mock_testingLogger.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger_mock/mock_testingLogger.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package logger_mock

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func (_c *MocktestingLogger_Logf_Call) Return() *MocktestingLogger_Logf_Call {
 }

 func (_c *MocktestingLogger_Logf_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, ...interface{})) *MocktestingLogger_Logf_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	_c.Run(run)
 	return _c
 }

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig/loader_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig/loader_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package loader_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package repository_mock

@@ -24,9 +24,55 @@ func (_m *MockInterface) EXPECT() *MockInterface_Expecter {
 	return &MockInterface_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
 }

-// FindByKey provides a mock function with given fields: dir, key
-func (_m *MockInterface) FindByKey(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error) {
-	ret := _m.Called(dir, key)
+// DeleteAll provides a mock function with given fields: config
+func (_m *MockInterface) DeleteAll(config tokencache.Config) error {
+	ret := _m.Called(config)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for DeleteAll")
+	}
+
+	var r0 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(tokencache.Config) error); ok {
+		r0 = rf(config)
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Error(0)
+	}
+
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'DeleteAll'
+type MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// DeleteAll is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - config tokencache.Config
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) DeleteAll(config interface{}) *MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("DeleteAll", config)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call) Run(run func(config tokencache.Config)) *MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].(tokencache.Config))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call) Return(_a0 error) *MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(tokencache.Config) error) *MockInterface_DeleteAll_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// FindByKey provides a mock function with given fields: config, key
+func (_m *MockInterface) FindByKey(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(config, key)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for FindByKey")
@@ -34,19 +80,19 @@ func (_m *MockInterface) FindByKey(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenS

 	var r0 *oidc.TokenSet
 	var r1 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)); ok {
-		return rf(dir, key)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)); ok {
+		return rf(config, key)
 	}
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, tokencache.Key) *oidc.TokenSet); ok {
-		r0 = rf(dir, key)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key) *oidc.TokenSet); ok {
+		r0 = rf(config, key)
 	} else {
 		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
 			r0 = ret.Get(0).(*oidc.TokenSet)
 		}
 	}

-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(string, tokencache.Key) error); ok {
-		r1 = rf(dir, key)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(config, key)
 	} else {
 		r1 = ret.Error(1)
 	}
@@ -60,15 +106,15 @@ type MockInterface_FindByKey_Call struct {
 }

 // FindByKey is a helper method to define mock.On call
-//   - dir string
+//   - config tokencache.Config
 //   - key tokencache.Key
-func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) FindByKey(dir interface{}, key interface{}) *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call {
-	return &MockInterface_FindByKey_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("FindByKey", dir, key)}
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) FindByKey(config interface{}, key interface{}) *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_FindByKey_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("FindByKey", config, key)}
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call) Run(run func(dir string, key tokencache.Key)) *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call) Run(run func(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key)) *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call {
 	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(string), args[1].(tokencache.Key))
+		run(args[0].(tokencache.Config), args[1].(tokencache.Key))
 	})
 	return _c
 }
@@ -78,14 +124,14 @@ func (_c *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call) Return(_a0 *oidc.TokenSet, _a1 error) *M
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)) *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)) *MockInterface_FindByKey_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }

-// Lock provides a mock function with given fields: dir, key
-func (_m *MockInterface) Lock(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error) {
-	ret := _m.Called(dir, key)
+// Lock provides a mock function with given fields: config, key
+func (_m *MockInterface) Lock(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error) {
+	ret := _m.Called(config, key)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for Lock")
@@ -93,19 +139,19 @@ func (_m *MockInterface) Lock(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)

 	var r0 io.Closer
 	var r1 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)); ok {
-		return rf(dir, key)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)); ok {
+		return rf(config, key)
 	}
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, tokencache.Key) io.Closer); ok {
-		r0 = rf(dir, key)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key) io.Closer); ok {
+		r0 = rf(config, key)
 	} else {
 		if ret.Get(0) != nil {
 			r0 = ret.Get(0).(io.Closer)
 		}
 	}

-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(string, tokencache.Key) error); ok {
-		r1 = rf(dir, key)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(1).(func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key) error); ok {
+		r1 = rf(config, key)
 	} else {
 		r1 = ret.Error(1)
 	}
@@ -119,15 +165,15 @@ type MockInterface_Lock_Call struct {
 }

 // Lock is a helper method to define mock.On call
-//   - dir string
+//   - config tokencache.Config
 //   - key tokencache.Key
-func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Lock(dir interface{}, key interface{}) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
-	return &MockInterface_Lock_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Lock", dir, key)}
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Lock(config interface{}, key interface{}) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_Lock_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Lock", config, key)}
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_Lock_Call) Run(run func(dir string, key tokencache.Key)) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_Lock_Call) Run(run func(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key)) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
 	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(string), args[1].(tokencache.Key))
+		run(args[0].(tokencache.Config), args[1].(tokencache.Key))
 	})
 	return _c
 }
@@ -137,22 +183,22 @@ func (_c *MockInterface_Lock_Call) Return(_a0 io.Closer, _a1 error) *MockInterfa
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_Lock_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_Lock_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)) *MockInterface_Lock_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }

-// Save provides a mock function with given fields: dir, key, tokenSet
-func (_m *MockInterface) Save(dir string, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error {
-	ret := _m.Called(dir, key, tokenSet)
+// Save provides a mock function with given fields: config, key, tokenSet
+func (_m *MockInterface) Save(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error {
+	ret := _m.Called(config, key, tokenSet)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
 		panic("no return value specified for Save")
 	}

 	var r0 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(string, tokencache.Key, oidc.TokenSet) error); ok {
-		r0 = rf(dir, key, tokenSet)
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key, oidc.TokenSet) error); ok {
+		r0 = rf(config, key, tokenSet)
 	} else {
 		r0 = ret.Error(0)
 	}
@@ -166,16 +212,16 @@ type MockInterface_Save_Call struct {
 }

 // Save is a helper method to define mock.On call
-//   - dir string
+//   - config tokencache.Config
 //   - key tokencache.Key
 //   - tokenSet oidc.TokenSet
-func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Save(dir interface{}, key interface{}, tokenSet interface{}) *MockInterface_Save_Call {
-	return &MockInterface_Save_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Save", dir, key, tokenSet)}
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Save(config interface{}, key interface{}, tokenSet interface{}) *MockInterface_Save_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_Save_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Save", config, key, tokenSet)}
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_Save_Call) Run(run func(dir string, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet)) *MockInterface_Save_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_Save_Call) Run(run func(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet)) *MockInterface_Save_Call {
 	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(string), args[1].(tokencache.Key), args[2].(oidc.TokenSet))
+		run(args[0].(tokencache.Config), args[1].(tokencache.Key), args[2].(oidc.TokenSet))
 	})
 	return _c
 }
@@ -185,7 +231,7 @@ func (_c *MockInterface_Save_Call) Return(_a0 error) *MockInterface_Save_Call {
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_Save_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(string, tokencache.Key, oidc.TokenSet) error) *MockInterface_Save_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_Save_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(tokencache.Config, tokencache.Key, oidc.TokenSet) error) *MockInterface_Save_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package authentication_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/clean_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/clean_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package clean_mock
+
+import (
+	context "context"
+
+	clean "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/clean"
+
+	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+)
+
+// MockInterface is an autogenerated mock type for the Interface type
+type MockInterface struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+type MockInterface_Expecter struct {
+	mock *mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (_m *MockInterface) EXPECT() *MockInterface_Expecter {
+	return &MockInterface_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
+}
+
+// Do provides a mock function with given fields: ctx, in
+func (_m *MockInterface) Do(ctx context.Context, in clean.Input) error {
+	ret := _m.Called(ctx, in)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Do")
+	}
+
+	var r0 error
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, clean.Input) error); ok {
+		r0 = rf(ctx, in)
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Error(0)
+	}
+
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockInterface_Do_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Do'
+type MockInterface_Do_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Do is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - ctx context.Context
+//   - in clean.Input
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Do(ctx interface{}, in interface{}) *MockInterface_Do_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_Do_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Do", ctx, in)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Do_Call) Run(run func(ctx context.Context, in clean.Input)) *MockInterface_Do_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		run(args[0].(context.Context), args[1].(clean.Input))
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Do_Call) Return(_a0 error) *MockInterface_Do_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockInterface_Do_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(context.Context, clean.Input) error) *MockInterface_Do_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}
+
+// NewMockInterface creates a new instance of MockInterface. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
+// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
+func NewMockInterface(t interface {
+	mock.TestingT
+	Cleanup(func())
+}) *MockInterface {
+	mock := &MockInterface{}
+	mock.Mock.Test(t)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
+
+	return mock
+}
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package credentialplugin_mock

--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/setup_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/setup_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package setup_mock

@@ -22,48 +22,16 @@ func (_m *MockInterface) EXPECT() *MockInterface_Expecter {
 	return &MockInterface_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
 }

-// DoStage1 provides a mock function with given fields:
-func (_m *MockInterface) DoStage1() {
-	_m.Called()
-}
-
-// MockInterface_DoStage1_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'DoStage1'
-type MockInterface_DoStage1_Call struct {
-	*mock.Call
-}
-
-// DoStage1 is a helper method to define mock.On call
-func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) DoStage1() *MockInterface_DoStage1_Call {
-	return &MockInterface_DoStage1_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("DoStage1")}
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_DoStage1_Call) Run(run func()) *MockInterface_DoStage1_Call {
-	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run()
-	})
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_DoStage1_Call) Return() *MockInterface_DoStage1_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return()
-	return _c
-}
-
-func (_c *MockInterface_DoStage1_Call) RunAndReturn(run func()) *MockInterface_DoStage1_Call {
-	_c.Call.Return(run)
-	return _c
-}
-
-// DoStage2 provides a mock function with given fields: ctx, in
-func (_m *MockInterface) DoStage2(ctx context.Context, in setup.Stage2Input) error {
+// Do provides a mock function with given fields: ctx, in
+func (_m *MockInterface) Do(ctx context.Context, in setup.Input) error {
 	ret := _m.Called(ctx, in)

 	if len(ret) == 0 {
-		panic("no return value specified for DoStage2")
+		panic("no return value specified for Do")
 	}

 	var r0 error
-	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, setup.Stage2Input) error); ok {
+	if rf, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, setup.Input) error); ok {
 		r0 = rf(ctx, in)
 	} else {
 		r0 = ret.Error(0)
@@ -72,31 +40,31 @@ func (_m *MockInterface) DoStage2(ctx context.Context, in setup.Stage2Input) err
 	return r0
 }

-// MockInterface_DoStage2_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'DoStage2'
-type MockInterface_DoStage2_Call struct {
+// MockInterface_Do_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Do'
+type MockInterface_Do_Call struct {
 	*mock.Call
 }

-// DoStage2 is a helper method to define mock.On call
+// Do is a helper method to define mock.On call
 //   - ctx context.Context
-//   - in setup.Stage2Input
-func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) DoStage2(ctx interface{}, in interface{}) *MockInterface_DoStage2_Call {
-	return &MockInterface_DoStage2_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("DoStage2", ctx, in)}
+//   - in setup.Input
+func (_e *MockInterface_Expecter) Do(ctx interface{}, in interface{}) *MockInterface_Do_Call {
+	return &MockInterface_Do_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Do", ctx, in)}
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_DoStage2_Call) Run(run func(ctx context.Context, in setup.Stage2Input)) *MockInterface_DoStage2_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_Do_Call) Run(run func(ctx context.Context, in setup.Input)) *MockInterface_Do_Call {
 	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
-		run(args[0].(context.Context), args[1].(setup.Stage2Input))
+		run(args[0].(context.Context), args[1].(setup.Input))
 	})
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_DoStage2_Call) Return(_a0 error) *MockInterface_DoStage2_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_Do_Call) Return(_a0 error) *MockInterface_Do_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(_a0)
 	return _c
 }

-func (_c *MockInterface_DoStage2_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(context.Context, setup.Stage2Input) error) *MockInterface_DoStage2_Call {
+func (_c *MockInterface_Do_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(context.Context, setup.Input) error) *MockInterface_Do_Call {
 	_c.Call.Return(run)
 	return _c
 }
--- a/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/standalone_mock/mock_Interface.go
+++ b/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/standalone_mock/mock_Interface.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package standalone_mock

--- a/mocks/io_mock/mock_Closer.go
+++ b/mocks/io_mock/mock_Closer.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Code generated by mockery v2.46.0. DO NOT EDIT.
+// Code generated by mockery v2.51.1. DO NOT EDIT.

 package io_mock

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func (_m *MockCloser) EXPECT() *MockCloser_Expecter {
 	return &MockCloser_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
 }

-// Close provides a mock function with given fields:
+// Close provides a mock function with no fields
 func (_m *MockCloser) Close() error {
 	ret := _m.Called()

--- a/pkg/cmd/authentication.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/authentication.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ const oobRedirectURI = "urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob"
 type authenticationOptions struct {
 	GrantType                   string
 	ListenAddress               []string
-	ListenPort                  []int // deprecated
 	AuthenticationTimeoutSec    int
 	SkipOpenBrowser             bool
 	BrowserCommand              string
@@ -31,21 +30,6 @@ type authenticationOptions struct {
 	Password                    string
 }

-// determineListenAddress returns the addresses from the flags.
-// Note that --listen-address is always given due to the default value.
-// If --listen-port is not set, it returns --listen-address.
-// If --listen-port is set, it returns the strings of --listen-port.
-func (o *authenticationOptions) determineListenAddress() []string {
-	if len(o.ListenPort) == 0 {
-		return o.ListenAddress
-	}
-	var a []string
-	for _, p := range o.ListenPort {
-		a = append(a, fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", p))
-	}
-	return a
-}
-
 var allGrantType = strings.Join([]string{
 	"auto",
 	"authcode",
@@ -57,11 +41,6 @@ var allGrantType = strings.Join([]string{
 func (o *authenticationOptions) addFlags(f *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	f.StringVar(&o.GrantType, "grant-type", "auto", fmt.Sprintf("Authorization grant type to use. One of (%s)", allGrantType))
 	f.StringSliceVar(&o.ListenAddress, "listen-address", defaultListenAddress, "[authcode] Address to bind to the local server. If multiple addresses are set, it will try binding in order")
-	//TODO: remove the deprecated flag
-	f.IntSliceVar(&o.ListenPort, "listen-port", nil, "[authcode] deprecated: port to bind to the local server")
-	if err := f.MarkDeprecated("listen-port", "use --listen-address instead"); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
 	f.BoolVar(&o.SkipOpenBrowser, "skip-open-browser", false, "[authcode] Do not open the browser automatically")
 	f.StringVar(&o.BrowserCommand, "browser-command", "", "[authcode] Command to open the browser")
 	f.IntVar(&o.AuthenticationTimeoutSec, "authentication-timeout-sec", defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec, "[authcode] Timeout of authentication in seconds")
@@ -84,7 +63,7 @@ func (o *authenticationOptions) grantOptionSet() (s authentication.GrantOptionSe
 	switch {
 	case o.GrantType == "authcode" || (o.GrantType == "auto" && o.Username == ""):
 		s.AuthCodeBrowserOption = &authcode.BrowserOption{
-			BindAddress:                o.determineListenAddress(),
+			BindAddress:                o.ListenAddress,
 			SkipOpenBrowser:            o.SkipOpenBrowser,
 			BrowserCommand:             o.BrowserCommand,
 			AuthenticationTimeout:      time.Duration(o.AuthenticationTimeoutSec) * time.Second,
--- a/pkg/cmd/authentication_test.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/authentication_test.go
@@ -56,34 +56,6 @@ func Test_authenticationOptions_grantOptionSet(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
-		"when --listen-port is set, it should convert the port to address": {
-			args: []string{
-				"--listen-port", "10080",
-				"--listen-port", "20080",
-			},
-			want: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-				AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-					BindAddress:           []string{"127.0.0.1:10080", "127.0.0.1:20080"},
-					AuthenticationTimeout: defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec * time.Second,
-					RedirectURLHostname:   "localhost",
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		"when --listen-port is set, it should ignore --listen-address flags": {
-			args: []string{
-				"--listen-port", "10080",
-				"--listen-port", "20080",
-				"--listen-address", "127.0.0.1:30080",
-				"--listen-address", "127.0.0.1:40080",
-			},
-			want: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-				AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-					BindAddress:           []string{"127.0.0.1:10080", "127.0.0.1:20080"},
-					AuthenticationTimeout: defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec * time.Second,
-					RedirectURLHostname:   "localhost",
-				},
-			},
-		},
 		"GrantType=authcode-keyboard": {
 			args: []string{
 				"--grant-type", "authcode-keyboard",
--- a/pkg/cmd/clean.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/clean.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/clean"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+)
+
+type cleanOptions struct {
+	TokenCacheDir string
+}
+
+func (o *cleanOptions) addFlags(f *pflag.FlagSet) {
+	f.StringVar(&o.TokenCacheDir, "token-cache-dir", getDefaultTokenCacheDir(), "Path to a directory of the token cache")
+}
+
+type Clean struct {
+	Clean clean.Interface
+}
+
+func (cmd *Clean) New() *cobra.Command {
+	var o cleanOptions
+	c := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "clean [flags]",
+		Short: "Delete the token cache",
+		Long: `Delete the token cache.
+
+This deletes the token cache directory from both the file system and the keyring.
+`,
+		Args: cobra.NoArgs,
+		RunE: func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+			o.TokenCacheDir = expandHomedir(o.TokenCacheDir)
+			in := clean.Input{
+				TokenCacheDir: o.TokenCacheDir,
+			}
+			if err := cmd.Clean.Do(c.Context(), in); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("clean: %w", err)
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	c.Flags().SortFlags = false
+	o.addFlags(c.Flags())
+	return c
+}
--- a/pkg/cmd/cmd.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/cmd.go
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ package cmd

 import (
 	"context"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"

 	"github.com/google/wire"
@@ -18,23 +16,14 @@ var Set = wire.NewSet(
 	wire.Struct(new(Root), "*"),
 	wire.Struct(new(GetToken), "*"),
 	wire.Struct(new(Setup), "*"),
+	wire.Struct(new(Clean), "*"),
 )

 type Interface interface {
 	Run(ctx context.Context, args []string, version string) int
 }

-func getDefaultTokenCacheDir(key, fallback string) string {
-	if value, ok := os.LookupEnv(key); ok {
-		return value
-	}
-	return fallback
-}
-
 var defaultListenAddress = []string{"127.0.0.1:8000", "127.0.0.1:18000"}
-var defaultTokenCacheDir = filepath.Join(
-	getDefaultTokenCacheDir("KUBECACHEDIR", filepath.Join("~", ".kube", "cache")),
-	"oidc-login")

 const defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec = 180

@@ -43,6 +32,7 @@ type Cmd struct {
 	Root     *Root
 	GetToken *GetToken
 	Setup    *Setup
+	Clean    *Clean
 	Logger   logger.Interface
 }

@@ -60,6 +50,9 @@ func (cmd *Cmd) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string, version string) int {
 	setupCmd := cmd.Setup.New()
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(setupCmd)

+	cleanCmd := cmd.Clean.New()
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(cleanCmd)
+
 	versionCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "version",
 		Short: "Print the version information",
--- a/pkg/cmd/cmd_test.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/cmd_test.go
@@ -8,13 +8,16 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin_mock"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/setup_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/standalone_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/setup"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/standalone"
 )

@@ -22,6 +25,14 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 	const executable = "kubelogin"
 	const version = "HEAD"

+	defaultGrantOptionSet := authentication.GrantOptionSet{
+		AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
+			BindAddress:           defaultListenAddress,
+			AuthenticationTimeout: defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec * time.Second,
+			RedirectURLHostname:   "localhost",
+		},
+	}
+
 	t.Run("root", func(t *testing.T) {
 		tests := map[string]struct {
 			args []string
@@ -30,13 +41,7 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 			"Defaults": {
 				args: []string{executable},
 				in: standalone.Input{
-					GrantOptionSet: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-						AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-							BindAddress:           defaultListenAddress,
-							AuthenticationTimeout: defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec * time.Second,
-							RedirectURLHostname:   "localhost",
-						},
-					},
+					GrantOptionSet: defaultGrantOptionSet,
 				},
 			},
 			"FullOptions": {
@@ -50,13 +55,7 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 					KubeconfigFilename: "/path/to/kubeconfig",
 					KubeconfigContext:  "hello.k8s.local",
 					KubeconfigUser:     "google",
-					GrantOptionSet: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-						AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-							BindAddress:           defaultListenAddress,
-							AuthenticationTimeout: defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec * time.Second,
-							RedirectURLHostname:   "localhost",
-						},
-					},
+					GrantOptionSet:     defaultGrantOptionSet,
 				},
 			},
 		}
@@ -113,19 +112,14 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 					"--oidc-client-id", "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
 				},
 				in: credentialplugin.Input{
-					TokenCacheDir: filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/cache/oidc-login"),
 					Provider: oidc.Provider{
 						IssuerURL: "https://issuer.example.com",
 						ClientID:  "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
 					},
-					GrantOptionSet: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-						AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-							BindAddress:           defaultListenAddress,
-							AuthenticationTimeout: defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec * time.Second,
-							RedirectURLHostname:   "localhost",
-						},
+					TokenCacheConfig: tokencache.Config{
+						Directory: filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/cache/oidc-login"),
 					},
-					UseAccessToken: false,
+					GrantOptionSet: defaultGrantOptionSet,
 				},
 			},
 			"FullOptions": {
@@ -136,24 +130,21 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 					"--oidc-client-secret", "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
 					"--oidc-extra-scope", "email",
 					"--oidc-extra-scope", "profile",
+					"--token-cache-storage", "keyring",
 					"-v1",
 				},
 				in: credentialplugin.Input{
-					TokenCacheDir: filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/cache/oidc-login"),
 					Provider: oidc.Provider{
 						IssuerURL:    "https://issuer.example.com",
 						ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
 						ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
 						ExtraScopes:  []string{"email", "profile"},
 					},
-					GrantOptionSet: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-						AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-							BindAddress:           defaultListenAddress,
-							AuthenticationTimeout: defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec * time.Second,
-							RedirectURLHostname:   "localhost",
-						},
+					TokenCacheConfig: tokencache.Config{
+						Directory: filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/cache/oidc-login"),
+						Storage:   tokencache.StorageKeyring,
 					},
-					UseAccessToken: false,
+					GrantOptionSet: defaultGrantOptionSet,
 				},
 			},
 			"AccessToken": {
@@ -164,19 +155,15 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 					"--oidc-use-access-token=true",
 				},
 				in: credentialplugin.Input{
-					TokenCacheDir: filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/cache/oidc-login"),
 					Provider: oidc.Provider{
-						IssuerURL: "https://issuer.example.com",
-						ClientID:  "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+						IssuerURL:      "https://issuer.example.com",
+						ClientID:       "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+						UseAccessToken: true,
 					},
-					GrantOptionSet: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-						AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-							BindAddress:           defaultListenAddress,
-							AuthenticationTimeout: defaultAuthenticationTimeoutSec * time.Second,
-							RedirectURLHostname:   "localhost",
-						},
+					TokenCacheConfig: tokencache.Config{
+						Directory: filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/cache/oidc-login"),
 					},
-					UseAccessToken: true,
+					GrantOptionSet: defaultGrantOptionSet,
 				},
 			},
 			"HomedirExpansion": {
@@ -190,11 +177,13 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 					"--token-cache-dir", "~/.kube/oidc-cache",
 				},
 				in: credentialplugin.Input{
-					TokenCacheDir: filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/oidc-cache"),
 					Provider: oidc.Provider{
 						IssuerURL: "https://issuer.example.com",
 						ClientID:  "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
 					},
+					TokenCacheConfig: tokencache.Config{
+						Directory: filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/oidc-cache"),
+					},
 					GrantOptionSet: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
 						AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
 							BindAddress:           defaultListenAddress,
@@ -207,7 +196,6 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 					TLSClientConfig: tlsclientconfig.Config{
 						CACertFilename: []string{filepath.Join(userHomeDir, ".kube/ca.crt")},
 					},
-					UseAccessToken: false,
 				},
 			},
 		}
@@ -271,4 +259,54 @@ func TestCmd_Run(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		})
 	})
+
+	t.Run("setup", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("NoOption", func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx := context.TODO()
+			cmd := Cmd{
+				Logger: logger.New(t),
+				Root: &Root{
+					Logger: logger.New(t),
+				},
+			}
+			exitCode := cmd.Run(ctx, []string{executable, "setup"}, version)
+			if exitCode != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("exitCode wants 0 but %d", exitCode)
+			}
+		})
+
+		t.Run("WithOptions", func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx := context.TODO()
+			setupMock := setup_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+			setupMock.EXPECT().Do(ctx, setup.Input{
+				IssuerURL:      "https://issuer.example.com",
+				ClientID:       "YOUR_CLIENT",
+				ExtraScopes:    []string{"email", "profile"},
+				GrantOptionSet: defaultGrantOptionSet,
+				ChangedFlags: []string{
+					"--oidc-issuer-url=https://issuer.example.com",
+					"--oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT",
+					"--oidc-extra-scope=email",
+					"--oidc-extra-scope=profile",
+				},
+			}).Return(nil)
+			cmd := Cmd{
+				Logger: logger.New(t),
+				Root: &Root{
+					Logger: logger.New(t),
+				},
+				Setup: &Setup{
+					Setup: setupMock,
+				},
+			}
+			exitCode := cmd.Run(ctx, []string{executable, "setup",
+				"--oidc-issuer-url", "https://issuer.example.com",
+				"--oidc-client-id", "YOUR_CLIENT",
+				"--oidc-extra-scope", "email,profile",
+			}, version)
+			if exitCode != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("exitCode wants 0 but %d", exitCode)
+			}
+		})
+	})
 }
--- a/pkg/cmd/get_token.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/get_token.go
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ type getTokenOptions struct {
 	ClientID              string
 	ClientSecret          string
 	ExtraScopes           []string
-	UsePKCE               bool
 	UseAccessToken        bool
-	TokenCacheDir         string
+	tokenCacheOptions     tokenCacheOptions
 	tlsOptions            tlsOptions
+	pkceOptions           pkceOptions
 	authenticationOptions authenticationOptions
 	ForceRefresh          bool
 }
@@ -30,19 +30,18 @@ func (o *getTokenOptions) addFlags(f *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	f.StringVar(&o.ClientID, "oidc-client-id", "", "Client ID of the provider (mandatory)")
 	f.StringVar(&o.ClientSecret, "oidc-client-secret", "", "Client secret of the provider")
 	f.StringSliceVar(&o.ExtraScopes, "oidc-extra-scope", nil, "Scopes to request to the provider")
-	f.BoolVar(&o.UsePKCE, "oidc-use-pkce", false, "Force PKCE usage")
 	f.BoolVar(&o.UseAccessToken, "oidc-use-access-token", false, "Instead of using the id_token, use the access_token to authenticate to Kubernetes")
-	f.StringVar(&o.TokenCacheDir, "token-cache-dir", defaultTokenCacheDir, "Path to a directory for token cache")
 	f.BoolVar(&o.ForceRefresh, "force-refresh", false, "If set, refresh the ID token regardless of its expiration time")
+	o.tokenCacheOptions.addFlags(f)
 	o.tlsOptions.addFlags(f)
+	o.pkceOptions.addFlags(f)
 	o.authenticationOptions.addFlags(f)
 }

-func (o *getTokenOptions) expandHomedir() error {
-	o.TokenCacheDir = expandHomedir(o.TokenCacheDir)
+func (o *getTokenOptions) expandHomedir() {
+	o.tokenCacheOptions.expandHomedir()
 	o.authenticationOptions.expandHomedir()
 	o.tlsOptions.expandHomedir()
-	return nil
 }

 type GetToken struct {
@@ -68,26 +67,32 @@ func (cmd *GetToken) New() *cobra.Command {
 			return nil
 		},
 		RunE: func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
-			if err := o.expandHomedir(); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
+			o.expandHomedir()
 			grantOptionSet, err := o.authenticationOptions.grantOptionSet()
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("get-token: %w", err)
 			}
+			tokenCacheConfig, err := o.tokenCacheOptions.tokenCacheConfig()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("get-token: %w", err)
+			}
+			pkceMethod, err := o.pkceOptions.pkceMethod()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("get-token: %w", err)
+			}
 			in := credentialplugin.Input{
 				Provider: oidc.Provider{
-					IssuerURL:    o.IssuerURL,
-					ClientID:     o.ClientID,
-					ClientSecret: o.ClientSecret,
-					UsePKCE:      o.UsePKCE,
-					ExtraScopes:  o.ExtraScopes,
+					IssuerURL:      o.IssuerURL,
+					ClientID:       o.ClientID,
+					ClientSecret:   o.ClientSecret,
+					PKCEMethod:     pkceMethod,
+					UseAccessToken: o.UseAccessToken,
+					ExtraScopes:    o.ExtraScopes,
 				},
-				TokenCacheDir:   o.TokenCacheDir,
-				GrantOptionSet:  grantOptionSet,
-				TLSClientConfig: o.tlsOptions.tlsClientConfig(),
-				ForceRefresh:    o.ForceRefresh,
-				UseAccessToken:  o.UseAccessToken,
+				ForceRefresh:     o.ForceRefresh,
+				TokenCacheConfig: tokenCacheConfig,
+				GrantOptionSet:   grantOptionSet,
+				TLSClientConfig:  o.tlsOptions.tlsClientConfig(),
 			}
 			if err := cmd.GetToken.Do(c.Context(), in); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("get-token: %w", err)
--- a/pkg/cmd/pkce.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/pkce.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+)
+
+var allPKCEMethods = strings.Join([]string{"auto", "no", "S256"}, "|")
+
+type pkceOptions struct {
+	UsePKCE    bool
+	PKCEMethod string
+}
+
+func (o *pkceOptions) addFlags(f *pflag.FlagSet) {
+	f.BoolVar(&o.UsePKCE, "oidc-use-pkce", false, "Force PKCE S256 code challenge method")
+	if err := f.MarkDeprecated("oidc-use-pkce", "use --oidc-pkce-method instead. For the most providers, you don't need to set the flag."); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	f.StringVar(&o.PKCEMethod, "oidc-pkce-method", "auto", fmt.Sprintf("PKCE code challenge method. Automatically determined by default. One of (%s)", allPKCEMethods))
+}
+
+func (o *pkceOptions) pkceMethod() (oidc.PKCEMethod, error) {
+	if o.UsePKCE {
+		return oidc.PKCEMethodS256, nil
+	}
+	switch o.PKCEMethod {
+	case "auto":
+		return oidc.PKCEMethodAuto, nil
+	case "no":
+		return oidc.PKCEMethodNo, nil
+	case "S256":
+		return oidc.PKCEMethodS256, nil
+	default:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("oidc-pkce-method must be one of (%s)", allPKCEMethods)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/cmd/setup.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/setup.go
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"fmt"

+	_ "embed"
+
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/setup"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
@@ -14,9 +16,9 @@ type setupOptions struct {
 	ClientID              string
 	ClientSecret          string
 	ExtraScopes           []string
-	UsePKCE               bool
 	UseAccessToken        bool
 	tlsOptions            tlsOptions
+	pkceOptions           pkceOptions
 	authenticationOptions authenticationOptions
 }

@@ -25,9 +27,9 @@ func (o *setupOptions) addFlags(f *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	f.StringVar(&o.ClientID, "oidc-client-id", "", "Client ID of the provider")
 	f.StringVar(&o.ClientSecret, "oidc-client-secret", "", "Client secret of the provider")
 	f.StringSliceVar(&o.ExtraScopes, "oidc-extra-scope", nil, "Scopes to request to the provider")
-	f.BoolVar(&o.UsePKCE, "oidc-use-pkce", false, "Force PKCE usage")
 	f.BoolVar(&o.UseAccessToken, "oidc-use-access-token", false, "Instead of using the id_token, use the access_token to authenticate to Kubernetes")
 	o.tlsOptions.addFlags(f)
+	o.pkceOptions.addFlags(f)
 	o.authenticationOptions.addFlags(f)
 }

@@ -35,35 +37,54 @@ type Setup struct {
 	Setup setup.Interface
 }

+//go:embed setup.md
+var setupLongDescription string
+
 func (cmd *Setup) New() *cobra.Command {
 	var o setupOptions
 	c := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "setup",
 		Short: "Show the setup instruction",
+		Long:  setupLongDescription,
 		Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
 		RunE: func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+			var changedFlags []string
+			c.Flags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+				if !f.Changed {
+					return
+				}
+				if sliceValue, ok := f.Value.(pflag.SliceValue); ok {
+					for _, v := range sliceValue.GetSlice() {
+						changedFlags = append(changedFlags, fmt.Sprintf("--%s=%s", f.Name, v))
+					}
+					return
+				}
+				changedFlags = append(changedFlags, fmt.Sprintf("--%s=%s", f.Name, f.Value))
+			})
+
 			grantOptionSet, err := o.authenticationOptions.grantOptionSet()
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("setup: %w", err)
 			}
-			in := setup.Stage2Input{
+			pkceMethod, err := o.pkceOptions.pkceMethod()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("setup: %w", err)
+			}
+			in := setup.Input{
 				IssuerURL:       o.IssuerURL,
 				ClientID:        o.ClientID,
 				ClientSecret:    o.ClientSecret,
 				ExtraScopes:     o.ExtraScopes,
-				UsePKCE:         o.UsePKCE,
 				UseAccessToken:  o.UseAccessToken,
+				PKCEMethod:      pkceMethod,
 				GrantOptionSet:  grantOptionSet,
 				TLSClientConfig: o.tlsOptions.tlsClientConfig(),
-			}
-			if c.Flags().Lookup("listen-address").Changed {
-				in.ListenAddressArgs = o.authenticationOptions.ListenAddress
+				ChangedFlags:    changedFlags,
 			}
 			if in.IssuerURL == "" || in.ClientID == "" {
-				cmd.Setup.DoStage1()
-				return nil
+				return c.Help()
 			}
-			if err := cmd.Setup.DoStage2(c.Context(), in); err != nil {
+			if err := cmd.Setup.Do(c.Context(), in); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("setup: %w", err)
 			}
 			return nil
--- a/pkg/cmd/setup.md
+++ b/pkg/cmd/setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+This setup shows the instruction of Kubernetes OpenID Connect authentication.
+
+You need to set up the OpenID Connect Provider.
+Run the following command to authenticate with the OpenID Connect Provider:
+
+```
+kubectl oidc-login setup \
+  --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL \
+  --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID
+```
+
+See https://github.com/int128/kubelogin for the details.
--- a/pkg/cmd/tls.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/tls.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type tlsOptions struct {
 func (o *tlsOptions) addFlags(f *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	f.StringArrayVar(&o.CACertFilename, "certificate-authority", nil, "Path to a cert file for the certificate authority")
 	f.StringArrayVar(&o.CACertData, "certificate-authority-data", nil, "Base64 encoded cert for the certificate authority")
-	f.BoolVar(&o.SkipTLSVerify, "insecure-skip-tls-verify", false, "If set, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure")
+	f.BoolVar(&o.SkipTLSVerify, "insecure-skip-tls-verify", false, "[SECURITY RISK] If set, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity")
 	f.BoolVar(&o.RenegotiateOnceAsClient, "tls-renegotiation-once", false, "If set, allow a remote server to request renegotiation once per connection")
 	f.BoolVar(&o.RenegotiateFreelyAsClient, "tls-renegotiation-freely", false, "If set, allow a remote server to repeatedly request renegotiation")
 }
--- a/pkg/cmd/tokencache.go
+++ b/pkg/cmd/tokencache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+)
+
+func getDefaultTokenCacheDir() string {
+	// https://github.com/int128/kubelogin/pull/975
+	if kubeCacheDir, ok := os.LookupEnv("KUBECACHEDIR"); ok {
+		return filepath.Join(kubeCacheDir, "oidc-login")
+	}
+	return filepath.Join("~", ".kube", "cache", "oidc-login")
+}
+
+var allTokenCacheStorage = strings.Join([]string{"disk", "keyring"}, "|")
+
+type tokenCacheOptions struct {
+	TokenCacheDir     string
+	TokenCacheStorage string
+}
+
+func (o *tokenCacheOptions) addFlags(f *pflag.FlagSet) {
+	f.StringVar(&o.TokenCacheDir, "token-cache-dir", getDefaultTokenCacheDir(), "Path to a directory of the token cache")
+	f.StringVar(&o.TokenCacheStorage, "token-cache-storage", "disk", fmt.Sprintf("Storage for the token cache. One of (%s)", allTokenCacheStorage))
+}
+
+func (o *tokenCacheOptions) expandHomedir() {
+	o.TokenCacheDir = expandHomedir(o.TokenCacheDir)
+}
+
+func (o *tokenCacheOptions) tokenCacheConfig() (tokencache.Config, error) {
+	config := tokencache.Config{
+		Directory: o.TokenCacheDir,
+	}
+	switch o.TokenCacheStorage {
+	case "disk":
+		config.Storage = tokencache.StorageDisk
+	case "keyring":
+		config.Storage = tokencache.StorageKeyring
+	default:
+		return tokencache.Config{}, fmt.Errorf("token-cache-storage must be one of (%s)", allTokenCacheStorage)
+	}
+	return config, nil
+}
--- a/pkg/credentialplugin/reader/reader.go
+++ b/pkg/credentialplugin/reader/reader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Package reader provides a loader for the credential plugin.
+package reader
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/google/wire"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/pkg/apis/clientauthentication"
+)
+
+var Set = wire.NewSet(
+	wire.Struct(new(Reader), "*"),
+	wire.Bind(new(Interface), new(*Reader)),
+)
+
+type Interface interface {
+	Read() (credentialplugin.Input, error)
+}
+
+type Reader struct{}
+
+// Read parses the environment variable KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO.
+// If the environment variable is not given by kubectl, Read returns a zero value.
+func (r Reader) Read() (credentialplugin.Input, error) {
+	execInfo := os.Getenv("KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO")
+	if execInfo == "" {
+		return credentialplugin.Input{}, nil
+	}
+	var execCredential clientauthentication.ExecCredential
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(execInfo), &execCredential); err != nil {
+		return credentialplugin.Input{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO: %w", err)
+	}
+	return credentialplugin.Input{
+		ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion: execCredential.APIVersion,
+	}, nil
+}
--- a/pkg/credentialplugin/reader/reader_test.go
+++ b/pkg/credentialplugin/reader/reader_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package reader
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin"
+)
+
+func TestReader_Read(t *testing.T) {
+	var reader Reader
+
+	t.Run("KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO is empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		input, err := reader.Read()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Read returned error: %v", err)
+		}
+		want := credentialplugin.Input{}
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(want, input); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("input mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO is invalid JSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv("KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO", "invalid")
+		_, err := reader.Read()
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Read wants error but no error")
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO is v1", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv(
+			"KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO",
+			`{"kind":"ExecCredential","apiVersion":"client.authentication.k8s.io/v1","spec":{"interactive":true}}`,
+		)
+		input, err := reader.Read()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Read returned error: %v", err)
+		}
+		want := credentialplugin.Input{ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion: "client.authentication.k8s.io/v1"}
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(want, input); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("input mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+		}
+	})
+}
--- a/pkg/credentialplugin/types.go
+++ b/pkg/credentialplugin/types.go
@@ -3,8 +3,15 @@ package credentialplugin

 import "time"

+// Input represents an input object of the credential plugin.
+// This may be a zero value if the input is not available.
+type Input struct {
+	ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion string
+}
+
 // Output represents an output object of the credential plugin.
 type Output struct {
-	Token  string
-	Expiry time.Time
+	Token                          string
+	Expiry                         time.Time
+	ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion string
 }
--- a/pkg/credentialplugin/writer/credential_plugin.go
+++ b/pkg/credentialplugin/writer/credential_plugin.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Package writer provides a writer for a credential plugin.
+// Package writer provides a writer for the credential plugin.
 package writer

 import (
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/stdio"
 	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
+	clientauthenticationv1 "k8s.io/client-go/pkg/apis/clientauthentication/v1"
 	clientauthenticationv1beta1 "k8s.io/client-go/pkg/apis/clientauthentication/v1beta1"
 )

@@ -27,19 +28,44 @@ type Writer struct {

 // Write writes the ExecCredential to standard output for kubectl.
 func (w *Writer) Write(out credentialplugin.Output) error {
-	ec := &clientauthenticationv1beta1.ExecCredential{
-		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
-			APIVersion: "client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1",
-			Kind:       "ExecCredential",
-		},
-		Status: &clientauthenticationv1beta1.ExecCredentialStatus{
-			Token:               out.Token,
-			ExpirationTimestamp: &metav1.Time{Time: out.Expiry},
-		},
+	execCredential, err := generateExecCredential(out)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("generate ExecCredential: %w", err)
 	}
-	e := json.NewEncoder(w.Stdout)
-	if err := e.Encode(ec); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not write the ExecCredential: %w", err)
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(w.Stdout).Encode(execCredential); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write ExecCredential: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+func generateExecCredential(out credentialplugin.Output) (any, error) {
+	switch out.ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion {
+	// If the API version is not available, fall back to v1beta1.
+	case clientauthenticationv1beta1.SchemeGroupVersion.String(), "":
+		return &clientauthenticationv1beta1.ExecCredential{
+			TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+				APIVersion: clientauthenticationv1beta1.SchemeGroupVersion.String(),
+				Kind:       "ExecCredential",
+			},
+			Status: &clientauthenticationv1beta1.ExecCredentialStatus{
+				Token:               out.Token,
+				ExpirationTimestamp: &metav1.Time{Time: out.Expiry},
+			},
+		}, nil
+
+	case clientauthenticationv1.SchemeGroupVersion.String():
+		return &clientauthenticationv1.ExecCredential{
+			TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
+				APIVersion: clientauthenticationv1.SchemeGroupVersion.String(),
+				Kind:       "ExecCredential",
+			},
+			Status: &clientauthenticationv1.ExecCredentialStatus{
+				Token:               out.Token,
+				ExpirationTimestamp: &metav1.Time{Time: out.Expiry},
+			},
+		}, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown apiVersion: %s", out.ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/di/di.go
+++ b/pkg/di/di.go
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ package di
 import (
 	"github.com/google/wire"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/cmd"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer"
+	credentialpluginreader "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/reader"
+	credentialpluginwriter "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/browser"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig/loader"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/clean"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/setup"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/standalone"
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ func NewCmdForHeadless(clock.Interface, stdio.Stdin, stdio.Stdout, logger.Interf
 		standalone.Set,
 		credentialplugin.Set,
 		setup.Set,
+		clean.Set,

 		// infrastructure
 		cmd.Set,
@@ -55,7 +58,8 @@ func NewCmdForHeadless(clock.Interface, stdio.Stdin, stdio.Stdout, logger.Interf
 		repository.Set,
 		client.Set,
 		loader.Set,
-		writer.Set,
+		credentialpluginreader.Set,
+		credentialpluginwriter.Set,
 	)
 	return nil
 }
--- a/pkg/di/wire_gen.go
+++ b/pkg/di/wire_gen.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ package di

 import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/cmd"
+	reader2 "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/reader"
 	writer2 "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/browser"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock"
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication/devicecode"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication/ropc"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/clean"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/setup"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/standalone"
@@ -96,15 +98,17 @@ func NewCmdForHeadless(clockInterface clock.Interface, stdin stdio.Stdin, stdout
 		Logger:     loggerInterface,
 	}
 	repositoryRepository := &repository.Repository{}
+	reader3 := &reader2.Reader{}
 	writer3 := &writer2.Writer{
 		Stdout: stdout,
 	}
 	getToken := &credentialplugin.GetToken{
-		Authentication:       authenticationAuthentication,
-		TokenCacheRepository: repositoryRepository,
-		Writer:               writer3,
-		Logger:               loggerInterface,
-		Clock:                clockInterface,
+		Authentication:         authenticationAuthentication,
+		TokenCacheRepository:   repositoryRepository,
+		CredentialPluginReader: reader3,
+		CredentialPluginWriter: writer3,
+		Logger:                 loggerInterface,
+		Clock:                  clockInterface,
 	}
 	cmdGetToken := &cmd.GetToken{
 		GetToken: getToken,
@@ -117,10 +121,18 @@ func NewCmdForHeadless(clockInterface clock.Interface, stdin stdio.Stdin, stdout
 	cmdSetup := &cmd.Setup{
 		Setup: setupSetup,
 	}
+	cleanClean := &clean.Clean{
+		TokenCacheRepository: repositoryRepository,
+		Logger:               loggerInterface,
+	}
+	cmdClean := &cmd.Clean{
+		Clean: cleanClean,
+	}
 	cmdCmd := &cmd.Cmd{
 		Root:     root,
 		GetToken: cmdGetToken,
 		Setup:    cmdSetup,
+		Clean:    cmdClean,
 		Logger:   loggerInterface,
 	}
 	return cmdCmd
--- a/pkg/oidc/client/client.go
+++ b/pkg/oidc/client/client.go
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ type Interface interface {
 	GetAuthCodeURL(in AuthCodeURLInput) string
 	ExchangeAuthCode(ctx context.Context, in ExchangeAuthCodeInput) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)
 	GetTokenByAuthCode(ctx context.Context, in GetTokenByAuthCodeInput, localServerReadyChan chan<- string) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)
+	NegotiatedPKCEMethod() pkce.Method
 	GetTokenByROPC(ctx context.Context, username, password string) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)
 	GetDeviceAuthorization(ctx context.Context) (*oauth2dev.AuthorizationResponse, error)
 	ExchangeDeviceCode(ctx context.Context, authResponse *oauth2dev.AuthorizationResponse) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)
 	Refresh(ctx context.Context, refreshToken string) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)
-	SupportedPKCEMethods() []string
 }

 type AuthCodeURLInput struct {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ type client struct {
 	oauth2Config                oauth2.Config
 	clock                       clock.Interface
 	logger                      logger.Interface
-	supportedPKCEMethods        []string
+	negotiatedPKCEMethod        pkce.Method
 	deviceAuthorizationEndpoint string
 	useAccessToken              bool
 }
@@ -116,34 +116,33 @@ func (c *client) ExchangeAuthCode(ctx context.Context, in ExchangeAuthCodeInput)
 	return c.verifyToken(ctx, token, in.Nonce)
 }

-func authorizationRequestOptions(n string, p pkce.Params, e map[string]string) []oauth2.AuthCodeOption {
-	o := []oauth2.AuthCodeOption{
+func authorizationRequestOptions(nonce string, pkceParams pkce.Params, extraParams map[string]string) []oauth2.AuthCodeOption {
+	opts := []oauth2.AuthCodeOption{
 		oauth2.AccessTypeOffline,
-		gooidc.Nonce(n),
+		gooidc.Nonce(nonce),
 	}
-	if !p.IsZero() {
-		o = append(o,
-			oauth2.SetAuthURLParam("code_challenge", p.CodeChallenge),
-			oauth2.SetAuthURLParam("code_challenge_method", p.CodeChallengeMethod),
-		)
+	if pkceParams.CodeChallenge != "" {
+		opts = append(opts, oauth2.SetAuthURLParam("code_challenge", pkceParams.CodeChallenge))
 	}
-	for key, value := range e {
-		o = append(o, oauth2.SetAuthURLParam(key, value))
+	if pkceParams.CodeChallengeMethod != "" {
+		opts = append(opts, oauth2.SetAuthURLParam("code_challenge_method", pkceParams.CodeChallengeMethod))
 	}
-	return o
+	for key, value := range extraParams {
+		opts = append(opts, oauth2.SetAuthURLParam(key, value))
+	}
+	return opts
 }

-func tokenRequestOptions(p pkce.Params) (o []oauth2.AuthCodeOption) {
-	if !p.IsZero() {
-		o = append(o, oauth2.SetAuthURLParam("code_verifier", p.CodeVerifier))
+func tokenRequestOptions(pkceParams pkce.Params) []oauth2.AuthCodeOption {
+	var opts []oauth2.AuthCodeOption
+	if pkceParams.CodeVerifier != "" {
+		opts = append(opts, oauth2.SetAuthURLParam("code_verifier", pkceParams.CodeVerifier))
 	}
-	return
+	return opts
 }

-// SupportedPKCEMethods returns the PKCE methods supported by the provider.
-// This may return nil if PKCE is not supported.
-func (c *client) SupportedPKCEMethods() []string {
-	return c.supportedPKCEMethods
+func (c *client) NegotiatedPKCEMethod() pkce.Method {
+	return c.negotiatedPKCEMethod
 }

 // GetTokenByROPC performs the resource owner password credentials flow.
--- a/pkg/oidc/client/factory.go
+++ b/pkg/oidc/client/factory.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"slices"

 	gooidc "github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3/oidc"
 	"github.com/google/wire"
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ var Set = wire.NewSet(
 )

 type FactoryInterface interface {
-	New(ctx context.Context, p oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config, useAccessToken bool) (Interface, error)
+	New(ctx context.Context, prov oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config) (Interface, error)
 }

 type Factory struct {
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ type Factory struct {
 }

 // New returns an instance of infrastructure.Interface with the given configuration.
-func (f *Factory) New(ctx context.Context, p oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config, useAccessToken bool) (Interface, error) {
+func (f *Factory) New(ctx context.Context, prov oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config) (Interface, error) {
 	rawTLSClientConfig, err := f.Loader.Load(tlsClientConfig)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not load the TLS client config: %w", err)
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ func (f *Factory) New(ctx context.Context, p oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsc
 	}

 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, oauth2.HTTPClient, httpClient)
-	provider, err := gooidc.NewProvider(ctx, p.IssuerURL)
+	provider, err := gooidc.NewProvider(ctx, prov.IssuerURL)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("oidc discovery error: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -60,9 +61,6 @@ func (f *Factory) New(ctx context.Context, p oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsc
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not determine supported PKCE methods: %w", err)
 	}
-	if len(supportedPKCEMethods) == 0 && p.UsePKCE {
-		supportedPKCEMethods = []string{pkce.MethodS256}
-	}
 	deviceAuthorizationEndpoint, err := extractDeviceAuthorizationEndpoint(provider)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not determine device authorization endpoint: %w", err)
@@ -72,34 +70,48 @@ func (f *Factory) New(ctx context.Context, p oidc.Provider, tlsClientConfig tlsc
 		provider:   provider,
 		oauth2Config: oauth2.Config{
 			Endpoint:     provider.Endpoint(),
-			ClientID:     p.ClientID,
-			ClientSecret: p.ClientSecret,
-			Scopes:       append(p.ExtraScopes, gooidc.ScopeOpenID),
+			ClientID:     prov.ClientID,
+			ClientSecret: prov.ClientSecret,
+			Scopes:       append(prov.ExtraScopes, gooidc.ScopeOpenID),
 		},
 		clock:                       f.Clock,
 		logger:                      f.Logger,
-		supportedPKCEMethods:        supportedPKCEMethods,
+		negotiatedPKCEMethod:        determinePKCEMethod(supportedPKCEMethods, prov.PKCEMethod),
 		deviceAuthorizationEndpoint: deviceAuthorizationEndpoint,
-		useAccessToken:              useAccessToken,
+		useAccessToken:              prov.UseAccessToken,
 	}, nil
 }

+func determinePKCEMethod(supportedMethods []string, preferredMethod oidc.PKCEMethod) pkce.Method {
+	switch preferredMethod {
+	case oidc.PKCEMethodNo:
+		return pkce.NoMethod
+	case oidc.PKCEMethodS256:
+		return pkce.MethodS256
+	default:
+		if slices.Contains(supportedMethods, "S256") {
+			return pkce.MethodS256
+		}
+		return pkce.NoMethod
+	}
+}
+
 func extractSupportedPKCEMethods(provider *gooidc.Provider) ([]string, error) {
-	var d struct {
+	var claims struct {
 		CodeChallengeMethodsSupported []string `json:"code_challenge_methods_supported"`
 	}
-	if err := provider.Claims(&d); err != nil {
+	if err := provider.Claims(&claims); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery document: %w", err)
 	}
-	return d.CodeChallengeMethodsSupported, nil
+	return claims.CodeChallengeMethodsSupported, nil
 }

 func extractDeviceAuthorizationEndpoint(provider *gooidc.Provider) (string, error) {
-	var d struct {
+	var claims struct {
 		DeviceAuthorizationEndpoint string `json:"device_authorization_endpoint"`
 	}
-	if err := provider.Claims(&d); err != nil {
+	if err := provider.Claims(&claims); err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid discovery document: %w", err)
 	}
-	return d.DeviceAuthorizationEndpoint, nil
+	return claims.DeviceAuthorizationEndpoint, nil
 }
--- a/pkg/oidc/oidc.go
+++ b/pkg/oidc/oidc.go
@@ -11,13 +11,23 @@ import (

 // Provider represents an OIDC provider.
 type Provider struct {
-	IssuerURL    string
-	ClientID     string
-	ClientSecret string   // optional
-	ExtraScopes  []string // optional
-	UsePKCE      bool     // optional
+	IssuerURL      string
+	ClientID       string
+	ClientSecret   string   // optional
+	ExtraScopes    []string // optional
+	PKCEMethod     PKCEMethod
+	UseAccessToken bool
 }

+// PKCEMethod represents a preferred method of PKCE.
+type PKCEMethod int
+
+const (
+	PKCEMethodAuto PKCEMethod = iota
+	PKCEMethodNo
+	PKCEMethodS256
+)
+
 // TokenSet represents a set of ID token and refresh token.
 type TokenSet struct {
 	IDToken      string
--- a/pkg/pkce/pkce.go
+++ b/pkg/pkce/pkce.go
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 )

-var Plain Params
+type Method int

 const (
-	// code challenge methods defined as https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636#section-4.3
-	MethodS256 = "S256"
+	// Code challenge methods defined as https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636#section-4.3
+	NoMethod Method = iota
+	MethodS256
 )

 // Params represents a set of the PKCE parameters.
@@ -24,27 +25,21 @@ type Params struct {
 	CodeVerifier        string
 }

-func (p Params) IsZero() bool {
-	return p == Params{}
-}
-
 // New returns a parameters supported by the provider.
 // You need to pass the code challenge methods defined in RFC7636.
-// It returns Plain if no method is available.
-func New(methods []string) (Params, error) {
-	for _, method := range methods {
-		if method == MethodS256 {
-			return NewS256()
-		}
+// It returns a zero value if no method is available.
+func New(method Method) (Params, error) {
+	if method == MethodS256 {
+		return NewS256()
 	}
-	return Plain, nil
+	return Params{}, nil
 }

 // NewS256 generates a parameters for S256.
 func NewS256() (Params, error) {
 	b, err := random32()
 	if err != nil {
-		return Plain, fmt.Errorf("could not generate a random: %w", err)
+		return Params{}, fmt.Errorf("could not generate a random: %w", err)
 	}
 	return computeS256(b), nil
 }
@@ -63,7 +58,7 @@ func computeS256(b []byte) Params {
 	_, _ = s.Write([]byte(v))
 	return Params{
 		CodeChallenge:       base64URLEncode(s.Sum(nil)),
-		CodeChallengeMethod: MethodS256,
+		CodeChallengeMethod: "S256",
 		CodeVerifier:        v,
 	}
 }
--- a/pkg/pkce/pkce_test.go
+++ b/pkg/pkce/pkce_test.go
@@ -2,40 +2,33 @@ package pkce

 import (
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 )

 func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("S256", func(t *testing.T) {
-		p, err := New([]string{"plain", "S256"})
+		params, err := New(MethodS256)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("New error: %s", err)
 		}
-		if p.CodeChallengeMethod != "S256" {
-			t.Errorf("CodeChallengeMethod wants S256 but was %s", p.CodeChallengeMethod)
+		if params.CodeChallengeMethod != "S256" {
+			t.Errorf("CodeChallengeMethod wants S256 but was %s", params.CodeChallengeMethod)
 		}
-		if p.CodeChallenge == "" {
+		if params.CodeChallenge == "" {
 			t.Errorf("CodeChallenge wants non-empty but was empty")
 		}
-		if p.CodeVerifier == "" {
+		if params.CodeVerifier == "" {
 			t.Errorf("CodeVerifier wants non-empty but was empty")
 		}
 	})
-	t.Run("plain", func(t *testing.T) {
-		p, err := New([]string{"plain"})
+	t.Run("NoMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		params, err := New(NoMethod)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("New error: %s", err)
 		}
-		if !p.IsZero() {
-			t.Errorf("IsZero wants true but was false")
-		}
-	})
-	t.Run("nil", func(t *testing.T) {
-		p, err := New(nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("New error: %s", err)
-		}
-		if !p.IsZero() {
-			t.Errorf("IsZero wants true but was false")
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(Params{}, params); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 		}
 	})
 }
--- a/pkg/tokencache/repository/repository.go
+++ b/pkg/tokencache/repository/repository.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/wire"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache"
+	"github.com/zalando/go-keyring"
 )

 // Set provides an implementation and interface for Kubeconfig.
@@ -23,9 +24,10 @@ var Set = wire.NewSet(
 )

 type Interface interface {
-	FindByKey(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)
-	Save(dir string, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error
-	Lock(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)
+	FindByKey(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error)
+	Save(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error
+	Lock(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error)
+	DeleteAll(config tokencache.Config) error
 }

 type entity struct {
@@ -37,21 +39,60 @@ type entity struct {
 // Filename of a token cache is sha256 digest of the issuer, zero-character and client ID.
 type Repository struct{}

-func (r *Repository) FindByKey(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error) {
-	filename, err := computeFilename(key)
+// keyringService is used to namespace the keyring access.
+// Some implementations may also display this string when prompting the user
+// for allowing access.
+const keyringService = "kubelogin"
+
+// keyringItemPrefix is used as the prefix in the keyring items.
+const keyringItemPrefix = "kubelogin/tokencache/"
+
+func (r *Repository) FindByKey(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet, error) {
+	checksum, err := computeChecksum(key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not compute the key: %w", err)
 	}
-	p := filepath.Join(dir, filename)
-	f, err := os.Open(p)
+	switch config.Storage {
+	case tokencache.StorageDisk:
+		return readFromFile(config, checksum)
+	case tokencache.StorageKeyring:
+		return readFromKeyring(checksum)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown storage mode: %v", config.Storage)
+	}
+}
+
+func readFromFile(config tokencache.Config, checksum string) (*oidc.TokenSet, error) {
+	p := filepath.Join(config.Directory, checksum)
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(p)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not open file %s: %w", p, err)
 	}
-	defer f.Close()
-	d := json.NewDecoder(f)
+	t, err := decodeKey(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("file %s: %w", p, err)
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+func readFromKeyring(checksum string) (*oidc.TokenSet, error) {
+	p := keyringItemPrefix + checksum
+	s, err := keyring.Get(keyringService, p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not get keyring secret %s: %w", p, err)
+	}
+	t, err := decodeKey([]byte(s))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("keyring %s: %w", p, err)
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+func decodeKey(b []byte) (*oidc.TokenSet, error) {
 	var e entity
-	if err := d.Decode(&e); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid json file %s: %w", p, err)
+	err := json.Unmarshal(b, &e)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid token cache json: %w", err)
 	}
 	return &oidc.TokenSet{
 		IDToken:      e.IDToken,
@@ -59,41 +100,61 @@ func (r *Repository) FindByKey(dir string, key tokencache.Key) (*oidc.TokenSet,
 	}, nil
 }

-func (r *Repository) Save(dir string, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error {
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0700); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not create directory %s: %w", dir, err)
-	}
-	filename, err := computeFilename(key)
+func (r *Repository) Save(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error {
+	checksum, err := computeChecksum(key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not compute the key: %w", err)
 	}
-	p := filepath.Join(dir, filename)
-	f, err := os.OpenFile(p, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0600)
+	switch config.Storage {
+	case tokencache.StorageDisk:
+		return writeToFile(config, checksum, tokenSet)
+	case tokencache.StorageKeyring:
+		return writeToKeyring(checksum, tokenSet)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown storage mode: %v", config.Storage)
+	}
+}
+
+func writeToFile(config tokencache.Config, checksum string, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error {
+	p := filepath.Join(config.Directory, checksum)
+	b, err := encodeKey(tokenSet)
 	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("file %s: %w", p, err)
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(config.Directory, 0700); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not create directory %s: %w", config.Directory, err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(p, b, 0600); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not create file %s: %w", p, err)
 	}
-	defer f.Close()
-	e := entity{
-		IDToken:      tokenSet.IDToken,
-		RefreshToken: tokenSet.RefreshToken,
-	}
-	if err := json.NewEncoder(f).Encode(&e); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("json encode error: %w", err)
-	}
 	return nil
 }

-func (r *Repository) Lock(tokenCacheDir string, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error) {
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(tokenCacheDir, 0700); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not create directory %s: %w", tokenCacheDir, err)
+func writeToKeyring(checksum string, tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) error {
+	p := keyringItemPrefix + checksum
+	b, err := encodeKey(tokenSet)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("keyring %s: %w", p, err)
 	}
-	keyDigest, err := computeFilename(key)
+	if err := keyring.Set(keyringService, p, string(b)); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("keyring write %s: %w", p, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *Repository) Lock(config tokencache.Config, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer, error) {
+	checksum, err := computeChecksum(key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not compute the key: %w", err)
 	}
+	// NOTE: Both keyring and disk storage types use files for locking
+	// No sensitive data is stored in the lock file
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(config.Directory, 0700); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not create directory %s: %w", config.Directory, err)
+	}
 	// Do not lock the token cache file.
 	// https://github.com/int128/kubelogin/issues/1144
-	lockFilepath := filepath.Join(tokenCacheDir, keyDigest+".lock")
+	lockFilepath := filepath.Join(config.Directory, checksum+".lock")
 	lockFile := flock.New(lockFilepath)
 	if err := lockFile.Lock(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not lock the cache file %s: %w", lockFilepath, err)
@@ -101,7 +162,32 @@ func (r *Repository) Lock(tokenCacheDir string, key tokencache.Key) (io.Closer,
 	return lockFile, nil
 }

-func computeFilename(key tokencache.Key) (string, error) {
+func (r *Repository) DeleteAll(config tokencache.Config) error {
+	switch config.Storage {
+	case tokencache.StorageDisk:
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(config.Directory); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("remove the directory %s: %w", config.Directory, err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	case tokencache.StorageKeyring:
+		if err := keyring.DeleteAll(keyringService); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("keyring delete: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown storage mode: %v", config.Storage)
+	}
+}
+
+func encodeKey(tokenSet oidc.TokenSet) ([]byte, error) {
+	e := entity{
+		IDToken:      tokenSet.IDToken,
+		RefreshToken: tokenSet.RefreshToken,
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(&e)
+}
+
+func computeChecksum(key tokencache.Key) (string, error) {
 	s := sha256.New()
 	e := gob.NewEncoder(s)
 	if err := e.Encode(&key); err != nil {
--- a/pkg/tokencache/repository/repository_test.go
+++ b/pkg/tokencache/repository/repository_test.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache"
 )

@@ -15,16 +16,24 @@ func TestRepository_FindByKey(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("Success", func(t *testing.T) {
 		dir := t.TempDir()
-		key := tokencache.Key{
-			IssuerURL:      "YOUR_ISSUER",
-			ClientID:       "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-			ClientSecret:   "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
-			ExtraScopes:    []string{"openid", "email"},
-			CACertFilename: "/path/to/cert",
-			SkipTLSVerify:  false,
+		config := tokencache.Config{
+			Directory: dir,
+			Storage:   tokencache.StorageDisk,
 		}
+		key := tokencache.Key{
+			Provider: oidc.Provider{
+				IssuerURL:    "YOUR_ISSUER",
+				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+				ExtraScopes:  []string{"openid", "email"},
+			},
+			TLSClientConfig: tlsclientconfig.Config{
+				CACertFilename: []string{"/path/to/cert"},
+			},
+		}
+
 		json := `{"id_token":"YOUR_ID_TOKEN","refresh_token":"YOUR_REFRESH_TOKEN"}`
-		filename, err := computeFilename(key)
+		filename, err := computeChecksum(key)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("could not compute the key: %s", err)
 		}
@@ -33,7 +42,7 @@ func TestRepository_FindByKey(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("could not write to the temp file: %s", err)
 		}

-		got, err := r.FindByKey(dir, key)
+		got, err := r.FindByKey(config, key)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("err wants nil but %+v", err)
 		}
@@ -49,20 +58,27 @@ func TestRepository_Save(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("Success", func(t *testing.T) {
 		dir := t.TempDir()
+		config := tokencache.Config{
+			Directory: dir,
+			Storage:   tokencache.StorageDisk,
+		}
 		key := tokencache.Key{
-			IssuerURL:      "YOUR_ISSUER",
-			ClientID:       "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-			ClientSecret:   "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
-			ExtraScopes:    []string{"openid", "email"},
-			CACertFilename: "/path/to/cert",
-			SkipTLSVerify:  false,
+			Provider: oidc.Provider{
+				IssuerURL:    "YOUR_ISSUER",
+				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+				ExtraScopes:  []string{"openid", "email"},
+			},
+			TLSClientConfig: tlsclientconfig.Config{
+				CACertFilename: []string{"/path/to/cert"},
+			},
 		}
 		tokenSet := oidc.TokenSet{IDToken: "YOUR_ID_TOKEN", RefreshToken: "YOUR_REFRESH_TOKEN"}
-		if err := r.Save(dir, key, tokenSet); err != nil {
+		if err := r.Save(config, key, tokenSet); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("err wants nil but %+v", err)
 		}

-		filename, err := computeFilename(key)
+		filename, err := computeChecksum(key)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("could not compute the key: %s", err)
 		}
@@ -71,8 +87,7 @@ func TestRepository_Save(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("could not read the token cache file: %s", err)
 		}
-		want := `{"id_token":"YOUR_ID_TOKEN","refresh_token":"YOUR_REFRESH_TOKEN"}
-`
+		want := `{"id_token":"YOUR_ID_TOKEN","refresh_token":"YOUR_REFRESH_TOKEN"}`
 		got := string(b)
 		if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
 			t.Errorf("mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
--- a/pkg/tokencache/types.go
+++ b/pkg/tokencache/types.go
@@ -1,13 +1,32 @@
 package tokencache

+import (
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
+)
+
 // Key represents a key of a token cache.
 type Key struct {
-	IssuerURL      string
-	ClientID       string
-	ClientSecret   string
-	Username       string
-	ExtraScopes    []string
-	CACertFilename string
-	CACertData     string
-	SkipTLSVerify  bool
+	Provider        oidc.Provider
+	TLSClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config
+	Username        string
 }
+
+// Config represents a configuration for the token cache.
+type Config struct {
+	// Directory is a path to the directory to store a token cache.
+	// Note that a lock file is created into this directory even if the keyring is used.
+	Directory string
+
+	Storage Storage
+}
+
+// Storage is an enum of different storage strategies.
+type Storage byte
+
+const (
+	// StorageDisk will only store cached keys on disk.
+	StorageDisk Storage = iota
+	// StorageDisk will only store cached keys in the OS keyring.
+	StorageKeyring
+)
--- a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode/browser.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode/browser.go
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ func (u *Browser) Do(ctx context.Context, o *BrowserOption, oidcClient client.In
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate a nonce: %w", err)
 	}
-	p, err := pkce.New(oidcClient.SupportedPKCEMethods())
+	pkceParams, err := pkce.New(oidcClient.NegotiatedPKCEMethod())
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate PKCE parameters: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate the PKCE parameters: %w", err)
 	}
 	successHTML := BrowserSuccessHTML
 	if o.OpenURLAfterAuthentication != "" {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (u *Browser) Do(ctx context.Context, o *BrowserOption, oidcClient client.In
 		BindAddress:            o.BindAddress,
 		State:                  state,
 		Nonce:                  nonce,
-		PKCEParams:             p,
+		PKCEParams:             pkceParams,
 		RedirectURLHostname:    o.RedirectURLHostname,
 		AuthRequestExtraParams: o.AuthRequestExtraParams,
 		LocalServerSuccessHTML: successHTML,
--- a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode/browser_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode/browser_test.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/pkce"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
 )
@@ -31,9 +32,7 @@ func TestBrowser_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			AuthRequestExtraParams:     map[string]string{"ttl": "86400", "reauth": "true"},
 		}
 		mockClient := client_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockClient.EXPECT().
-			SupportedPKCEMethods().
-			Return(nil)
+		mockClient.EXPECT().NegotiatedPKCEMethod().Return(pkce.NoMethod)
 		mockClient.EXPECT().
 			GetTokenByAuthCode(mock.Anything, mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
 			Run(func(_ context.Context, in client.GetTokenByAuthCodeInput, readyChan chan<- string) {
@@ -85,9 +84,7 @@ func TestBrowser_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			AuthenticationTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
 		}
 		mockClient := client_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockClient.EXPECT().
-			SupportedPKCEMethods().
-			Return(nil)
+		mockClient.EXPECT().NegotiatedPKCEMethod().Return(pkce.NoMethod)
 		mockClient.EXPECT().
 			GetTokenByAuthCode(mock.Anything, mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
 			Run(func(_ context.Context, _ client.GetTokenByAuthCodeInput, readyChan chan<- string) {
@@ -127,9 +124,7 @@ func TestBrowser_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			AuthenticationTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
 		}
 		mockClient := client_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockClient.EXPECT().
-			SupportedPKCEMethods().
-			Return(nil)
+		mockClient.EXPECT().NegotiatedPKCEMethod().Return(pkce.NoMethod)
 		mockClient.EXPECT().
 			GetTokenByAuthCode(mock.Anything, mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
 			Run(func(_ context.Context, _ client.GetTokenByAuthCodeInput, readyChan chan<- string) {
--- a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode/keyboard.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode/keyboard.go
@@ -34,15 +34,14 @@ func (u *Keyboard) Do(ctx context.Context, o *KeyboardOption, oidcClient client.
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate a nonce: %w", err)
 	}
-	p, err := pkce.New(oidcClient.SupportedPKCEMethods())
+	pkceParams, err := pkce.New(oidcClient.NegotiatedPKCEMethod())
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate PKCE parameters: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not generate the PKCE parameters: %w", err)
 	}
-
 	authCodeURL := oidcClient.GetAuthCodeURL(client.AuthCodeURLInput{
 		State:                  state,
 		Nonce:                  nonce,
-		PKCEParams:             p,
+		PKCEParams:             pkceParams,
 		RedirectURI:            o.RedirectURL,
 		AuthRequestExtraParams: o.AuthRequestExtraParams,
 	})
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ func (u *Keyboard) Do(ctx context.Context, o *KeyboardOption, oidcClient client.
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("exchanging the code and token")
 	tokenSet, err := oidcClient.ExchangeAuthCode(ctx, client.ExchangeAuthCodeInput{
 		Code:        code,
-		PKCEParams:  p,
+		PKCEParams:  pkceParams,
 		Nonce:       nonce,
 		RedirectURI: o.RedirectURL,
 	})
--- a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode/keyboard_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode/keyboard_test.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/pkce"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
 )
@@ -24,9 +25,7 @@ func TestKeyboard_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			AuthRequestExtraParams: map[string]string{"ttl": "86400", "reauth": "true"},
 		}
 		mockClient := client_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockClient.EXPECT().
-			SupportedPKCEMethods().
-			Return(nil)
+		mockClient.EXPECT().NegotiatedPKCEMethod().Return(pkce.NoMethod)
 		mockClient.EXPECT().
 			GetAuthCodeURL(mock.Anything).
 			Run(func(in client.AuthCodeURLInput) {
--- a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication.go
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ type Input struct {
 	GrantOptionSet  GrantOptionSet
 	CachedTokenSet  *oidc.TokenSet // optional
 	TLSClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config
-	ForceRefresh    bool
-	UseAccessToken  bool
 }

 type GrantOptionSet struct {
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ type Authentication struct {

 func (u *Authentication) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) (*Output, error) {
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("initializing an OpenID Connect client")
-	oidcClient, err := u.ClientFactory.New(ctx, in.Provider, in.TLSClientConfig, in.UseAccessToken)
+	oidcClient, err := u.ClientFactory.New(ctx, in.Provider, in.TLSClientConfig)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("oidc error: %w", err)
 	}
--- a/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/authentication/authentication_test.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc/client"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/pkce"
 	testingJWT "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/jwt"
 	testingLogger "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ func TestAuthentication_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			}, nil)
 		mockClientFactory := client_mock.NewMockFactoryInterface(t)
 		mockClientFactory.EXPECT().
-			New(ctx, dummyProvider, dummyTLSClientConfig, false).
+			New(ctx, dummyProvider, dummyTLSClientConfig).
 			Return(mockClient, nil)
 		u := Authentication{
 			ClientFactory: mockClientFactory,
@@ -96,9 +97,7 @@ func TestAuthentication_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}
 		mockClient := client_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-		mockClient.EXPECT().
-			SupportedPKCEMethods().
-			Return(nil)
+		mockClient.EXPECT().NegotiatedPKCEMethod().Return(pkce.NoMethod)
 		mockClient.EXPECT().
 			Refresh(ctx, "EXPIRED_REFRESH_TOKEN").
 			Return(nil, errors.New("token has expired"))
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ func TestAuthentication_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			}, nil)
 		mockClientFactory := client_mock.NewMockFactoryInterface(t)
 		mockClientFactory.EXPECT().
-			New(ctx, dummyProvider, dummyTLSClientConfig, false).
+			New(ctx, dummyProvider, dummyTLSClientConfig).
 			Return(mockClient, nil)
 		u := Authentication{
 			ClientFactory: mockClientFactory,
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ func TestAuthentication_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			}, nil)
 		mockClientFactory := client_mock.NewMockFactoryInterface(t)
 		mockClientFactory.EXPECT().
-			New(ctx, dummyProvider, dummyTLSClientConfig, false).
+			New(ctx, dummyProvider, dummyTLSClientConfig).
 			Return(mockClient, nil)
 		u := Authentication{
 			ClientFactory: mockClientFactory,
--- a/pkg/usecases/clean/clean.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/clean/clean.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package clean
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/google/wire"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository"
+)
+
+var Set = wire.NewSet(
+	wire.Struct(new(Clean), "*"),
+	wire.Bind(new(Interface), new(*Clean)),
+)
+
+type Interface interface {
+	Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error
+}
+
+// Input represents an input of the Clean use-case.
+type Input struct {
+	TokenCacheDir string
+}
+
+type Clean struct {
+	TokenCacheRepository repository.Interface
+	Logger               logger.Interface
+}
+
+func (u *Clean) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
+	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("Deleting the token cache")
+
+	if err := u.TokenCacheRepository.DeleteAll(tokencache.Config{Directory: in.TokenCacheDir, Storage: tokencache.StorageDisk}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("delete the token cache from %s: %w", in.TokenCacheDir, err)
+	}
+	u.Logger.Printf("Deleted the token cache from %s", in.TokenCacheDir)
+
+	if err := u.TokenCacheRepository.DeleteAll(tokencache.Config{Directory: in.TokenCacheDir, Storage: tokencache.StorageKeyring}); err != nil {
+		// Do not return an error because the keyring may not be available.
+		u.Logger.Printf("Could not delete the token cache from the keyring: %s", err)
+	} else {
+		u.Logger.Printf("Deleted the token cache from the keyring")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token.go
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ package credentialplugin
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/google/wire"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer"
+	credentialpluginreader "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/reader"
+	credentialpluginwriter "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/clock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
@@ -31,41 +31,42 @@ type Interface interface {

 // Input represents an input DTO of the GetToken use-case.
 type Input struct {
-	Provider        oidc.Provider
-	TokenCacheDir   string
-	GrantOptionSet  authentication.GrantOptionSet
-	TLSClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config
-	ForceRefresh    bool
-	UseAccessToken  bool
+	Provider         oidc.Provider
+	ForceRefresh     bool
+	TokenCacheConfig tokencache.Config
+	GrantOptionSet   authentication.GrantOptionSet
+	TLSClientConfig  tlsclientconfig.Config
 }

 type GetToken struct {
-	Authentication       authentication.Interface
-	TokenCacheRepository repository.Interface
-	Writer               writer.Interface
-	Logger               logger.Interface
-	Clock                clock.Interface
+	Authentication         authentication.Interface
+	TokenCacheRepository   repository.Interface
+	CredentialPluginReader credentialpluginreader.Interface
+	CredentialPluginWriter credentialpluginwriter.Interface
+	Logger                 logger.Interface
+	Clock                  clock.Interface
 }

 func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("WARNING: log may contain your secrets such as token or password")

-	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("finding a token from cache directory %s", in.TokenCacheDir)
+	credentialPluginInput, err := u.CredentialPluginReader.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not read the input of credential plugin: %w", err)
+	}
+	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("credential plugin is called with apiVersion: %s", credentialPluginInput.ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion)
+
+	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("finding a token cache")
 	tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
-		IssuerURL:      in.Provider.IssuerURL,
-		ClientID:       in.Provider.ClientID,
-		ClientSecret:   in.Provider.ClientSecret,
-		ExtraScopes:    in.Provider.ExtraScopes,
-		CACertFilename: strings.Join(in.TLSClientConfig.CACertFilename, ","),
-		CACertData:     strings.Join(in.TLSClientConfig.CACertData, ","),
-		SkipTLSVerify:  in.TLSClientConfig.SkipTLSVerify,
+		Provider:        in.Provider,
+		TLSClientConfig: in.TLSClientConfig,
 	}
 	if in.GrantOptionSet.ROPCOption != nil {
 		tokenCacheKey.Username = in.GrantOptionSet.ROPCOption.Username
 	}

 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("acquiring the lock of token cache")
-	lock, err := u.TokenCacheRepository.Lock(in.TokenCacheDir, tokenCacheKey)
+	lock, err := u.TokenCacheRepository.Lock(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not lock the token cache: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 		}
 	}()

-	cachedTokenSet, err := u.TokenCacheRepository.FindByKey(in.TokenCacheDir, tokenCacheKey)
+	cachedTokenSet, err := u.TokenCacheRepository.FindByKey(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		u.Logger.V(1).Infof("could not find a token cache: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -95,10 +96,11 @@ func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 			if !claims.IsExpired(u.Clock) {
 				u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you already have a valid token until %s", claims.Expiry)
 				out := credentialplugin.Output{
-					Token:  cachedTokenSet.IDToken,
-					Expiry: claims.Expiry,
+					Token:                          cachedTokenSet.IDToken,
+					Expiry:                         claims.Expiry,
+					ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion: credentialPluginInput.ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion,
 				}
-				if err := u.Writer.Write(out); err != nil {
+				if err := u.CredentialPluginWriter.Write(out); err != nil {
 					return fmt.Errorf("could not write the token to client-go: %w", err)
 				}
 				return nil
@@ -112,8 +114,6 @@ func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 		GrantOptionSet:  in.GrantOptionSet,
 		CachedTokenSet:  cachedTokenSet,
 		TLSClientConfig: in.TLSClientConfig,
-		ForceRefresh:    in.ForceRefresh,
-		UseAccessToken:  in.UseAccessToken,
 	}
 	authenticationOutput, err := u.Authentication.Do(ctx, authenticationInput)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -125,15 +125,16 @@ func (u *GetToken) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
 	}
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you got a token: %s", idTokenClaims.Pretty)
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("you got a valid token until %s", idTokenClaims.Expiry)
-	if err := u.TokenCacheRepository.Save(in.TokenCacheDir, tokenCacheKey, authenticationOutput.TokenSet); err != nil {
+	if err := u.TokenCacheRepository.Save(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey, authenticationOutput.TokenSet); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not write the token cache: %w", err)
 	}
 	u.Logger.V(1).Infof("writing the token to client-go")
 	out := credentialplugin.Output{
-		Token:  authenticationOutput.TokenSet.IDToken,
-		Expiry: idTokenClaims.Expiry,
+		Token:                          authenticationOutput.TokenSet.IDToken,
+		Expiry:                         idTokenClaims.Expiry,
+		ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion: credentialPluginInput.ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion,
 	}
-	if err := u.Writer.Write(out); err != nil {
+	if err := u.CredentialPluginWriter.Write(out); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("could not write the token to client-go: %w", err)
 	}
 	return nil
--- a/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/credentialplugin/get_token_test.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/reader_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/credentialplugin/writer_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tokencache/repository_mock"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication_mock"
@@ -40,8 +41,12 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 		RefreshToken: "YOUR_REFRESH_TOKEN",
 	}
 	issuedOutput := credentialplugin.Output{
-		Token:  issuedIDToken,
-		Expiry: expiryTime,
+		Token:                          issuedIDToken,
+		Expiry:                         expiryTime,
+		ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion: "client.authentication.k8s.io/v1",
+	}
+	credentialpluginInput := credentialplugin.Input{
+		ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion: "client.authentication.k8s.io/v1",
 	}
 	grantOptionSet := authentication.GrantOptionSet{
 		AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
@@ -51,14 +56,18 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("NoTokenCache", func(t *testing.T) {
 		tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
-			IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
-			ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-			ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			Provider: oidc.Provider{
+				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
+				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			},
 		}
 		ctx := context.TODO()
 		in := Input{
-			Provider:       dummyProvider,
-			TokenCacheDir:  "/path/to/token-cache",
+			Provider: dummyProvider,
+			TokenCacheConfig: tokencache.Config{
+				Directory: "/path/to/token-cache",
+			},
 			GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
 		}
 		mockAuthentication := authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
@@ -74,24 +83,29 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Return(nil)
 		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			Lock("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			Lock(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey).
 			Return(mockCloser, nil)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			FindByKey(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey).
 			Return(nil, errors.New("file not found"))
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			Save("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey, issuedTokenSet).
+			Save(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey, issuedTokenSet).
 			Return(nil)
+		mockReader := reader_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+		mockReader.EXPECT().
+			Read().
+			Return(credentialpluginInput, nil)
 		mockWriter := writer_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
 		mockWriter.EXPECT().
 			Write(issuedOutput).
 			Return(nil)
 		u := GetToken{
-			Authentication:       mockAuthentication,
-			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
-			Writer:               mockWriter,
-			Logger:               logger.New(t),
-			Clock:                clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
+			Authentication:         mockAuthentication,
+			TokenCacheRepository:   mockRepository,
+			CredentialPluginReader: mockReader,
+			CredentialPluginWriter: mockWriter,
+			Logger:                 logger.New(t),
+			Clock:                  clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
@@ -103,16 +117,20 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			ROPCOption: &ropc.Option{Username: "YOUR_USERNAME"},
 		}
 		tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
-			IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
-			ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-			ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
-			Username:     "YOUR_USERNAME",
+			Provider: oidc.Provider{
+				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
+				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			},
+			Username: "YOUR_USERNAME",
 		}

 		ctx := context.TODO()
 		in := Input{
-			Provider:       dummyProvider,
-			TokenCacheDir:  "/path/to/token-cache",
+			Provider: dummyProvider,
+			TokenCacheConfig: tokencache.Config{
+				Directory: "/path/to/token-cache",
+			},
 			GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
 		}
 		mockAuthentication := authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
@@ -128,24 +146,29 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Return(nil)
 		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			Lock("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			Lock(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey).
 			Return(mockCloser, nil)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			FindByKey(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey).
 			Return(nil, errors.New("file not found"))
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			Save("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey, issuedTokenSet).
+			Save(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey, issuedTokenSet).
 			Return(nil)
+		mockReader := reader_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+		mockReader.EXPECT().
+			Read().
+			Return(credentialplugin.Input{ClientAuthenticationAPIVersion: "client.authentication.k8s.io/v1"}, nil)
 		mockWriter := writer_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
 		mockWriter.EXPECT().
 			Write(issuedOutput).
 			Return(nil)
 		u := GetToken{
-			Authentication:       mockAuthentication,
-			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
-			Writer:               mockWriter,
-			Logger:               logger.New(t),
-			Clock:                clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
+			Authentication:         mockAuthentication,
+			TokenCacheRepository:   mockRepository,
+			CredentialPluginReader: mockReader,
+			CredentialPluginWriter: mockWriter,
+			Logger:                 logger.New(t),
+			Clock:                  clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
@@ -154,15 +177,19 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("HasValidIDToken", func(t *testing.T) {
 		tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
-			IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
-			ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-			ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			Provider: oidc.Provider{
+				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
+				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			},
 		}

 		ctx := context.TODO()
 		in := Input{
-			Provider:       dummyProvider,
-			TokenCacheDir:  "/path/to/token-cache",
+			Provider: dummyProvider,
+			TokenCacheConfig: tokencache.Config{
+				Directory: "/path/to/token-cache",
+			},
 			GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
 		}
 		mockCloser := io_mock.NewMockCloser(t)
@@ -171,25 +198,32 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Return(nil)
 		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			Lock("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			Lock(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey).
 			Return(mockCloser, nil)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokencache.Key{
-				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
-				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			FindByKey(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokencache.Key{
+				Provider: oidc.Provider{
+					IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
+					ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+					ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+				},
 			}).
 			Return(&issuedTokenSet, nil)
+		mockReader := reader_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+		mockReader.EXPECT().
+			Read().
+			Return(credentialpluginInput, nil)
 		mockWriter := writer_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
 		mockWriter.EXPECT().
 			Write(issuedOutput).
 			Return(nil)
 		u := GetToken{
-			Authentication:       authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
-			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
-			Writer:               mockWriter,
-			Logger:               logger.New(t),
-			Clock:                clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
+			Authentication:         authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
+			TokenCacheRepository:   mockRepository,
+			CredentialPluginReader: mockReader,
+			CredentialPluginWriter: mockWriter,
+			Logger:                 logger.New(t),
+			Clock:                  clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
@@ -198,14 +232,18 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("AuthenticationError", func(t *testing.T) {
 		tokenCacheKey := tokencache.Key{
-			IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
-			ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-			ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			Provider: oidc.Provider{
+				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
+				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			},
 		}
 		ctx := context.TODO()
 		in := Input{
-			Provider:       dummyProvider,
-			TokenCacheDir:  "/path/to/token-cache",
+			Provider: dummyProvider,
+			TokenCacheConfig: tokencache.Config{
+				Directory: "/path/to/token-cache",
+			},
 			GrantOptionSet: grantOptionSet,
 		}
 		mockAuthentication := authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
@@ -221,21 +259,28 @@ func TestGetToken_Do(t *testing.T) {
 			Return(nil)
 		mockRepository := repository_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			Lock("/path/to/token-cache", tokenCacheKey).
+			Lock(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokenCacheKey).
 			Return(mockCloser, nil)
 		mockRepository.EXPECT().
-			FindByKey("/path/to/token-cache", tokencache.Key{
-				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
-				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+			FindByKey(in.TokenCacheConfig, tokencache.Key{
+				Provider: oidc.Provider{
+					IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
+					ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+					ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+				},
 			}).
 			Return(nil, errors.New("file not found"))
+		mockReader := reader_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+		mockReader.EXPECT().
+			Read().
+			Return(credentialpluginInput, nil)
 		u := GetToken{
-			Authentication:       mockAuthentication,
-			TokenCacheRepository: mockRepository,
-			Writer:               writer_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
-			Logger:               logger.New(t),
-			Clock:                clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
+			Authentication:         mockAuthentication,
+			TokenCacheRepository:   mockRepository,
+			CredentialPluginReader: mockReader,
+			CredentialPluginWriter: writer_mock.NewMockInterface(t),
+			Logger:                 logger.New(t),
+			Clock:                  clock.Fake(expiryTime.Add(-time.Hour)),
 		}
 		if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("err wants non-nil but nil")
--- a/pkg/usecases/setup/setup.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/setup/setup.go
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@ package setup

 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"text/template"
+
+	_ "embed"

 	"github.com/google/wire"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/infrastructure/logger"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
 	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication"
 )

@@ -15,11 +23,62 @@ var Set = wire.NewSet(
 )

 type Interface interface {
-	DoStage1()
-	DoStage2(ctx context.Context, in Stage2Input) error
+	Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error
 }

 type Setup struct {
 	Authentication authentication.Interface
 	Logger         logger.Interface
 }
+
+//go:embed setup.md
+var setupMarkdown string
+
+var setupTemplate = template.Must(template.New("setup.md").Funcs(template.FuncMap{
+	"quote": strconv.Quote,
+}).Parse(setupMarkdown))
+
+type Input struct {
+	IssuerURL       string
+	ClientID        string
+	ClientSecret    string
+	ExtraScopes     []string
+	UseAccessToken  bool
+	PKCEMethod      oidc.PKCEMethod
+	GrantOptionSet  authentication.GrantOptionSet
+	TLSClientConfig tlsclientconfig.Config
+	ChangedFlags    []string
+}
+
+func (u Setup) Do(ctx context.Context, in Input) error {
+	u.Logger.Printf("Authentication in progress...")
+	out, err := u.Authentication.Do(ctx, authentication.Input{
+		Provider: oidc.Provider{
+			IssuerURL:      in.IssuerURL,
+			ClientID:       in.ClientID,
+			ClientSecret:   in.ClientSecret,
+			ExtraScopes:    in.ExtraScopes,
+			PKCEMethod:     in.PKCEMethod,
+			UseAccessToken: in.UseAccessToken,
+		},
+		GrantOptionSet:  in.GrantOptionSet,
+		TLSClientConfig: in.TLSClientConfig,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("authentication error: %w", err)
+	}
+	idTokenClaims, err := out.TokenSet.DecodeWithoutVerify()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("you got an invalid token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var b strings.Builder
+	if err := setupTemplate.Execute(&b, map[string]any{
+		"IDTokenPrettyJSON": idTokenClaims.Pretty,
+		"Flags":             in.ChangedFlags,
+	}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("render the template: %w", err)
+	}
+	u.Logger.Printf(b.String())
+	return nil
+}
--- a/pkg/usecases/setup/setup.md
+++ b/pkg/usecases/setup/setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+## Authenticated with the OpenID Connect Provider
+
+You got the token with the following claims:
+
+```
+{{ .IDTokenPrettyJSON }}
+```
+
+## Set up the kubeconfig
+
+You can run the following command to set up the kubeconfig:
+
+```
+kubectl config set-credentials oidc \
+  --exec-api-version=client.authentication.k8s.io/v1 \
+  --exec-interactive-mode=Never \
+  --exec-command=kubectl \
+  --exec-arg=oidc-login \
+  --exec-arg=get-token \
+{{- range $index, $flag := .Flags }}
+  {{- if $index}} \{{end}}
+  --exec-arg={{ $flag | quote }}
+{{- end }}
+```
--- a/pkg/usecases/setup/setup_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/setup/setup_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package setup
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication_mock"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
+	testingJWT "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/jwt"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
+	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication"
+)
+
+func TestSetup_Do(t *testing.T) {
+	issuedIDToken := testingJWT.EncodeF(t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
+		claims.Issuer = "https://issuer.example.com"
+		claims.Subject = "YOUR_SUBJECT"
+		claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour))
+	})
+	dummyTLSClientConfig := tlsclientconfig.Config{
+		CACertFilename: []string{"/path/to/cert"},
+	}
+	var grantOptionSet authentication.GrantOptionSet
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	in := Input{
+		IssuerURL:       "https://accounts.google.com",
+		ClientID:        "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+		ClientSecret:    "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+		ExtraScopes:     []string{"email"},
+		GrantOptionSet:  grantOptionSet,
+		TLSClientConfig: dummyTLSClientConfig,
+		ChangedFlags: []string{
+			"--oidc-issuer-url=https://accounts.google.com",
+			"--oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+		},
+	}
+	mockAuthentication := authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
+	mockAuthentication.EXPECT().
+		Do(ctx, authentication.Input{
+			Provider: oidc.Provider{
+				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
+				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
+				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
+				ExtraScopes:  []string{"email"},
+			},
+			GrantOptionSet:  grantOptionSet,
+			TLSClientConfig: dummyTLSClientConfig,
+		}).
+		Return(&authentication.Output{
+			TokenSet: oidc.TokenSet{
+				IDToken:      issuedIDToken,
+				RefreshToken: "YOUR_REFRESH_TOKEN",
+			},
+		}, nil)
+	u := Setup{
+		Authentication: mockAuthentication,
+		Logger:         logger.New(t),
+	}
+	if err := u.Do(ctx, in); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Do returned error: %+v", err)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/usecases/setup/stage1.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/setup/stage1.go
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-package setup
-
-const stage1 = `This setup shows the instruction of Kubernetes OpenID Connect authentication.
-See also https://github.com/int128/kubelogin.
-
-## 1. Set up the OpenID Connect Provider
-
-Open the OpenID Connect Provider and create a client.
-
-For example, Google Identity Platform:
-Open https://console.developers.google.com/apis/credentials and create an OAuth client of "Other" type.
-ISSUER is https://accounts.google.com
-
-## 2. Verify authentication
-
-Run the following command to proceed.
-
-	kubectl oidc-login setup \
-	  --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER \
-	  --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID \
-	  --oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
-
-You can set your CA certificate. See also the options by --help.
-`
-
-func (u *Setup) DoStage1() {
-	u.Logger.Printf(stage1)
-}
--- a/pkg/usecases/setup/stage2.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/setup/stage2.go
@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-package setup
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-	"text/template"
-
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication"
-)
-
-var stage2Tpl = template.Must(template.New("").Parse(`
-## 2. Verify authentication
-
-You got a token with the following claims:
-
-{{ .IDTokenPrettyJSON }}
-
-## 3. Bind a cluster role
-
-Run the following command:
-
-	kubectl create clusterrolebinding oidc-cluster-admin --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user='{{ .IssuerURL }}#{{ .Subject }}'
-
-## 4. Set up the Kubernetes API server
-
-Add the following options to the kube-apiserver:
-
-	--oidc-issuer-url={{ .IssuerURL }}
-	--oidc-client-id={{ .ClientID }}
-
-## 5. Set up the kubeconfig
-
-Run the following command:
-
-	kubectl config set-credentials oidc \
-	  --exec-api-version=client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 \
-	  --exec-command=kubectl \
-	  --exec-arg=oidc-login \
-	  --exec-arg=get-token \
-{{- range $index, $arg := .Args }}
-	  {{- if $index}} \{{end}}
-	  --exec-arg={{ $arg }}
-{{- end }}
-
-## 6. Verify cluster access
-
-Make sure you can access the Kubernetes cluster.
-
-	kubectl --user=oidc get nodes
-
-You can switch the default context to oidc.
-
-	kubectl config set-context --current --user=oidc
-
-You can share the kubeconfig to your team members for on-boarding.
-`))
-
-type stage2Vars struct {
-	IDTokenPrettyJSON string
-	IssuerURL         string
-	ClientID          string
-	Args              []string
-	Subject           string
-}
-
-// Stage2Input represents an input DTO of the stage2.
-type Stage2Input struct {
-	IssuerURL         string
-	ClientID          string
-	ClientSecret      string
-	ExtraScopes       []string // optional
-	UsePKCE           bool     // optional
-	UseAccessToken    bool     // optional
-	ListenAddressArgs []string // non-nil if set by the command arg
-	GrantOptionSet    authentication.GrantOptionSet
-	TLSClientConfig   tlsclientconfig.Config
-}
-
-func (u *Setup) DoStage2(ctx context.Context, in Stage2Input) error {
-	u.Logger.Printf("authentication in progress...")
-	out, err := u.Authentication.Do(ctx, authentication.Input{
-		Provider: oidc.Provider{
-			IssuerURL:    in.IssuerURL,
-			ClientID:     in.ClientID,
-			ClientSecret: in.ClientSecret,
-			ExtraScopes:  in.ExtraScopes,
-			UsePKCE:      in.UsePKCE,
-		},
-		GrantOptionSet:  in.GrantOptionSet,
-		TLSClientConfig: in.TLSClientConfig,
-		UseAccessToken:  in.UseAccessToken,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("authentication error: %w", err)
-	}
-	idTokenClaims, err := out.TokenSet.DecodeWithoutVerify()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("you got an invalid token: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	v := stage2Vars{
-		IDTokenPrettyJSON: idTokenClaims.Pretty,
-		IssuerURL:         in.IssuerURL,
-		ClientID:          in.ClientID,
-		Args:              makeCredentialPluginArgs(in),
-		Subject:           idTokenClaims.Subject,
-	}
-	var b strings.Builder
-	if err := stage2Tpl.Execute(&b, &v); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not render the template: %w", err)
-	}
-	u.Logger.Printf(b.String())
-	return nil
-}
-
-func makeCredentialPluginArgs(in Stage2Input) []string {
-	var args []string
-	args = append(args, "--oidc-issuer-url="+in.IssuerURL)
-	args = append(args, "--oidc-client-id="+in.ClientID)
-	if in.ClientSecret != "" {
-		args = append(args, "--oidc-client-secret="+in.ClientSecret)
-	}
-	for _, extraScope := range in.ExtraScopes {
-		args = append(args, "--oidc-extra-scope="+extraScope)
-	}
-	if in.UsePKCE {
-		args = append(args, "--oidc-use-pkce")
-	}
-	if in.UseAccessToken {
-		args = append(args, "--oidc-use-access-token")
-	}
-	for _, f := range in.TLSClientConfig.CACertFilename {
-		args = append(args, "--certificate-authority="+f)
-	}
-	for _, d := range in.TLSClientConfig.CACertData {
-		args = append(args, "--certificate-authority-data="+d)
-	}
-	if in.TLSClientConfig.SkipTLSVerify {
-		args = append(args, "--insecure-skip-tls-verify")
-	}
-
-	if in.GrantOptionSet.AuthCodeBrowserOption != nil {
-		if in.GrantOptionSet.AuthCodeBrowserOption.SkipOpenBrowser {
-			args = append(args, "--skip-open-browser")
-		}
-		if in.GrantOptionSet.AuthCodeBrowserOption.BrowserCommand != "" {
-			args = append(args, "--browser-command="+in.GrantOptionSet.AuthCodeBrowserOption.BrowserCommand)
-		}
-		if in.GrantOptionSet.AuthCodeBrowserOption.LocalServerCertFile != "" {
-			// Resolve the absolute path for the cert files so the user doesn't have to know
-			// to use one when running setup.
-			certpath, err := filepath.Abs(in.GrantOptionSet.AuthCodeBrowserOption.LocalServerCertFile)
-			if err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-			keypath, err := filepath.Abs(in.GrantOptionSet.AuthCodeBrowserOption.LocalServerKeyFile)
-			if err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-			args = append(args, "--local-server-cert="+certpath)
-			args = append(args, "--local-server-key="+keypath)
-		}
-	}
-	for _, l := range in.ListenAddressArgs {
-		args = append(args, "--listen-address="+l)
-	}
-	if in.GrantOptionSet.ROPCOption != nil {
-		if in.GrantOptionSet.ROPCOption.Username != "" {
-			args = append(args, "--username="+in.GrantOptionSet.ROPCOption.Username)
-		}
-	}
-	return args
-}
--- a/pkg/usecases/setup/stage2_test.go
+++ b/pkg/usecases/setup/stage2_test.go
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-package setup
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/mocks/github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication_mock"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/oidc"
-	testingJWT "github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/jwt"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/testing/logger"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/tlsclientconfig"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication/authcode"
-	"github.com/int128/kubelogin/pkg/usecases/authentication/ropc"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestSetup_DoStage2(t *testing.T) {
-	issuedIDToken := testingJWT.EncodeF(t, func(claims *testingJWT.Claims) {
-		claims.Issuer = "https://issuer.example.com"
-		claims.Subject = "YOUR_SUBJECT"
-		claims.ExpiresAt = jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour))
-	})
-	dummyTLSClientConfig := tlsclientconfig.Config{
-		CACertFilename: []string{"/path/to/cert"},
-	}
-	var grantOptionSet authentication.GrantOptionSet
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	in := Stage2Input{
-		IssuerURL:       "https://accounts.google.com",
-		ClientID:        "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-		ClientSecret:    "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
-		ExtraScopes:     []string{"email"},
-		GrantOptionSet:  grantOptionSet,
-		TLSClientConfig: dummyTLSClientConfig,
-	}
-	mockAuthentication := authentication_mock.NewMockInterface(t)
-	mockAuthentication.EXPECT().
-		Do(ctx, authentication.Input{
-			Provider: oidc.Provider{
-				IssuerURL:    "https://accounts.google.com",
-				ClientID:     "YOUR_CLIENT_ID",
-				ClientSecret: "YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET",
-				ExtraScopes:  []string{"email"},
-			},
-			GrantOptionSet:  grantOptionSet,
-			TLSClientConfig: dummyTLSClientConfig,
-		}).
-		Return(&authentication.Output{
-			TokenSet: oidc.TokenSet{
-				IDToken:      issuedIDToken,
-				RefreshToken: "YOUR_REFRESH_TOKEN",
-			},
-		}, nil)
-	u := Setup{
-		Authentication: mockAuthentication,
-		Logger:         logger.New(t),
-	}
-	if err := u.DoStage2(ctx, in); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("DoStage2 returned error: %+v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func Test_makeCredentialPluginArgs(t *testing.T) {
-	in := Stage2Input{
-		IssuerURL:         "https://oidc.example.com",
-		ClientID:          "test_kid",
-		ClientSecret:      "test_ksecret",
-		ExtraScopes:       []string{"groups"},
-		UsePKCE:           true,
-		ListenAddressArgs: []string{"127.0.0.1:8080", "127.0.0.1:8888"},
-		GrantOptionSet: authentication.GrantOptionSet{
-			AuthCodeBrowserOption: &authcode.BrowserOption{
-				SkipOpenBrowser:     true,
-				BrowserCommand:      "firefox",
-				LocalServerCertFile: "/path/to/cert.crt",
-				LocalServerKeyFile:  "/path/to/cert.key",
-			},
-			ROPCOption: &ropc.Option{
-				Username: "user1",
-			},
-		},
-		TLSClientConfig: tlsclientconfig.Config{
-			CACertFilename: []string{"/path/to/ca.crt"},
-			CACertData:     []string{"base64encoded1"},
-			SkipTLSVerify:  true,
-		},
-	}
-	expet := []string{
-		"--oidc-issuer-url=https://oidc.example.com",
-		"--oidc-client-id=test_kid",
-		"--oidc-client-secret=test_ksecret",
-		"--oidc-extra-scope=groups",
-		"--oidc-use-pkce",
-		"--certificate-authority=/path/to/ca.crt",
-		"--certificate-authority-data=base64encoded1",
-		"--insecure-skip-tls-verify",
-		"--skip-open-browser",
-		"--browser-command=firefox",
-		"--local-server-cert=/path/to/cert.crt",
-		"--local-server-key=/path/to/cert.key",
-		"--listen-address=127.0.0.1:8080",
-		"--listen-address=127.0.0.1:8888",
-		"--username=user1",
-	}
-	got := makeCredentialPluginArgs(in)
-	assert.Equal(t, expet, got)
-}
--- a/system_test/Makefile
+++ b/system_test/Makefile
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 CERT_DIR := cert

-.PHONY: login
-login: setup
-	$(MAKE) -C login
+.PHONY: test-with-dbus-session
+test-with-dbus-session:
+	dbus-run-session -- $(MAKE) test

-.PHONY: setup
-setup: dex cluster setup-chrome
+.PHONY: test
+test: dex cluster setup-chrome setup-keyring
+	$(MAKE) -C login

 .PHONY: dex
 dex: cert
@@ -15,11 +16,18 @@ dex: cert
 cluster: cert
 	$(MAKE) -C cluster

+# Add the server certificate of dex to the trust store for Chrome.
 .PHONY: setup-chrome
 setup-chrome: cert
-	# add the dex server certificate to the trust store
+	mkdir -p $(HOME)/.pki/nssdb
 	certutil -A -d sql:$(HOME)/.pki/nssdb -n dex -i $(CERT_DIR)/ca.crt -t "TC,,"

+# Start gnome-keyring-daemon.
+# https://github.com/zalando/go-keyring/issues/45
+.PHONY: setup-keyring
+setup-keyring:
+	echo password | gnome-keyring-daemon --unlock
+
 .PHONY: cert
 cert:
 	$(MAKE) -C cert
--- a/system_test/README.md
+++ b/system_test/README.md
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@

 This is an automated test for verifying behavior of the plugin with a real Kubernetes cluster and OIDC provider.

-
 ## Purpose

 This test checks the following points:

-1. User can set up Kubernetes OIDC authentication using [setup guide](../docs/setup.md).
+1. User can set up Kubernetes OIDC authentication using the [setup guide](../docs/setup.md).
 1. User can log in to an OIDC provider on a browser.
 1. User can access the cluster using a token returned from the plugin.

@@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ It depends on the following components:
 - Browser (Chrome)
 - kubectl command

-
 ## How it works

 Let's take a look at the diagram.
@@ -45,7 +43,6 @@ It performs the test by the following steps:
 1. kube-apiserver verifies the token by Dex.
 1. Check if kubectl exited with code 0.

-
 ## Run locally

 You need to set up the following components:
@@ -80,7 +77,6 @@ make terminate
 make clean
 ```

-
 ## Technical consideration

 ### Network and DNS
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More