fixed typo

.github/workflows/greetings.yml

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-name: Greetings
-
-on: [pull_request, issues]
-
-jobs:
-  greeting:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/first-interaction@v1
-      with:
-        repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        issue-message: "Hola! @${{ github.actor }} 🥳 , You've just created an Issue!🌟 Thanks for making the Project Better"
-        pr-message: 'Submitted a PR already ?? @${{ github.actor }} . Sit tight until one of our amazing maintainers review it. Make sure you read the contributing guide'
- 

.gitignore

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ var/
 *.egg
 *.spec
 .eggs
-pip-wheel-metadata
 
 # Directory Cache Files
 .DS_Store

.travis.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ python:
     - "3.6"
     - "3.7"
     - "3.8"
-    - "3.9"
 install:
   - pip install -r requirements.txt
   - pip install -r requirements-dev.txt

Dockerfile

@@ -16,14 +16,4 @@ RUN make deps
 COPY . .
 RUN make install
 
-FROM python:3.8-alpine
-
-RUN apk add --no-cache \
-    tcpdump \
-    ebtables && \
-    apk upgrade --no-cache
-
-COPY --from=builder /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages
-COPY --from=builder /usr/local/bin/kube-hunter /usr/local/bin/kube-hunter
-
 ENTRYPOINT ["kube-hunter"]

README.md

@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ Table of Contents
       * [Prerequisites](#prerequisites)
    * [Container](#container)
    * [Pod](#pod)
-* [Contribution](#contribution)
          
 ## Hunting
 
@@ -175,8 +174,5 @@ The example `job.yaml` file defines a Job that will run kube-hunter in a pod, us
 * Find the pod name with `kubectl describe job kube-hunter`
 * View the test results with `kubectl logs <pod name>`
 
-## Contribution 
-To read the contribution guidelines, <a href="https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md"> Click here </a>
-
 ## License
 This repository is available under the [Apache License 2.0](https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/blob/master/LICENSE).

docs/_kb/KHV005.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Kubernetes API was accessed with Pod Service Account or without Authentication (
 
 ## Remediation
 
-Secure access to your Kubernetes API.
+Secure acess to your Kubernetes API.
 
 It is recommended to explicitly specify a Service Account for all of your workloads (`serviceAccountName` in `Pod.Spec`), and manage their permissions according to the least privilege principal.
 
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ Consider opting out automatic mounting of SA token using `automountServiceAccoun
 
 ## References
 
-- [Configure Service Accounts for Pods](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/)
+- [Configure Service Accounts for Pods](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/)

docs/_kb/KHV052.md

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
----
-vid: KHV052
-title: Exposed Pods
-categories: [Information Disclosure]
----
-
-# {{ page.vid }} - {{ page.title }}
-
-## Issue description
-
-An attacker could view sensitive information about pods that are bound to a Node using the exposed /pods endpoint
-This can be done either by accessing the readonly port (default 10255), or from the secure kubelet port (10250)
-
-## Remediation
-
-Ensure kubelet is protected using `--anonymous-auth=false` kubelet flag. Allow only legitimate users using `--client-ca-file` or `--authentication-token-webhook` kubelet flags. This is usually done by the installer or cloud provider.
-
-Disable the readonly port by using `--read-only-port=0` kubelet flag.
-
-## References
-
-- [Kubelet configuration](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/)
-- [Kubelet authentication/authorization](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-authentication-authorization/)

job.yaml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ spec:
       containers:
       - name: kube-hunter
         image: aquasec/kube-hunter 
-        command: ["kube-hunter"]
+        command: ["python", "kube-hunter.py"]
         args: ["--pod"]
       restartPolicy: Never
   backoffLimit: 4

kube_hunter/__main__.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ config = Config(
     cidr=args.cidr,
     include_patched_versions=args.include_patched_versions,
     interface=args.interface,
-    log_file=args.log_file,
     mapping=args.mapping,
     network_timeout=args.network_timeout,
     pod=args.pod,
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ config = Config(
     remote=args.remote,
     statistics=args.statistics,
 )
-setup_logger(args.log, args.log_file)
+setup_logger(args.log)
 set_config(config)
 
 # Running all other registered plugins before execution
@@ -73,13 +72,13 @@ def list_hunters():
     print("\nPassive Hunters:\n----------------")
     for hunter, docs in handler.passive_hunters.items():
         name, doc = hunter.parse_docs(docs)
-        print(f"* {name}\n  {doc}\n")
+        print("* {}\n  {}\n".format(name, doc))
 
     if config.active:
         print("\n\nActive Hunters:\n---------------")
         for hunter, docs in handler.active_hunters.items():
             name, doc = hunter.parse_docs(docs)
-            print(f"* {name}\n  {doc}\n")
+            print("* {}\n  {}\n".format(name, doc))
 
 
 hunt_started_lock = threading.Lock()

kube_hunter/conf/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from typing import Any, Optional
 
 @dataclass
 class Config:
-    """Config is a configuration container.
+    """ Config is a configuration container.
     It contains the following fields:
     - active: Enable active hunters
     - cidr: Network subnets to scan
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ class Config:
     - interface: Interface scanning mode
     - list_hunters: Print a list of existing hunters
     - log_level: Log level
-    - log_file: Log File path
     - mapping: Report only found components
     - network_timeout: Timeout for network operations
     - pod: From pod scanning mode
@@ -28,7 +27,6 @@ class Config:
     dispatcher: Optional[Any] = None
     include_patched_versions: bool = False
     interface: bool = False
-    log_file: Optional[str] = None
     mapping: bool = False
     network_timeout: float = 5.0
     pod: bool = False

kube_hunter/conf/logging.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 
+
 DEFAULT_LEVEL = logging.INFO
 DEFAULT_LEVEL_NAME = logging.getLevelName(DEFAULT_LEVEL)
 LOG_FORMAT = "%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s %(message)s"
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ logging.getLogger("scapy.runtime").setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)
 logging.getLogger("scapy.loading").setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)
 
 
-def setup_logger(level_name, logfile):
+def setup_logger(level_name):
     # Remove any existing handlers
     # Unnecessary in Python 3.8 since `logging.basicConfig` has `force` parameter
     for h in logging.getLogger().handlers[:]:
@@ -21,9 +22,6 @@ def setup_logger(level_name, logfile):
     else:
         log_level = getattr(logging, level_name.upper(), None)
         log_level = log_level if isinstance(log_level, int) else None
-        if logfile is None:
-            logging.basicConfig(level=log_level or DEFAULT_LEVEL, format=LOG_FORMAT)
-        else:
-            logging.basicConfig(filename=logfile, level=log_level or DEFAULT_LEVEL, format=LOG_FORMAT)
+        logging.basicConfig(level=log_level or DEFAULT_LEVEL, format=LOG_FORMAT)
         if not log_level:
             logging.warning(f"Unknown log level '{level_name}', using {DEFAULT_LEVEL_NAME}")

kube_hunter/conf/parser.py

@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ def parser_add_arguments(parser):
     Contains initialization for all default arguments
     """
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--list",
-        action="store_true",
-        help="Displays all tests in kubehunter (add --active flag to see active tests)",
+        "--list", action="store_true", help="Displays all tests in kubehunter (add --active flag to see active tests)",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument("--interface", action="store_true", help="Set hunting on all network interfaces")
@@ -21,9 +19,7 @@ def parser_add_arguments(parser):
     parser.add_argument("--quick", action="store_true", help="Prefer quick scan (subnet 24)")
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--include-patched-versions",
-        action="store_true",
-        help="Don't skip patched versions when scanning",
+        "--include-patched-versions", action="store_true", help="Don't skip patched versions when scanning",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -33,17 +29,11 @@ def parser_add_arguments(parser):
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--mapping",
-        action="store_true",
-        help="Outputs only a mapping of the cluster's nodes",
+        "--mapping", action="store_true", help="Outputs only a mapping of the cluster's nodes",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--remote",
-        nargs="+",
-        metavar="HOST",
-        default=list(),
-        help="One or more remote ip/dns to hunt",
+        "--remote", nargs="+", metavar="HOST", default=list(), help="One or more remote ip/dns to hunt",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument("--active", action="store_true", help="Enables active hunting")
@@ -57,17 +47,7 @@ def parser_add_arguments(parser):
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--log-file",
-        type=str,
-        default=None,
-        help="Path to a log file to output all logs to",
-    )
-
-    parser.add_argument(
-        "--report",
-        type=str,
-        default="plain",
-        help="Set report type, options are: plain, yaml, json",
+        "--report", type=str, default="plain", help="Set report type, options are: plain, yaml, json",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(

kube_hunter/core/events/handler.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # Inherits Queue object, handles events asynchronously
 class EventQueue(Queue):
     def __init__(self, num_worker=10):
-        super().__init__()
+        super(EventQueue, self).__init__()
         self.passive_hunters = dict()
         self.active_hunters = dict()
         self.all_hunters = dict()

kube_hunter/core/events/types.py

@@ -144,8 +144,7 @@ class NewHostEvent(Event):
             logger.debug("Checking whether the cluster is deployed on azure's cloud")
             # Leverage 3rd tool https://github.com/blrchen/AzureSpeed for Azure cloud ip detection
             result = requests.get(
-                f"https://api.azurespeed.com/api/region?ipOrUrl={self.host}",
-                timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                f"https://api.azurespeed.com/api/region?ipOrUrl={self.host}", timeout=config.network_timeout,
             ).json()
             return result["cloud"] or "NoCloud"
         except requests.ConnectionError:
@@ -195,11 +194,7 @@ class K8sVersionDisclosure(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, version, from_endpoint, extra_info=""):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            "K8s Version Disclosure",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV002",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, "K8s Version Disclosure", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV002",
         )
         self.version = version
         self.from_endpoint = from_endpoint

kube_hunter/modules/discovery/hosts.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class RunningAsPodEvent(Event):
         try:
             with open(f"/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/{file}") as f:
                 return f.read()
-        except OSError:
+        except IOError:
             pass
 
 
@@ -46,14 +46,10 @@ class AzureMetadataApi(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, cidr):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            Azure,
-            "Azure Metadata Exposure",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV003",
+            self, Azure, "Azure Metadata Exposure", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV003",
         )
         self.cidr = cidr
-        self.evidence = f"cidr: {cidr}"
+        self.evidence = "cidr: {}".format(cidr)
 
 
 class HostScanEvent(Event):
@@ -144,9 +140,7 @@ class FromPodHostDiscovery(Discovery):
     def traceroute_discovery(self):
         config = get_config()
         node_internal_ip = srp1(
-            Ether() / IP(dst="1.1.1.1", ttl=1) / ICMP(),
-            verbose=0,
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            Ether() / IP(dst="1.1.1.1", ttl=1) / ICMP(), verbose=0, timeout=config.network_timeout,
         )[IP].src
         return [[node_internal_ip, "24"]]
 

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/aks.py

@@ -16,11 +16,7 @@ class AzureSpnExposure(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, container):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            Azure,
-            "Azure SPN Exposure",
-            category=IdentityTheft,
-            vid="KHV004",
+            self, Azure, "Azure SPN Exposure", category=IdentityTheft, vid="KHV004",
         )
         self.container = container
 
@@ -46,16 +42,11 @@ class AzureSpnHunter(Hunter):
             logger.debug("failed getting pod info")
         else:
             pods_data = r.json().get("items", [])
-            suspicious_volume_names = []
             for pod_data in pods_data:
-                for volume in pod_data["spec"].get("volumes", []):
-                    if volume.get("hostPath"):
-                        path = volume["hostPath"]["path"]
-                        if "/etc/kubernetes/azure.json".startswith(path):
-                            suspicious_volume_names.append(volume["name"])
                 for container in pod_data["spec"]["containers"]:
-                    for mount in container.get("volumeMounts", []):
-                        if mount["name"] in suspicious_volume_names:
+                    for mount in container["volumeMounts"]:
+                        path = mount["mountPath"]
+                        if "/etc/kubernetes/azure.json".startswith(path):
                             return {
                                 "name": container["name"],
                                 "pod": pod_data["metadata"]["name"],

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/apiserver.py

@@ -29,11 +29,7 @@ class ServerApiAccess(Vulnerability, Event):
             name = "Unauthenticated access to API"
             category = UnauthenticatedAccess
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name=name,
-            category=category,
-            vid="KHV005",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name=name, category=category, vid="KHV005",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -46,11 +42,7 @@ class ServerApiHTTPAccess(Vulnerability, Event):
         name = "Insecure (HTTP) access to API"
         category = UnauthenticatedAccess
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name=name,
-            category=category,
-            vid="KHV006",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name=name, category=category, vid="KHV006",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -62,11 +54,7 @@ class ApiInfoDisclosure(Vulnerability, Event):
         else:
             name += " as anonymous user"
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name=name,
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV007",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name=name, category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV007",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -101,14 +89,12 @@ class ListClusterRoles(ApiInfoDisclosure):
 
 class CreateANamespace(Vulnerability, Event):
 
-    """Creating a namespace might give an attacker an area with default (exploitable) permissions to run pods in."""
+    """ Creating a namespace might give an attacker an area with default (exploitable) permissions to run pods in.
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Created a namespace",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Created a namespace", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -119,17 +105,14 @@ class DeleteANamespace(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Delete a namespace",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Delete a namespace", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
 
 class CreateARole(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """Creating a role might give an attacker the option to harm the normal behavior of newly created pods
-    within the specified namespaces.
+    """ Creating a role might give an attacker the option to harm the normal behavior of newly created pods
+     within the specified namespaces.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
@@ -138,46 +121,37 @@ class CreateARole(Vulnerability, Event):
 
 
 class CreateAClusterRole(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """Creating a cluster role might give an attacker the option to harm the normal behavior of newly created pods
-    across the whole cluster
+    """ Creating a cluster role might give an attacker the option to harm the normal behavior of newly created pods
+     across the whole cluster
     """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Created a cluster role",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Created a cluster role", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
 
 class PatchARole(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """Patching a role might give an attacker the option to create new pods with custom roles within the
+    """ Patching a role might give an attacker the option to create new pods with custom roles within the
     specific role's namespace scope
     """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Patched a role",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Patched a role", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
 
 class PatchAClusterRole(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """Patching a cluster role might give an attacker the option to create new pods with custom roles within the whole
+    """ Patching a cluster role might give an attacker the option to create new pods with custom roles within the whole
     cluster scope.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Patched a cluster role",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Patched a cluster role", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -187,10 +161,7 @@ class DeleteARole(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Deleted a role",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Deleted a role", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -200,10 +171,7 @@ class DeleteAClusterRole(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Deleted a cluster role",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Deleted a cluster role", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -213,10 +181,7 @@ class CreateAPod(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Created A Pod",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Created A Pod", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -226,10 +191,7 @@ class CreateAPrivilegedPod(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Created A PRIVILEGED Pod",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Created A PRIVILEGED Pod", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -239,10 +201,7 @@ class PatchAPod(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Patched A Pod",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Patched A Pod", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -252,10 +211,7 @@ class DeleteAPod(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Deleted A Pod",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Deleted A Pod", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -269,7 +225,7 @@ class ApiServerPassiveHunterFinished(Event):
 # If we have a service account token we'll also trigger AccessApiServerWithToken below
 @handler.subscribe(ApiServer)
 class AccessApiServer(Hunter):
-    """API Server Hunter
+    """ API Server Hunter
     Checks if API server is accessible
     """
 
@@ -312,10 +268,7 @@ class AccessApiServer(Hunter):
         try:
             if not namespace:
                 r = requests.get(
-                    f"{self.path}/api/v1/pods",
-                    headers=self.headers,
-                    verify=False,
-                    timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                    f"{self.path}/api/v1/pods", headers=self.headers, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
                 )
             else:
                 r = requests.get(
@@ -343,7 +296,7 @@ class AccessApiServer(Hunter):
             else:
                 self.publish_event(ServerApiAccess(api, self.with_token))
 
-        namespaces = self.get_items(f"{self.path}/api/v1/namespaces")
+        namespaces = self.get_items("{path}/api/v1/namespaces".format(path=self.path))
         if namespaces:
             self.publish_event(ListNamespaces(namespaces, self.with_token))
 
@@ -366,12 +319,12 @@ class AccessApiServer(Hunter):
 
 @handler.subscribe(ApiServer, predicate=lambda x: x.auth_token)
 class AccessApiServerWithToken(AccessApiServer):
-    """API Server Hunter
+    """ API Server Hunter
     Accessing the API server using the service account token obtained from a compromised pod
     """
 
     def __init__(self, event):
-        super().__init__(event)
+        super(AccessApiServerWithToken, self).__init__(event)
         assert self.event.auth_token
         self.headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {self.event.auth_token}"}
         self.category = InformationDisclosure
@@ -458,8 +411,7 @@ class AccessApiServerActive(ActiveHunter):
     def patch_a_pod(self, namespace, pod_name):
         data = [{"op": "add", "path": "/hello", "value": ["world"]}]
         return self.patch_item(
-            path=f"{self.path}/api/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/pods/{pod_name}",
-            data=json.dumps(data),
+            path=f"{self.path}/api/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/pods/{pod_name}", data=json.dumps(data),
         )
 
     def create_namespace(self):
@@ -486,8 +438,7 @@ class AccessApiServerActive(ActiveHunter):
             "rules": [{"apiGroups": [""], "resources": ["pods"], "verbs": ["get", "watch", "list"]}],
         }
         return self.create_item(
-            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/roles",
-            data=json.dumps(role),
+            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/roles", data=json.dumps(role),
         )
 
     def create_a_cluster_role(self):
@@ -499,8 +450,7 @@ class AccessApiServerActive(ActiveHunter):
             "rules": [{"apiGroups": [""], "resources": ["pods"], "verbs": ["get", "watch", "list"]}],
         }
         return self.create_item(
-            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles",
-            data=json.dumps(cluster_role),
+            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles", data=json.dumps(cluster_role),
         )
 
     def delete_a_role(self, namespace, name):
@@ -527,8 +477,7 @@ class AccessApiServerActive(ActiveHunter):
     def patch_a_cluster_role(self, cluster_role):
         data = [{"op": "add", "path": "/hello", "value": ["world"]}]
         return self.patch_item(
-            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles/{cluster_role}",
-            data=json.dumps(data),
+            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles/{cluster_role}", data=json.dumps(data),
         )
 
     def execute(self):

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/arp.py

@@ -17,11 +17,7 @@ class PossibleArpSpoofing(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            "Possible Arp Spoof",
-            category=IdentityTheft,
-            vid="KHV020",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, "Possible Arp Spoof", category=IdentityTheft, vid="KHV020",
         )
 
 
@@ -43,7 +39,7 @@ class ArpSpoofHunter(ActiveHunter):
     def detect_l3_on_host(self, arp_responses):
         """ returns True for an existence of an L3 network plugin """
         logger.debug("Attempting to detect L3 network plugin using ARP")
-        unique_macs = list({response[ARP].hwsrc for _, response in arp_responses})
+        unique_macs = list(set(response[ARP].hwsrc for _, response in arp_responses))
 
         # if LAN addresses not unique
         if len(unique_macs) == 1:
@@ -59,9 +55,7 @@ class ArpSpoofHunter(ActiveHunter):
         config = get_config()
         self_ip = sr1(IP(dst="1.1.1.1", ttl=1) / ICMP(), verbose=0, timeout=config.network_timeout)[IP].dst
         arp_responses, _ = srp(
-            Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(op=1, pdst=f"{self_ip}/24"),
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
-            verbose=0,
+            Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(op=1, pdst=f"{self_ip}/24"), timeout=config.network_timeout, verbose=0,
         )
 
         # arp enabled on cluster and more than one pod on node

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/capabilities.py

@@ -17,10 +17,7 @@ class CapNetRawEnabled(Event, Vulnerability):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="CAP_NET_RAW Enabled",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="CAP_NET_RAW Enabled", category=AccessRisk,
         )
 
 

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/certificates.py

@@ -16,14 +16,10 @@ class CertificateEmail(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, email):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            "Certificate Includes Email Address",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV021",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, "Certificate Includes Email Address", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV021",
         )
         self.email = email
-        self.evidence = f"email: {self.email}"
+        self.evidence = "email: {}".format(self.email)
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(Service)
@@ -46,7 +42,7 @@ class CertificateDiscovery(Hunter):
         self.examine_certificate(cert)
 
     def examine_certificate(self, cert):
-        c = cert.strip(ssl.PEM_HEADER).strip("\n").strip(ssl.PEM_FOOTER).strip("\n")
+        c = cert.strip(ssl.PEM_HEADER).strip(ssl.PEM_FOOTER)
         certdata = base64.b64decode(c)
         emails = re.findall(email_pattern, certdata)
         for email in emails:

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/cves.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class ServerApiVersionEndPointAccessPE(Vulnerability, Event):
 
 class ServerApiVersionEndPointAccessDos(Vulnerability, Event):
     """Node not patched for CVE-2019-1002100. Depending on your RBAC settings,
-    a crafted json-patch could cause a Denial of Service."""
+     a crafted json-patch could cause a Denial of Service."""
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
@@ -52,11 +52,7 @@ class PingFloodHttp2Implementation(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Possible Ping Flood Attack",
-            category=DenialOfService,
-            vid="KHV024",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Possible Ping Flood Attack", category=DenialOfService, vid="KHV024",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -67,11 +63,7 @@ class ResetFloodHttp2Implementation(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Possible Reset Flood Attack",
-            category=DenialOfService,
-            vid="KHV025",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Possible Reset Flood Attack", category=DenialOfService, vid="KHV025",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -97,14 +89,10 @@ class IncompleteFixToKubectlCpVulnerability(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, binary_version):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubectlClient,
-            "Kubectl Vulnerable To CVE-2019-11246",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV027",
+            self, KubectlClient, "Kubectl Vulnerable To CVE-2019-11246", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV027",
         )
         self.binary_version = binary_version
-        self.evidence = f"kubectl version: {self.binary_version}"
+        self.evidence = "kubectl version: {}".format(self.binary_version)
 
 
 class KubectlCpVulnerability(Vulnerability, Event):
@@ -113,14 +101,10 @@ class KubectlCpVulnerability(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, binary_version):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubectlClient,
-            "Kubectl Vulnerable To CVE-2019-1002101",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV028",
+            self, KubectlClient, "Kubectl Vulnerable To CVE-2019-1002101", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV028",
         )
         self.binary_version = binary_version
-        self.evidence = f"kubectl version: {self.binary_version}"
+        self.evidence = "kubectl version: {}".format(self.binary_version)
 
 
 class CveUtils:

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/dashboard.py

@@ -16,11 +16,7 @@ class DashboardExposed(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, nodes):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            "Dashboard Exposed",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV029",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, "Dashboard Exposed", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV029",
         )
         self.evidence = "nodes: {}".format(" ".join(nodes)) if nodes else None
 

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/dns.py

@@ -18,14 +18,10 @@ class PossibleDnsSpoofing(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, kubedns_pod_ip):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            "Possible DNS Spoof",
-            category=IdentityTheft,
-            vid="KHV030",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, "Possible DNS Spoof", category=IdentityTheft, vid="KHV030",
         )
         self.kubedns_pod_ip = kubedns_pod_ip
-        self.evidence = f"kube-dns at: {self.kubedns_pod_ip}"
+        self.evidence = "kube-dns at: {}".format(self.kubedns_pod_ip)
 
 
 # Only triggered with RunningAsPod base event
@@ -65,9 +61,7 @@ class DnsSpoofHunter(ActiveHunter):
         self_ip = dns_info_res[IP].dst
 
         arp_responses, _ = srp(
-            Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(op=1, pdst=f"{self_ip}/24"),
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
-            verbose=0,
+            Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(op=1, pdst=f"{self_ip}/24"), timeout=config.network_timeout, verbose=0,
         )
         for _, response in arp_responses:
             if response[Ether].src == kubedns_pod_mac:

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/etcd.py

@@ -26,11 +26,7 @@ class EtcdRemoteWriteAccessEvent(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, write_res):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Etcd Remote Write Access Event",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV031",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Etcd Remote Write Access Event", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV031",
         )
         self.evidence = write_res
 
@@ -40,11 +36,7 @@ class EtcdRemoteReadAccessEvent(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, keys):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Etcd Remote Read Access Event",
-            category=AccessRisk,
-            vid="KHV032",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Etcd Remote Read Access Event", category=AccessRisk, vid="KHV032",
         )
         self.evidence = keys
 
@@ -143,7 +135,7 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccess(Hunter):
         logger.debug(f"Trying to check etcd version remotely at {self.event.host}")
         try:
             r = requests.get(
-                f"{self.event.protocol}://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/version",
+                f"{self.protocol}://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/version",
                 verify=False,
                 timeout=config.network_timeout,
             )
@@ -157,9 +149,7 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccess(Hunter):
         logger.debug(f"Trying to access etcd insecurely at {self.event.host}")
         try:
             r = requests.get(
-                f"http://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/version",
-                verify=False,
-                timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                f"http://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/version", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
             )
             return r.content if r.status_code == 200 and r.content else False
         except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
@@ -167,10 +157,10 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccess(Hunter):
 
     def execute(self):
         if self.insecure_access():  # make a decision between http and https protocol
-            self.event.protocol = "http"
+            self.protocol = "http"
         if self.version_disclosure():
             self.publish_event(EtcdRemoteVersionDisclosureEvent(self.version_evidence))
-            if self.event.protocol == "http":
+            if self.protocol == "http":
                 self.publish_event(EtcdAccessEnabledWithoutAuthEvent(self.version_evidence))
             if self.db_keys_disclosure():
                 self.publish_event(EtcdRemoteReadAccessEvent(self.keys_evidence))

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/kubelet.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ExposedPodsHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, pods):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Pods", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV052"
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Pods", category=InformationDisclosure,
         )
         self.pods = pods
         self.evidence = f"count: {len(self.pods)}"
@@ -47,11 +47,7 @@ class AnonymousAuthEnabled(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Anonymous Authentication",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV036",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Anonymous Authentication", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV036",
         )
 
 
@@ -60,11 +56,7 @@ class ExposedContainerLogsHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Exposed Container Logs",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV037",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Container Logs", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV037",
         )
 
 
@@ -74,14 +66,10 @@ class ExposedRunningPodsHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, count):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Exposed Running Pods",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV038",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Running Pods", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV038",
         )
         self.count = count
-        self.evidence = f"{self.count} running pods"
+        self.evidence = "{} running pods".format(self.count)
 
 
 class ExposedExecHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
@@ -89,11 +77,7 @@ class ExposedExecHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Exposed Exec On Container",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV039",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Exec On Container", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV039",
         )
 
 
@@ -102,11 +86,7 @@ class ExposedRunHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Exposed Run Inside Container",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV040",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Run Inside Container", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV040",
         )
 
 
@@ -115,11 +95,7 @@ class ExposedPortForwardHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Exposed Port Forward",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV041",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Port Forward", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV041",
         )
 
 
@@ -129,11 +105,7 @@ class ExposedAttachHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Exposed Attaching To Container",
-            category=RemoteCodeExec,
-            vid="KHV042",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Attaching To Container", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV042",
         )
 
 
@@ -143,11 +115,7 @@ class ExposedHealthzHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, status):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Cluster Health Disclosure",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV043",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Cluster Health Disclosure", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV043",
         )
         self.status = status
         self.evidence = f"status: {self.status}"
@@ -175,11 +143,7 @@ class PrivilegedContainers(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, containers):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Privileged Container",
-            category=AccessRisk,
-            vid="KHV044",
+            self, component=KubernetesCluster, name="Privileged Container", category=AccessRisk, vid="KHV044",
         )
         self.containers = containers
         self.evidence = f"pod: {containers[0][0]}, " f"container: {containers[0][1]}, " f"count: {len(containers)}"
@@ -190,11 +154,7 @@ class ExposedSystemLogs(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Exposed System Logs",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV045",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed System Logs", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV045",
         )
 
 
@@ -203,11 +163,7 @@ class ExposedKubeletCmdline(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, cmdline):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=Kubelet,
-            name="Exposed Kubelet Cmdline",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV046",
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Kubelet Cmdline", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV046",
         )
         self.cmdline = cmdline
         self.evidence = f"cmdline: {self.cmdline}"
@@ -314,9 +270,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
         def test_container_logs(self):
             config = get_config()
             logs_url = self.path + KubeletHandlers.CONTAINERLOGS.value.format(
-                pod_namespace=self.pod["namespace"],
-                pod_id=self.pod["name"],
-                container_name=self.pod["container"],
+                pod_namespace=self.pod["namespace"], pod_id=self.pod["name"], container_name=self.pod["container"],
             )
             return self.session.get(logs_url, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout).status_code == 200
 
@@ -334,11 +288,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
             return (
                 "/cri/exec/"
                 in self.session.get(
-                    exec_url,
-                    headers=headers,
-                    allow_redirects=False,
-                    verify=False,
-                    timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                    exec_url, headers=headers, allow_redirects=False, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
                 ).text
             )
 
@@ -353,16 +303,10 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
                 "Sec-Websocket-Protocol": "SPDY",
             }
             pf_url = self.path + KubeletHandlers.PORTFORWARD.value.format(
-                pod_namespace=self.pod["namespace"],
-                pod_id=self.pod["name"],
-                port=80,
+                pod_namespace=self.pod["namespace"], pod_id=self.pod["name"], port=80,
             )
             self.session.get(
-                pf_url,
-                headers=headers,
-                verify=False,
-                stream=True,
-                timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                pf_url, headers=headers, verify=False, stream=True, timeout=config.network_timeout,
             ).status_code == 200
             # TODO: what to return?
 
@@ -370,10 +314,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
         def test_run_container(self):
             config = get_config()
             run_url = self.path + KubeletHandlers.RUN.value.format(
-                pod_namespace="test",
-                pod_id="test",
-                container_name="test",
-                cmd="",
+                pod_namespace="test", pod_id="test", container_name="test", cmd="",
             )
             # if we get a Method Not Allowed, we know we passed Authentication and Authorization.
             return self.session.get(run_url, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout).status_code == 405
@@ -398,10 +339,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
             return (
                 "/cri/attach/"
                 in self.session.get(
-                    attach_url,
-                    allow_redirects=False,
-                    verify=False,
-                    timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                    attach_url, allow_redirects=False, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
                 ).text
             )
 
@@ -409,8 +347,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
         def test_logs_endpoint(self):
             config = get_config()
             logs_url = self.session.get(
-                self.path + KubeletHandlers.LOGS.value.format(path=""),
-                timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                self.path + KubeletHandlers.LOGS.value.format(path=""), timeout=config.network_timeout,
             ).text
             return "<pre>" in logs_url
 
@@ -418,9 +355,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
         def test_pprof_cmdline(self):
             config = get_config()
             cmd = self.session.get(
-                self.path + KubeletHandlers.PPROF_CMDLINE.value,
-                verify=False,
-                timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                self.path + KubeletHandlers.PPROF_CMDLINE.value, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
             )
             return cmd.text if cmd.status_code == 200 else None
 
@@ -529,7 +464,7 @@ class ProveAnonymousAuth(ActiveHunter):
 
     def __init__(self, event):
         self.event = event
-        self.base_url = f"https://{self.event.host}:10250/"
+        self.base_url = "https://{host}:10250/".format(host=self.event.host)
 
     def get_request(self, url, verify=False):
         config = get_config()
@@ -568,7 +503,7 @@ class ProveAnonymousAuth(ActiveHunter):
         return ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error(result) and ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_exception(result)
 
     def cat_command(self, run_request_url, full_file_path):
-        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"cat {full_file_path}"})
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": "cat {}".format(full_file_path)})
 
     def process_container(self, run_request_url):
         service_account_token = self.cat_command(run_request_url, "/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token")
@@ -605,7 +540,7 @@ class ProveAnonymousAuth(ActiveHunter):
                 for container_data in pod_data["spec"]["containers"]:
                     container_name = container_data["name"]
 
-                    run_request_url = self.base_url + f"run/{pod_namespace}/{pod_id}/{container_name}"
+                    run_request_url = self.base_url + "run/{}/{}/{}".format(pod_namespace, pod_id, container_name)
 
                     extracted_data = self.process_container(run_request_url)
 
@@ -614,11 +549,11 @@ class ProveAnonymousAuth(ActiveHunter):
                         environment_variables = extracted_data["environment_variables"]
 
                         temp_message += (
-                            f"\n\nPod namespace: {pod_namespace}"
-                            + f"\n\nPod ID: {pod_id}"
-                            + f"\n\nContainer name: {container_name}"
-                            + f"\n\nService account token: {service_account_token}"
-                            + f"\nEnvironment variables: {environment_variables}"
+                            "\n\nPod namespace: {}".format(pod_namespace)
+                            + "\n\nPod ID: {}".format(pod_id)
+                            + "\n\nContainer name: {}".format(container_name)
+                            + "\n\nService account token: {}".format(service_account_token)
+                            + "\nEnvironment variables: {}".format(environment_variables)
                         )
 
                         first_check = container_data.get("securityContext", {}).get("privileged")
@@ -643,7 +578,7 @@ class ProveAnonymousAuth(ActiveHunter):
             if temp_message:
                 message = "The following containers have been successfully breached." + temp_message
 
-                self.event.evidence = f"{message}"
+                self.event.evidence = "{}".format(message)
 
             if exposed_existing_privileged_containers:
                 self.publish_event(
@@ -663,7 +598,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
 
     def __init__(self, event, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command=1):
         self.event = event
-        self.base_url = f"https://{self.event.host}:10250/"
+        self.base_url = "https://{host}:10250/".format(host=self.event.host)
         self.seconds_to_wait_for_os_command = seconds_to_wait_for_os_command
         self.number_of_rm_attempts = 5
         self.number_of_rmdir_attempts = 5
@@ -682,7 +617,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
             return "Exception: " + str(ex)
 
     def cat_command(self, run_request_url, full_file_path):
-        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"cat {full_file_path}"})
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": "cat {}".format(full_file_path)})
 
     def clean_attacked_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
         self,
@@ -698,7 +633,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
 
         self.rm_command(
             run_request_url,
-            f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_created}",
+            "{}/etc/cron.daily/{}".format(directory_created, file_created),
             number_of_rm_attempts,
             seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
         )
@@ -712,10 +647,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
         )
 
         self.rmdir_command(
-            run_request_url,
-            directory_created,
-            number_of_rmdir_attempts,
-            seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+            run_request_url, directory_created, number_of_rmdir_attempts, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
         )
 
     def check_file_exists(self, run_request_url, file):
@@ -726,7 +658,9 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
     def rm_command(self, run_request_url, file_to_remove, number_of_rm_attempts, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command):
         if self.check_file_exists(run_request_url, file_to_remove):
             for _ in range(number_of_rm_attempts):
-                command_execution_outcome = self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"rm -f {file_to_remove}"})
+                command_execution_outcome = self.post_request(
+                    run_request_url, {"cmd": "rm -f {}".format(file_to_remove)}
+                )
 
                 if seconds_to_wait_for_os_command:
                     time.sleep(seconds_to_wait_for_os_command)
@@ -753,10 +687,10 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
         return False
 
     def chmod_command(self, run_request_url, permissions, file):
-        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"chmod {permissions} {file}"})
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": "chmod {} {}".format(permissions, file)})
 
     def touch_command(self, run_request_url, file_to_create):
-        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"touch {file_to_create}"})
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": "touch {}".format(file_to_create)})
 
     def attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
         self, run_request_url, directory_created, number_of_rm_attempts, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command, file_name=None
@@ -764,7 +698,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
         if file_name is None:
             file_name = "kube-hunter" + str(uuid.uuid1())
 
-        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+        file_name_with_path = "{}/etc/cron.daily/{}".format(directory_created, file_name)
 
         file_created = self.touch_command(run_request_url, file_name_with_path)
 
@@ -784,15 +718,13 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
         return ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(directory_exists)
 
     def rmdir_command(
-        self,
-        run_request_url,
-        directory_to_remove,
-        number_of_rmdir_attempts,
-        seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+        self, run_request_url, directory_to_remove, number_of_rmdir_attempts, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
     ):
         if self.check_directory_exists(run_request_url, directory_to_remove):
             for _ in range(number_of_rmdir_attempts):
-                command_execution_outcome = self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"rmdir {directory_to_remove}"})
+                command_execution_outcome = self.post_request(
+                    run_request_url, {"cmd": "rmdir {}".format(directory_to_remove)}
+                )
 
                 if seconds_to_wait_for_os_command:
                     time.sleep(seconds_to_wait_for_os_command)
@@ -819,7 +751,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
         return False
 
     def ls_command(self, run_request_url, file_or_directory):
-        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"ls {file_or_directory}"})
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": "ls {}".format(file_or_directory)})
 
     def umount_command(
         self,
@@ -837,7 +769,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
             for _ in range(number_of_umount_attempts):
                 # Ref: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/umount.2.html
                 command_execution_outcome = self.post_request(
-                    run_request_url, {"cmd": f"umount {file_system_or_partition} {directory}"}
+                    run_request_url, {"cmd": "umount {} {}".format(file_system_or_partition, directory)}
                 )
 
                 if seconds_to_wait_for_os_command:
@@ -868,16 +800,16 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
 
     def mount_command(self, run_request_url, file_system_or_partition, directory):
         # Ref: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mkdir.1.html
-        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"mount {file_system_or_partition} {directory}"})
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": "mount {} {}".format(file_system_or_partition, directory)})
 
     def mkdir_command(self, run_request_url, directory_to_create):
         # Ref: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mkdir.1.html
-        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"mkdir {directory_to_create}"})
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": "mkdir {}".format(directory_to_create)})
 
     def findfs_command(self, run_request_url, file_system_or_partition_type, file_system_or_partition):
         # Ref: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/findfs.8.html
         return self.post_request(
-            run_request_url, {"cmd": f"findfs {file_system_or_partition_type}{file_system_or_partition}"}
+            run_request_url, {"cmd": "findfs {}{}".format(file_system_or_partition_type, file_system_or_partition)}
         )
 
     def get_root_values(self, command_line):
@@ -936,7 +868,9 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
                             )
 
                             if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(mounted_file_system_or_partition):
-                                host_name = self.cat_command(run_request_url, f"{directory_created}/etc/hostname")
+                                host_name = self.cat_command(
+                                    run_request_url, "{}/etc/hostname".format(directory_created)
+                                )
 
                                 if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(host_name):
                                     return {
@@ -970,7 +904,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
             pod_id = exposed_existing_privileged_containers["pod_id"]
             container_name = exposed_existing_privileged_containers["container_name"]
 
-            run_request_url = self.base_url + f"run/{pod_namespace}/{pod_id}/{container_name}"
+            run_request_url = self.base_url + "run/{}/{}/{}".format(pod_namespace, pod_id, container_name)
 
             is_exposed_existing_privileged_container_privileged = self.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
                 run_request_url,
@@ -1020,7 +954,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
                 + temp_message
             )
 
-            self.event.evidence = f"{message}"
+            self.event.evidence = "{}".format(message)
         else:
             message = (
                 "The following exposed existing privileged containers"
@@ -1029,7 +963,7 @@ class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
                 + temp_message
             )
 
-            self.event.evidence = f"{message}"
+            self.event.evidence = "{}".format(message)
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ExposedRunHandler)
@@ -1051,17 +985,13 @@ class ProveRunHandler(ActiveHunter):
             cmd=command,
         )
         return self.event.session.post(
-            f"{self.base_path}/{run_url}",
-            verify=False,
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"{self.base_path}/{run_url}", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).text
 
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         r = self.event.session.get(
-            f"{self.base_path}/" + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value,
-            verify=False,
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"{self.base_path}/" + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
         )
         if "items" in r.text:
             pods_data = r.json()["items"]
@@ -1095,9 +1025,7 @@ class ProveContainerLogsHandler(ActiveHunter):
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         pods_raw = self.event.session.get(
-            self.base_url + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value,
-            verify=False,
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            self.base_url + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).text
         if "items" in pods_raw:
             pods_data = json.loads(pods_raw)["items"]
@@ -1136,16 +1064,11 @@ class ProveSystemLogs(ActiveHunter):
             f"{self.base_url}/" + KubeletHandlers.LOGS.value.format(path="audit/audit.log"),
             verify=False,
             timeout=config.network_timeout,
-        )
-
-        # TODO: add more methods for proving system logs
-        if audit_logs.status_code == requests.status_codes.codes.OK:
-            logger.debug(f"Audit log of host {self.event.host}: {audit_logs.text[:10]}")
-            # iterating over proctitles and converting them into readable strings
-            proctitles = []
-            for proctitle in re.findall(r"proctitle=(\w+)", audit_logs.text):
-                proctitles.append(bytes.fromhex(proctitle).decode("utf-8").replace("\x00", " "))
-            self.event.proctitles = proctitles
-            self.event.evidence = f"audit log: {proctitles}"
-        else:
-            self.event.evidence = "Could not parse system logs"
+        ).text
+        logger.debug(f"Audit log of host {self.event.host}: {audit_logs[:10]}")
+        # iterating over proctitles and converting them into readable strings
+        proctitles = []
+        for proctitle in re.findall(r"proctitle=(\w+)", audit_logs):
+            proctitles.append(bytes.fromhex(proctitle).decode("utf-8").replace("\x00", " "))
+        self.event.proctitles = proctitles
+        self.event.evidence = f"audit log: {proctitles}"

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/mounts.py

@@ -25,14 +25,10 @@ class WriteMountToVarLog(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, pods):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            "Pod With Mount To /var/log",
-            category=PrivilegeEscalation,
-            vid="KHV047",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, "Pod With Mount To /var/log", category=PrivilegeEscalation, vid="KHV047",
         )
         self.pods = pods
-        self.evidence = "pods: {}".format(", ".join(pod["metadata"]["name"] for pod in self.pods))
+        self.evidence = "pods: {}".format(", ".join((pod["metadata"]["name"] for pod in self.pods)))
 
 
 class DirectoryTraversalWithKubelet(Vulnerability, Event):
@@ -41,13 +37,10 @@ class DirectoryTraversalWithKubelet(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, output):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            "Root Traversal Read On The Kubelet",
-            category=PrivilegeEscalation,
+            self, KubernetesCluster, "Root Traversal Read On The Kubelet", category=PrivilegeEscalation,
         )
         self.output = output
-        self.evidence = f"output: {self.output}"
+        self.evidence = "output: {}".format(self.output)
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ExposedPodsHandler)
@@ -89,10 +82,7 @@ class ProveVarLogMount(ActiveHunter):
 
     def run(self, command, container):
         run_url = KubeletHandlers.RUN.value.format(
-            podNamespace=container["namespace"],
-            podID=container["pod"],
-            containerName=container["name"],
-            cmd=command,
+            podNamespace=container["namespace"], podID=container["pod"], containerName=container["name"], cmd=command,
         )
         return self.event.session.post(f"{self.base_path}/{run_url}", verify=False).text
 
@@ -101,9 +91,7 @@ class ProveVarLogMount(ActiveHunter):
         config = get_config()
         logger.debug("accessing /pods manually on ProveVarLogMount")
         pods = self.event.session.get(
-            f"{self.base_path}/" + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value,
-            verify=False,
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"{self.base_path}/" + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).json()["items"]
         for pod in pods:
             volume = VarLogMountHunter(ExposedPodsHandler(pods=pods)).has_write_mount_to(pod, "/var/log")
@@ -129,9 +117,7 @@ class ProveVarLogMount(ActiveHunter):
             path=re.sub(r"^/var/log", "", host_path) + symlink_name
         )
         content = self.event.session.get(
-            f"{self.base_path}/{path_in_logs_endpoint}",
-            verify=False,
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"{self.base_path}/{path_in_logs_endpoint}", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).text
         # removing symlink
         self.run(f"rm {mount_path}/{symlink_name}", container=container)
@@ -148,10 +134,7 @@ class ProveVarLogMount(ActiveHunter):
                 }
                 try:
                     output = self.traverse_read(
-                        "/etc/shadow",
-                        container=cont,
-                        mount_path=mount_path,
-                        host_path=volume["hostPath"]["path"],
+                        "/etc/shadow", container=cont, mount_path=mount_path, host_path=volume["hostPath"]["path"],
                     )
                     self.publish_event(DirectoryTraversalWithKubelet(output=output))
                 except Exception:

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/proxy.py

@@ -23,11 +23,7 @@ class KubeProxyExposed(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            KubernetesCluster,
-            "Proxy Exposed",
-            category=InformationDisclosure,
-            vid="KHV049",
+            self, KubernetesCluster, "Proxy Exposed", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV049",
         )
 
 
@@ -93,9 +89,7 @@ class ProveProxyExposed(ActiveHunter):
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         version_metadata = requests.get(
-            f"http://{self.event.host}:{self.event.port}/version",
-            verify=False,
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"http://{self.event.host}:{self.event.port}/version", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).json()
         if "buildDate" in version_metadata:
             self.event.evidence = "build date: {}".format(version_metadata["buildDate"])
@@ -113,15 +107,11 @@ class K8sVersionDisclosureProve(ActiveHunter):
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         version_metadata = requests.get(
-            f"http://{self.event.host}:{self.event.port}/version",
-            verify=False,
-            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"http://{self.event.host}:{self.event.port}/version", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).json()
         if "gitVersion" in version_metadata:
             self.publish_event(
                 K8sVersionDisclosure(
-                    version=version_metadata["gitVersion"],
-                    from_endpoint="/version",
-                    extra_info="on kube-proxy",
+                    version=version_metadata["gitVersion"], from_endpoint="/version", extra_info="on kube-proxy",
                 )
             )

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/secrets.py

@@ -28,10 +28,7 @@ class SecretsAccess(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self,
-            component=KubernetesCluster,
-            name="Access to pod's secrets",
-            category=AccessRisk,
+            self, component=KubernetesCluster, name="Access to pod's secrets", category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 

kube_hunter/modules/report/base.py

@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@ from kube_hunter.modules.report.collector import (
     vulnerabilities_lock,
 )
 
-BASE_KB_LINK = "https://avd.aquasec.com/"
-FULL_KB_LINK = "https://avd.aquasec.com/kube-hunter/{vid}/"
-
 
 class BaseReporter:
     def get_nodes(self):
@@ -41,7 +38,6 @@ class BaseReporter:
                     "vulnerability": vuln.get_name(),
                     "description": vuln.explain(),
                     "evidence": str(vuln.evidence),
-                    "avd_reference": FULL_KB_LINK.format(vid=vuln.get_vid().lower()),
                     "hunter": vuln.hunter.get_name(),
                 }
                 for vuln in vulnerabilities
@@ -67,4 +63,6 @@ class BaseReporter:
         if statistics:
             report["hunter_statistics"] = self.get_hunter_statistics()
 
+        report["kburl"] = "https://aquasecurity.github.io/kube-hunter/kb/{vid}"
+
         return report

kube_hunter/modules/report/dispatchers.py

@@ -12,10 +12,7 @@ class HTTPDispatcher:
         dispatch_url = os.environ.get("KUBEHUNTER_HTTP_DISPATCH_URL", "https://localhost/")
         try:
             r = requests.request(
-                dispatch_method,
-                dispatch_url,
-                json=report,
-                headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                dispatch_method, dispatch_url, json=report, headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
             )
             r.raise_for_status()
             logger.info(f"Report was dispatched to: {dispatch_url}")

kube_hunter/modules/report/plain.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from prettytable import ALL, PrettyTable
 
-from kube_hunter.modules.report.base import BaseReporter, BASE_KB_LINK
+from kube_hunter.modules.report.base import BaseReporter
 from kube_hunter.modules.report.collector import (
     services,
     vulnerabilities,
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ from kube_hunter.modules.report.collector import (
     vulnerabilities_lock,
 )
 
-EVIDENCE_PREVIEW = 100
+EVIDENCE_PREVIEW = 40
 MAX_TABLE_WIDTH = 20
+KB_LINK = "https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/tree/master/docs/_kb"
 
 
 class PlainReporter(BaseReporter):
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ class PlainReporter(BaseReporter):
             if service.event_id not in id_memory:
                 nodes_table.add_row(["Node/Master", service.host])
                 id_memory.add(service.event_id)
-        nodes_ret = f"\nNodes\n{nodes_table}\n"
+        nodes_ret = "\nNodes\n{}\n".format(nodes_table)
         services_lock.release()
         return nodes_ret
 
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ class PlainReporter(BaseReporter):
         return (
             "\nVulnerabilities\n"
             "For further information about a vulnerability, search its ID in: \n"
-            f"{BASE_KB_LINK}\n{vuln_table}\n"
+            f"{KB_LINK}\n{vuln_table}\n"
         )
 
     def hunters_table(self):

setup.cfg

@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ classifiers =
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
     Topic :: Security
 
 [options]

tests/conf/test_logging.py

@@ -11,13 +11,12 @@ def test_setup_logger_level():
         ("NOTEXISTS", logging.INFO),
         ("BASIC_FORMAT", logging.INFO),
     ]
-    logFile = None
     for level, expected in test_cases:
-        setup_logger(level, logFile)
+        setup_logger(level)
         actual = logging.getLogger().getEffectiveLevel()
         assert actual == expected, f"{level} level should be {expected} (got {actual})"
 
 
 def test_setup_logger_none():
-    setup_logger("NONE", None)
+    setup_logger("NONE")
     assert logging.getLogger().manager.disable == logging.CRITICAL

tests/core/test_cloud.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ set_config(Config())
 
 
 def test_presetcloud():
-    """Testing if it doesn't try to run get_cloud if the cloud type is already set.
+    """ Testing if it doesn't try to run get_cloud if the cloud type is already set.
     get_cloud(1.2.3.4) will result with an error
     """
     expcted = "AWS"

tests/discovery/test_apiserver.py

@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ def test_ApiServer():
         m.get("https://mockOther:443", text="elephant")
         m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443", text='{"code":403}', status_code=403)
         m.get(
-            "https://mockKubernetes:443/version",
-            text='{"major": "1.14.10"}',
-            status_code=200,
+            "https://mockKubernetes:443/version", text='{"major": "1.14.10"}', status_code=200,
         )
 
         e = Event()
@@ -46,15 +44,11 @@ def test_ApiServerWithServiceAccountToken():
     counter = 0
     with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
         m.get(
-            "https://mockKubernetes:443",
-            request_headers={"Authorization": "Bearer very_secret"},
-            text='{"code":200}',
+            "https://mockKubernetes:443", request_headers={"Authorization": "Bearer very_secret"}, text='{"code":200}',
         )
         m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443", text='{"code":403}', status_code=403)
         m.get(
-            "https://mockKubernetes:443/version",
-            text='{"major": "1.14.10"}',
-            status_code=200,
+            "https://mockKubernetes:443/version", text='{"major": "1.14.10"}', status_code=200,
         )
         m.get("https://mockOther:443", text="elephant")
 
@@ -123,7 +117,7 @@ def test_InsecureApiServer():
 
 # We should only generate an ApiServer event for a response that looks like it came from a Kubernetes node
 @handler.subscribe(ApiServer)
-class testApiServer:
+class testApiServer(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("Event")
         assert event.host == "mockKubernetes"

tests/discovery/test_hosts.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class TestDiscoveryUtils:
     def test_generate_hosts_valid_ignore():
         remove = IPAddress("192.168.1.8")
         scan = "192.168.1.0/24"
-        expected = {ip for ip in IPNetwork(scan) if ip != remove}
+        expected = set(ip for ip in IPNetwork(scan) if ip != remove)
 
         actual = set(HostDiscoveryHelpers.generate_hosts([scan, f"!{str(remove)}"]))
 

tests/hunting/test_aks.py

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-# flake8: noqa: E402
-import requests_mock
-
-from kube_hunter.conf import Config, set_config
-
-set_config(Config())
-
-from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.kubelet import ExposedRunHandler
-from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.aks import AzureSpnHunter
-
-
-def test_AzureSpnHunter():
-    e = ExposedRunHandler()
-    e.host = "mockKubernetes"
-    e.port = 443
-    e.protocol = "https"
-
-    pod_template = '{{"items":[ {{"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{{"name":"etc","namespace":"default"}},"spec":{{"containers":[{{"command":["sleep","99999"],"image":"ubuntu","name":"test","volumeMounts":[{{"mountPath":"/mp","name":"v"}}]}}],"volumes":[{{"hostPath":{{"path":"{}"}},"name":"v"}}]}}}} ]}}'
-
-    bad_paths = ["/", "/etc", "/etc/", "/etc/kubernetes", "/etc/kubernetes/azure.json"]
-    good_paths = ["/yo", "/etc/yo", "/etc/kubernetes/yo.json"]
-
-    for p in bad_paths:
-        with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
-            m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_template.format(p))
-            h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
-            c = h.get_key_container()
-            assert c
-
-    for p in good_paths:
-        with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
-            m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_template.format(p))
-            h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
-            c = h.get_key_container()
-            assert c == None
-
-    with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
-        pod_no_volume_mounts = '{"items":[ {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"name":"etc","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"containers":[{"command":["sleep","99999"],"image":"ubuntu","name":"test"}],"volumes":[{"hostPath":{"path":"/whatever"},"name":"v"}]}} ]}'
-        m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_no_volume_mounts)
-        h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
-        c = h.get_key_container()
-        assert c == None
-
-    with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
-        pod_no_volumes = '{"items":[ {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"name":"etc","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"containers":[{"command":["sleep","99999"],"image":"ubuntu","name":"test"}]}} ]}'
-        m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_no_volumes)
-        h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
-        c = h.get_key_container()
-        assert c == None
-
-    with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
-        pod_other_volume = '{"items":[ {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"name":"etc","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"containers":[{"command":["sleep","99999"],"image":"ubuntu","name":"test","volumeMounts":[{"mountPath":"/mp","name":"v"}]}],"volumes":[{"emptyDir":{},"name":"v"}]}} ]}'
-        m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_other_volume)
-        h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
-        c = h.get_key_container()
-        assert c == None

tests/hunting/test_apiserver_hunter.py

@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
     with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
         m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/api", text="{}")
         m.get(
-            "https://mockKubernetes:443/api/v1/namespaces",
-            text='{"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"hello"}}]}',
+            "https://mockKubernetes:443/api/v1/namespaces", text='{"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"hello"}}]}',
         )
         m.get(
             "https://mockKubernetes:443/api/v1/pods",
@@ -65,12 +64,10 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
                             {"metadata":{"name":"podB", "namespace":"namespaceB"}}]}',
         )
         m.get(
-            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/roles",
-            status_code=403,
+            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/roles", status_code=403,
         )
         m.get(
-            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles",
-            text='{"items":[]}',
+            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles", text='{"items":[]}',
         )
         m.get(
             "https://mockkubernetes:443/version",
@@ -94,8 +91,7 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
         # TODO check that these responses reflect what Kubernetes does
         m.get("https://mocktoken:443/api", text="{}")
         m.get(
-            "https://mocktoken:443/api/v1/namespaces",
-            text='{"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"hello"}}]}',
+            "https://mocktoken:443/api/v1/namespaces", text='{"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"hello"}}]}',
         )
         m.get(
             "https://mocktoken:443/api/v1/pods",
@@ -103,8 +99,7 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
                             {"metadata":{"name":"podB", "namespace":"namespaceB"}}]}',
         )
         m.get(
-            "https://mocktoken:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/roles",
-            status_code=403,
+            "https://mocktoken:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/roles", status_code=403,
         )
         m.get(
             "https://mocktoken:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles",
@@ -122,7 +117,7 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ListNamespaces)
-class test_ListNamespaces:
+class test_ListNamespaces(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ListNamespaces")
         assert event.evidence == ["hello"]
@@ -135,7 +130,7 @@ class test_ListNamespaces:
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ListPodsAndNamespaces)
-class test_ListPodsAndNamespaces:
+class test_ListPodsAndNamespaces(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ListPodsAndNamespaces")
         assert len(event.evidence) == 2
@@ -158,7 +153,7 @@ class test_ListPodsAndNamespaces:
 
 # Should never see this because the API call in the test returns 403 status code
 @handler.subscribe(ListRoles)
-class test_ListRoles:
+class test_ListRoles(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ListRoles")
         assert 0
@@ -169,7 +164,7 @@ class test_ListRoles:
 # Should only see this when we have a token because the API call returns an empty list of items
 # in the test where we have no token
 @handler.subscribe(ListClusterRoles)
-class test_ListClusterRoles:
+class test_ListClusterRoles(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ListClusterRoles")
         assert event.auth_token == "so-secret"
@@ -178,7 +173,7 @@ class test_ListClusterRoles:
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ServerApiAccess)
-class test_ServerApiAccess:
+class test_ServerApiAccess(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ServerApiAccess")
         if event.category == UnauthenticatedAccess:
@@ -191,7 +186,7 @@ class test_ServerApiAccess:
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ApiServerPassiveHunterFinished)
-class test_PassiveHunterFinished:
+class test_PassiveHunterFinished(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("PassiveHunterFinished")
         assert event.namespaces == ["hello"]
@@ -233,12 +228,10 @@ def test_AccessApiServerActive():
         )
         m.post("https://mockKubernetes:443/api/v1/clusterroles", text="{}")
         m.post(
-            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles",
-            text="{}",
+            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles", text="{}",
         )
         m.post(
-            "https://mockkubernetes:443/api/v1/namespaces/hello-namespace/pods",
-            text="{}",
+            "https://mockkubernetes:443/api/v1/namespaces/hello-namespace/pods", text="{}",
         )
         m.post(
             "https://mockkubernetes:443" "/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/hello-namespace/roles",
@@ -276,12 +269,12 @@ def test_AccessApiServerActive():
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(CreateANamespace)
-class test_CreateANamespace:
+class test_CreateANamespace(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         assert "abcde" in event.evidence
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(DeleteANamespace)
-class test_DeleteANamespace:
+class test_DeleteANamespace(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         assert "2019-02-26" in event.evidence

tests/hunting/test_certificates.py

@@ -37,6 +37,6 @@ rceJuGsnJEQ=
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(CertificateEmail)
-class test_CertificateEmail:
+class test_CertificateEmail(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         assert event.email == b"build@nodejs.org0"

tests/hunting/test_cvehunting.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_K8sCveHunter():
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ServerApiVersionEndPointAccessPE)
-class test_CVE_2018_1002105:
+class test_CVE_2018_1002105(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         global cve_counter
         cve_counter += 1

tests/hunting/test_kubelet.py

@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ def create_test_event_type_one():
 
 
 def create_test_event_type_two():
-    exposed_existing_privileged_containers_via_secure_kubelet_port_event = (
-        ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort(exposed_privileged_containers)
+    exposed_existing_privileged_containers_via_secure_kubelet_port_event = ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort(
+        exposed_privileged_containers
     )
     exposed_existing_privileged_containers_via_secure_kubelet_port_event.host = "localhost"
     exposed_existing_privileged_containers_via_secure_kubelet_port_event.session = requests.Session()
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ def test_proveanonymousauth_connectivity_issues():
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort)
-class ExposedPrivilegedContainersViaAnonymousAuthEnabledInSecureKubeletPortEventCounter:
+class ExposedPrivilegedContainersViaAnonymousAuthEnabledInSecureKubeletPortEventCounter(object):
     def __init__(self, event):
         global counter
         counter += 1
@@ -371,9 +371,9 @@ def test_attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container_success():
         run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
         directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
         file_name = "kube-hunter-mock" + str(uuid.uuid1())
-        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+        file_name_with_path = "{}/etc/cron.daily/{}".format(directory_created, file_name)
 
-        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"touch {file_name_with_path}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("touch {}".format(file_name_with_path), safe=""), text="")
         session_mock.post(
             run_url + urllib.parse.quote("chmod {} {}".format("755", file_name_with_path), safe=""), text=""
         )
@@ -395,12 +395,12 @@ def test_attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_touch():
     with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
         directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
         file_name = "kube-hunter-mock" + str(uuid.uuid1())
-        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+        file_name_with_path = "{}/etc/cron.daily/{}".format(directory_created, file_name)
 
         url = "https://localhost:10250/"
         run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
         session_mock.post(
-            run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"touch {file_name_with_path}", safe=""),
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("touch {}".format(file_name_with_path), safe=""),
             text="Operation not permitted",
         )
 
@@ -420,11 +420,11 @@ def test_attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_chmod():
     with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
         directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
         file_name = "kube-hunter-mock" + str(uuid.uuid1())
-        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+        file_name_with_path = "{}/etc/cron.daily/{}".format(directory_created, file_name)
 
         url = "https://localhost:10250/"
         run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
-        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"touch {file_name_with_path}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("touch {}".format(file_name_with_path), safe=""), text="")
         session_mock.post(
             run_url + urllib.parse.quote("chmod {} {}".format("755", file_name_with_path), safe=""),
             text="Permission denied",
@@ -547,12 +547,12 @@ def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_success():
 
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
-        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mkdir {}".format(directory_created), safe=""), text="")
         session_mock.post(
             run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mount {} {}".format("/dev/mock_fs", directory_created), safe=""), text=""
         )
         session_mock.post(
-            run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"cat {directory_created}/etc/hostname", safe=""), text="mockhostname"
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat {}/etc/hostname".format(directory_created), safe=""), text="mockhostname"
         )
 
         return_value = class_being_tested.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
@@ -619,7 +619,9 @@ def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_mkdir():
 
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
-        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="Permission denied")
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mkdir {}".format(directory_created), safe=""), text="Permission denied"
+        )
 
         return_value = class_being_tested.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
             url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
@@ -642,7 +644,7 @@ def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_mount():
 
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
-        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mkdir {}".format(directory_created), safe=""), text="")
         session_mock.post(
             run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mount {} {}".format("/dev/mock_fs", directory_created), safe=""),
             text="Permission denied",
@@ -669,12 +671,12 @@ def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_cat_hostname
 
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
-        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mkdir {}".format(directory_created), safe=""), text="")
         session_mock.post(
             run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mount {} {}".format("/dev/mock_fs", directory_created), safe=""), text=""
         )
         session_mock.post(
-            run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"cat {directory_created}/etc/hostname", safe=""),
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat {}/etc/hostname".format(directory_created), safe=""),
             text="Permission denied",
         )
 
@@ -697,18 +699,18 @@ def test_maliciousintentviasecurekubeletport_success():
         run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
         directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
         file_name = "kube-hunter-mock" + str(uuid.uuid1())
-        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+        file_name_with_path = "{}/etc/cron.daily/{}".format(directory_created, file_name)
 
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
         session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
-        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mkdir {}".format(directory_created), safe=""), text="")
         session_mock.post(
             run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mount {} {}".format("/dev/mock_fs", directory_created), safe=""), text=""
         )
         session_mock.post(
-            run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"cat {directory_created}/etc/hostname", safe=""), text="mockhostname"
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat {}/etc/hostname".format(directory_created), safe=""), text="mockhostname"
         )
-        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"touch {file_name_with_path}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("touch {}".format(file_name_with_path), safe=""), text="")
         session_mock.post(
             run_url + urllib.parse.quote("chmod {} {}".format("755", file_name_with_path), safe=""), text=""
         )