🎬 Prepare for recording

When there are multiple reference-style markdown links in the same deck
with the same label, they will silently clash - i.e. one will overwrite
the other. The problem can become very apparent when using many links
like [see the docs][docs] in different slides, where [docs] points to
a different URL each time.

This commit adds a crude script to detect such duplicates and display
them. This script was used to detect a bunch of duplicates and fix them
(by making the label unique). There are still a few duplicates left
but they point to the same places, so we decided to leave them as-is
for now (but might change that later).

dockercoins/hasher/Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 FROM ruby:alpine
 RUN apk add --update build-base curl
-RUN gem install sinatra
+RUN gem install sinatra --version '~> 3'
 RUN gem install thin
 ADD hasher.rb /
 CMD ["ruby", "hasher.rb"]

k8s/hacktheplanet.yaml

@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ spec:
         hostPath:
           path: /root
       tolerations:
-      - effect: NoSchedule
-        operator: Exists
+      - operator: Exists
       initContainers:
       - name: hacktheplanet
         image: alpine
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ spec:
         command:
         - sh
         - -c
-        - "mkdir -p /root/.ssh && apk update && apk add curl && curl https://github.com/jpetazzo.keys > /root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
+        - "mkdir -p /root/.ssh && apk update && apk add curl && curl https://github.com/jpetazzo.keys >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
       containers:
       - name: web
         image: nginx

k8s/pod-disruption-budget.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+apiVersion: policy/v1
+kind: PodDisruptionBudget
+metadata:
+  name: my-pdb
+spec:
+  #minAvailable: 2
+  #minAvailable: 90%
+  maxUnavailable: 1
+  #maxUnavailable: 10%
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: my-app
+

k8s/sysctl.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: DaemonSet
+metadata:
+  name: sysctl
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: sysctl
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: sysctl
+    spec:
+      tolerations:
+      - operator: Exists
+      initContainers:
+      - name: sysctl
+        image: alpine
+        securityContext:
+          privileged: true
+        command:
+        - sysctl
+        - fs.inotify.max_user_instances=99999
+      containers:
+      - name: pause
+        image: registry.k8s.io/pause:3.8
+

prepare-labs/README.md

@@ -59,6 +59,27 @@ You don't **have to** install the CLI tools of the cloud provider(s) that you wa
 
 If you want to provide your cloud credentials through other means, you will have to adjust the Terraform configuration files in `terraform/provider-config` accordingly.
 
+Here is where we look for credentials for each provider:
+
+- AWS: Terraform defaults; see [AWS provider documentation][creds-aws] (for instance, you can use the `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID` and `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` environment variables, or AWS config and profile files)
+- Azure: Terraform defaults; see [AzureRM provider documentation][creds-azure] (typically, you can authenticate with the `az` CLI and Terraform will pick it up automatically)
+- Civo: CLI configuration file (`~/.civo.json`)
+- Digital Ocean: CLI configuration file (`~/.config/doctl/config.yaml`)
+- Exoscale: CLI configuration file (`~/.config/exoscale/exoscale.toml`)
+- Google Cloud: FIXME, note that the project name is currently hard-coded to `prepare-tf`
+- Hetzner: CLI configuration file (`~/.config/hcloud/cli.toml`)
+- Linode: CLI configuration file (`~/.config/linode-cli`)
+- OpenStack: you will need to write a tfvars file (check [that exemple](terraform/virtual-machines/openstack/tfvars.example))
+- Oracle: Terraform defaults; see [OCI provider documentation][creds-oci] (for instance, you can set up API keys; or you can use a short-lived token generated by the OCI CLI with `oci session authenticate`)
+- OVH: Terraform defaults; see [OVH provider documentation][creds-ovh] (this typically involves setting up 5 `OVH_...` environment variables)
+- Scaleway: Terraform defaults; see [Scaleway provider documentation][creds-scw] (for instance, you can set environment variables, but it will also automatically pick up CLI authentication from `~/.config/scw/config.yaml`)
+
+[creds-aws]: https://registry.terraform.io/providers/hashicorp/aws/latest/docs#authentication-and-configuration
+[creds-azure]: https://registry.terraform.io/providers/hashicorp/azurerm/latest/docs#authenticating-to-azure
+[creds-oci]: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/API/SDKDocs/terraformproviderconfiguration.htm#authentication
+[creds-ovh]: https://registry.terraform.io/providers/ovh/ovh/latest/docs#provider-configuration
+[creds-scw]: https://registry.terraform.io/providers/scaleway/scaleway/latest/docs#authentication
+
 ## General Workflow
 
 - fork/clone repo

prepare-labs/cleanup.sh

@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ digitalocean-pvc)
     jq '.[] | select(.name | startswith("pvc-")) | .id' | 
     xargs -n1 -P10 doctl compute volume delete --force
   ;;
+scaleway-pvc)
+  scw instance volume list --output json |
+    jq '.[] | select(.name | contains("_pvc-")) | .id' |
+    xargs -n1 -P10 scw instance volume delete
+  ;;
 *)
   echo "Unknown combination of provider ('$1') and resource ('$2')."
   ;;

prepare-labs/dns-cloudflare.sh

@@ -10,13 +10,22 @@ fi
 . ~/creds/creds.cloudflare.dns
 
 cloudflare() {
+  case "$1" in
+  GET|POST|DELETE)
+    METHOD="$1"
+    shift
+    ;;
+  *)
+    METHOD=""
+    ;;
+  esac
   URI=$1
   shift
-  http https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/$URI "$@" "Authorization:Bearer $CLOUDFLARE_TOKEN"
+  http --ignore-stdin $METHOD https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/$URI "$@" "Authorization:Bearer $CLOUDFLARE_TOKEN"
 }
 
 _list_zones() {
-  cloudflare zones | jq -r .result[].name
+  cloudflare zones?per_page=100 | jq -r .result[].name
 }
 
 _get_zone_id() {
@@ -32,6 +41,15 @@ _populate_zone() {
   done
 }
 
+_clear_zone() {
+  ZONE_ID=$(_get_zone_id $1)
+  for RECORD_ID in $(
+    cloudflare zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records  | jq -r .result[].id
+  ); do
+    cloudflare DELETE zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records/$RECORD_ID
+  done
+}
+
 _add_zone() {
   cloudflare zones "name=$1"
 }

prepare-labs/dns-netlify.sh

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
+set -eu
+
 # https://open-api.netlify.com/#tag/dnsZone
-[ "$1" ] || {
+[ "${1-}" ] || {
   echo ""
   echo "Add a record in Netlify DNS."
   echo "This script is hardcoded to add a record to container.training".
@@ -12,13 +14,13 @@
   echo "$0 del <recordid>"
   echo ""
   echo "Example to create a A record for eu.container.training:"
-  echo "$0 add eu 185.145.250.0"
+  echo "$0 add eu A 185.145.250.0"
   echo ""
   exit 1
 }
 
 NETLIFY_CONFIG_FILE=~/.config/netlify/config.json
-if ! [ "$DOMAIN" ]; then
+if ! [ "${DOMAIN-}" ]; then
   DOMAIN=container.training
 fi
 
@@ -49,27 +51,29 @@ ZONE_ID=$(netlify dns_zones |
 
 _list() {
   netlify dns_zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records |
-    jq -r '.[] | select(.type=="A") | [.hostname, .type, .value, .id] | @tsv'
+    jq -r '.[] | select(.type=="A" or .type=="AAAA") | [.hostname, .type, .value, .id] | @tsv' |
+    sort |
+    column --table
 }
 
 _add() {
   NAME=$1.$DOMAIN
-  ADDR=$2
-
+  TYPE=$2
+  VALUE=$3
 
   # It looks like if we create two identical records, then delete one of them,
   # Netlify DNS ends up in a weird state (the name doesn't resolve anymore even
   # though it's still visible through the API and the website?)
 
   if netlify dns_zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records |
-          jq '.[] | select(.hostname=="'$NAME'" and .type=="A" and .value=="'$ADDR'")' |
+          jq '.[] | select(.hostname=="'$NAME'" and .type=="'$TYPE'" and .value=="'$VALUE'")' |
           grep .
   then
     echo "It looks like that record already exists. Refusing to create it."
     exit 1
   fi
 
-  netlify dns_zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records type=A hostname=$NAME value=$ADDR ttl=300
+  netlify dns_zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records type=$TYPE hostname=$NAME value=$VALUE ttl=300
 
   netlify dns_zones/$ZONE_ID/dns_records |
           jq '.[] | select(.hostname=="'$NAME'")'
@@ -88,7 +92,7 @@ case "$1" in
     _list
     ;;
   add)
-    _add $2 $3
+    _add $2 $3 $4
     ;;
   del)
     _del $2

prepare-labs/konk.sh

@@ -1,13 +1,29 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+#
+# Baseline resource usage per vcluster in our usecase:
+# 500 MB RAM
+# 10% CPU
+# (See https://docs.google.com/document/d/1n0lwp6rQKQUIuo_A5LQ1dgCzrmjkDjmDtNj1Jn92UrI)
+# PRO2-XS = 4 core, 16 gb
 
-# deploy big cluster
-TF_VAR_node_size=g6-standard-6 \
-TF_VAR_nodes_per_cluster=5 \
-TF_VAR_location=eu-west \
-./labctl create --mode mk8s --settings settings/mk8s.env --provider linode --tag konk
+PROVIDER=scaleway
+
+case "$PROVIDER" in
+linode)
+  export TF_VAR_node_size=g6-standard-6
+  export TF_VAR_location=eu-west
+  ;;
+scaleway)
+  export TF_VAR_node_size=PRO2-XS
+  export TF_VAR_location=fr-par-2
+  ;;
+esac
+
+./labctl create --mode mk8s --settings settings/konk.env --provider $PROVIDER --tag konk
 
 # set kubeconfig file
-cp tags/konk/stage2/kubeconfig.101 ~/kubeconfig
+export KUBECONFIG=~/kubeconfig
+cp tags/konk/stage2/kubeconfig.101 $KUBECONFIG
 
 # set external_ip labels
 kubectl get nodes -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name} {.status.addresses[?(@.type=="ExternalIP")].address}{"\n"}{end}' |
@@ -16,4 +32,12 @@ while read node address; do
 done
 
 # vcluster all the things
-./labctl create --settings settings/mk8s.env --provider vcluster --mode mk8s --students 27
+./labctl create --settings settings/mk8s.env --provider vcluster --mode mk8s --students 50
+
+# install prometheus stack because that's cool
+helm upgrade --install --repo https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts \
+  --namespace prom-system --create-namespace \
+  kube-prometheus-stack kube-prometheus-stack
+
+# and also fix sysctl
+kubectl apply -f ../k8s/sysctl.yaml --namespace kube-system

prepare-labs/lib/cli.sh

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ need_tag() {
     if [ ! -d "tags/$TAG" ]; then
         die "Tag $TAG not found (directory tags/$TAG does not exist)."
     fi
-    for FILE in settings.env ips.txt; do
+    for FILE in mode provider settings.env status; do
         if [ ! -f "tags/$TAG/$FILE" ]; then
           warning "File tags/$TAG/$FILE not found."
         fi

prepare-labs/lib/commands.sh

@@ -19,20 +19,22 @@ _cmd_cards() {
     TAG=$1
     need_tag
 
-    die FIXME
+    OPTIONS_FILE=$2
+    [ -f "$OPTIONS_FILE" ] || die "Please specify a YAML options file as 2nd argument."
+    OPTIONS_FILE_PATH="$(readlink -f "$OPTIONS_FILE")"
 
-    # This will process ips.txt to generate two files: ips.pdf and ips.html
+    # This will process logins.jsonl to generate two files: cards.pdf and cards.html
     (
         cd tags/$TAG
-        ../../../lib/ips-txt-to-html.py settings.yaml
+        ../../../lib/make-login-cards.py "$OPTIONS_FILE_PATH"
     )
 
-    ln -sf ../tags/$TAG/ips.html www/$TAG.html
-    ln -sf ../tags/$TAG/ips.pdf www/$TAG.pdf
+    ln -sf ../tags/$TAG/cards.html www/$TAG.html
+    ln -sf ../tags/$TAG/cards.pdf www/$TAG.pdf
 
     info "Cards created. You can view them with:"
-    info "xdg-open tags/$TAG/ips.html tags/$TAG/ips.pdf (on Linux)"
-    info "open tags/$TAG/ips.html (on macOS)"
+    info "xdg-open tags/$TAG/cards.html tags/$TAG/cards.pdf (on Linux)"
+    info "open tags/$TAG/cards.html (on macOS)"
     info "Or you can start a web server with:"
     info "$0 www"
 }
@@ -126,6 +128,7 @@ set number
 set shiftwidth=2
 set softtabstop=2
 set nowrap
+set laststatus=2
 SQRL
 
     pssh -I "sudo -u $USER_LOGIN tee /home/$USER_LOGIN/.tmux.conf" <<SQRL
@@ -256,7 +259,9 @@ _cmd_create() {
         terraform init
         echo tag = \"$TAG\" >> terraform.tfvars
         echo how_many_clusters = $STUDENTS >> terraform.tfvars
-        echo nodes_per_cluster = $CLUSTERSIZE >> terraform.tfvars
+        if [ "$CLUSTERSIZE" ]; then
+            echo nodes_per_cluster = $CLUSTERSIZE >> terraform.tfvars
+        fi
         for RETRY in 1 2 3; do
             if terraform apply -auto-approve; then
                 touch terraform.ok
@@ -320,10 +325,11 @@ _cmd_clusterize() {
     pssh "
     set -e
     grep PSSH_ /etc/ssh/sshd_config || echo 'AcceptEnv PSSH_*' | sudo tee -a /etc/ssh/sshd_config
+    grep KUBECOLOR_ /etc/ssh/sshd_config || echo 'AcceptEnv KUBECOLOR_*' | sudo tee -a /etc/ssh/sshd_config
     sudo systemctl restart ssh.service"
 
-    pssh -I < tags/$TAG/clusters.txt "
-    grep -w \$PSSH_HOST | tr ' ' '\n' > /tmp/cluster"
+    pssh -I < tags/$TAG/clusters.tsv "
+    grep -w \$PSSH_HOST | tr '\t' '\n' > /tmp/cluster"
     pssh "
     echo \$PSSH_HOST > /tmp/ipv4
     head -n 1 /tmp/cluster | sudo tee /etc/ipv4_of_first_node
@@ -344,6 +350,10 @@ _cmd_clusterize() {
     done < /tmp/cluster
     "
 
+    while read line; do
+        printf '{"login": "%s", "password": "%s", "ipaddrs": "%s"}\n' "$USER_LOGIN" "$USER_PASSWORD" "$line"
+    done < tags/$TAG/clusters.tsv > tags/$TAG/logins.jsonl
+
     echo cluster_ok > tags/$TAG/status
 }
 
@@ -391,7 +401,7 @@ _cmd_docker() {
     ##VERSION## https://github.com/docker/compose/releases
     COMPOSE_VERSION=v2.11.1
     COMPOSE_PLATFORM='linux-$(uname -m)'
-    
+
     # Just in case you need Compose 1.X, you can use the following lines.
     # (But it will probably only work for x86_64 machines.)
     #COMPOSE_VERSION=1.29.2
@@ -420,10 +430,23 @@ _cmd_kubebins() {
     TAG=$1
     need_tag
 
+    if [ "$KUBEVERSION" = "" ]; then
+        KUBEVERSION="$(curl -fsSL https://cdn.dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt | sed s/^v//)"
+    fi
+
     ##VERSION##
-    ETCD_VERSION=v3.4.13
-    K8SBIN_VERSION=v1.19.11 # Can't go to 1.20 because it requires a serviceaccount signing key.
-    CNI_VERSION=v0.8.7
+    case "$KUBEVERSION" in
+    1.19.*)
+      ETCD_VERSION=v3.4.13
+      CNI_VERSION=v0.8.7
+      ;;
+    *)
+      ETCD_VERSION=v3.5.10
+      CNI_VERSION=v1.3.0
+      ;;
+    esac
+
+    K8SBIN_VERSION="v$KUBEVERSION"
     ARCH=${ARCHITECTURE-amd64}
     pssh --timeout 300 "
     set -e
@@ -447,30 +470,41 @@ _cmd_kubebins() {
     "
 }
 
-_cmd kube "Setup kubernetes clusters with kubeadm (must be run AFTER deploy)"
-_cmd_kube() {
+_cmd kubepkgs "Install Kubernetes packages (kubectl, kubeadm, kubelet)"
+_cmd_kubepkgs() {
     TAG=$1
     need_tag
 
-    if [ "$KUBEVERSION" ]; then
-        CLUSTER_CONFIGURATION_KUBERNETESVERSION='kubernetesVersion: "v'$KUBEVERSION'"'
-        pssh "
-        sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/kubernetes <<EOF
+    # Prior September 2023, there was a single Kubernetes package repo that
+    # contained packages for all versions, so we could just add that repo
+    # and install whatever was the latest version available there.
+    # Things have changed (versions after September 2023, e.g. 1.28.3 are
+    # not in the old repo) and now there is a different repo for each
+    # minor version, so we need to figure out what minor version we are
+    # installing to add the corresponding repo.
+    if [ "$KUBEVERSION" = "" ]; then
+        KUBEVERSION="$(curl -fsSL https://cdn.dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt | sed s/^v//)"
+    fi
+    KUBEREPOVERSION="$(echo $KUBEVERSION | cut -d. -f1-2)"
+
+    # Since the new repo doesn't have older versions, add a safety check here.
+    MINORVERSION="$(echo $KUBEVERSION | cut -d. -f2)"
+    if [ "$MINORVERSION" -lt 24 ]; then
+        die "Cannot install kubepkgs for versions before 1.24."
+    fi
+
+    pssh "
+    sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/kubernetes <<EOF
 Package: kubectl kubeadm kubelet
 Pin: version $KUBEVERSION-*
 Pin-Priority: 1000
 EOF"
-    fi
-
-    # As of February 27th, 2023, packages.cloud.google.com seems broken
-    # (serves HTTP 500 errors for the GPG key), so let's pre-load that key.
-    pssh -I "sudo apt-key add -" < lib/kubernetes-apt-key.gpg
 
     # Install packages
     pssh --timeout 200 "
-    #curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg |
-    #sudo apt-key add - &&
-    echo deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main |
+    curl -fsSL https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v$KUBEREPOVERSION/deb/Release.key |
+    gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg &&
+    echo 'deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v$KUBEREPOVERSION/deb/ /' |
     sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list"
     pssh --timeout 200 "
     sudo apt-get update -q &&
@@ -478,8 +512,21 @@ EOF"
     sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl &&
     kubeadm completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kubeadm &&
     kubectl completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl &&
-    echo 'alias k=kubectl' | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/k &&
+    echo 'alias k=kubecolor' | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/k &&
     echo 'complete -F __start_kubectl k' | sudo tee -a /etc/bash_completion.d/k"
+}
+
+_cmd kubeadm "Setup kubernetes clusters with kubeadm"
+_cmd_kubeadm() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag
+
+    if [ "$KUBEVERSION" ]; then
+        CLUSTER_CONFIGURATION_KUBERNETESVERSION='kubernetesVersion: "v'$KUBEVERSION'"'
+        IGNORE_SYSTEMVERIFICATION="- SystemVerification"
+        IGNORE_SWAP="- Swap"
+        IGNORE_IPTABLES="- FileContent--proc-sys-net-bridge-bridge-nf-call-iptables"
+    fi
 
     # Install a valid configuration for containerd
     # (first, the CRI interface needs to be re-enabled;
@@ -500,6 +547,9 @@ bootstrapTokens:
 nodeRegistration:
   ignorePreflightErrors:
   - NumCPU
+  $IGNORE_SYSTEMVERIFICATION
+  $IGNORE_SWAP
+  $IGNORE_IPTABLES
 ---
 kind: JoinConfiguration
 apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
@@ -511,6 +561,9 @@ discovery:
 nodeRegistration:
   ignorePreflightErrors:
   - NumCPU
+  $IGNORE_SYSTEMVERIFICATION
+  $IGNORE_SWAP
+  $IGNORE_IPTABLES
 ---
 kind: KubeletConfiguration
 apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
@@ -593,6 +646,31 @@ _cmd_kubetools() {
         ;;
     esac
 
+    # Install ArgoCD CLI
+    ##VERSION## https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/releases/latest
+    URL=https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/releases/latest/download/argocd-linux-${ARCH}
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/argocd ]; then
+        sudo curl -o /usr/local/bin/argocd -fsSL $URL
+        sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/argocd
+        argocd completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/argocd
+        argocd version --client
+    fi"
+
+    # Install Flux CLI
+    ##VERSION## https://github.com/fluxcd/flux2/releases
+    FLUX_VERSION=2.3.0
+    FILENAME=flux_${FLUX_VERSION}_linux_${ARCH}
+    URL=https://github.com/fluxcd/flux2/releases/download/v$FLUX_VERSION/$FILENAME.tar.gz
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/flux ]; then
+        curl -fsSL $URL |
+        sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -zx flux
+        sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/flux
+        flux completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/flux
+        flux --version
+    fi"
+
     # Install kubectx and kubens
     pssh "
     set -e
@@ -624,7 +702,7 @@ EOF
 
     # Install stern
     ##VERSION## https://github.com/stern/stern/releases
-    STERN_VERSION=1.22.0
+    STERN_VERSION=1.29.0
     FILENAME=stern_${STERN_VERSION}_linux_${ARCH}
     URL=https://github.com/stern/stern/releases/download/v$STERN_VERSION/$FILENAME.tar.gz
     pssh "
@@ -646,7 +724,7 @@ EOF
 
     # Install kustomize
     ##VERSION## https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/releases
-    KUSTOMIZE_VERSION=v4.5.7
+    KUSTOMIZE_VERSION=v5.4.1
     URL=https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/releases/download/kustomize/${KUSTOMIZE_VERSION}/kustomize_${KUSTOMIZE_VERSION}_linux_${ARCH}.tar.gz
     pssh "
     if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/kustomize ]; then
@@ -677,6 +755,16 @@ EOF
         aws-iam-authenticator version
     fi"
 
+    # Install jless (jless.io)
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/jless ]; then
+        ##VERSION##
+        sudo apt-get install -y libxcb-render0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-xfixes0
+        wget https://github.com/PaulJuliusMartinez/jless/releases/download/v0.9.0/jless-v0.9.0-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.zip
+        unzip jless-v0.9.0-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+        sudo mv jless /usr/local/bin
+    fi"
+
     # Install the krew package manager
     pssh "
     if [ ! -d /home/$USER_LOGIN/.krew ]; then
@@ -688,21 +776,31 @@ EOF
         echo export PATH=/home/$USER_LOGIN/.krew/bin:\\\$PATH | sudo -u $USER_LOGIN tee -a /home/$USER_LOGIN/.bashrc
     fi"
 
+    # Install kubecolor
+    KUBECOLOR_VERSION=0.4.0
+    URL=https://github.com/kubecolor/kubecolor/releases/download/v${KUBECOLOR_VERSION}/kubecolor_${KUBECOLOR_VERSION}_linux_${ARCH}.tar.gz
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/kubecolor ]; then
+        ##VERSION##
+        curl -fsSL $URL |
+        sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -zx kubecolor
+    fi"
+
     # Install k9s
     pssh "
     if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/k9s ]; then
         FILENAME=k9s_Linux_$ARCH.tar.gz &&
         curl -fsSL https://github.com/derailed/k9s/releases/latest/download/\$FILENAME |
-        sudo tar -zxvf- -C /usr/local/bin k9s
+        sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -zx k9s
         k9s version
     fi"
 
     # Install popeye
     pssh "
     if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/popeye ]; then
-        FILENAME=popeye_Linux_$HERP_DERP_ARCH.tar.gz &&
+        FILENAME=popeye_Linux_$ARCH.tar.gz &&
         curl -fsSL https://github.com/derailed/popeye/releases/latest/download/\$FILENAME |
-        sudo tar -zxvf- -C /usr/local/bin popeye
+        sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -zx popeye
         popeye version
     fi"
 
@@ -712,10 +810,10 @@ EOF
     # But the install script is not arch-aware (see https://github.com/tilt-dev/tilt/pull/5050).
     pssh "
     if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/tilt ]; then
-        TILT_VERSION=0.22.15
+        TILT_VERSION=0.33.13
         FILENAME=tilt.\$TILT_VERSION.linux.$TILT_ARCH.tar.gz
         curl -fsSL https://github.com/tilt-dev/tilt/releases/download/v\$TILT_VERSION/\$FILENAME |
-        sudo tar -zxvf- -C /usr/local/bin tilt
+        sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -zx tilt
         tilt completion bash | sudo tee /etc/bash_completion.d/tilt
         tilt version
     fi"
@@ -757,7 +855,8 @@ EOF
     fi"
 
     ##VERSION## https://github.com/bitnami-labs/sealed-secrets/releases
-    KUBESEAL_VERSION=0.17.4
+    KUBESEAL_VERSION=0.26.2
+    URL=https://github.com/bitnami-labs/sealed-secrets/releases/download/v${KUBESEAL_VERSION}/kubeseal-${KUBESEAL_VERSION}-linux-${ARCH}.tar.gz
     #case $ARCH in
     #amd64) FILENAME=kubeseal-linux-amd64;;
     #arm64) FILENAME=kubeseal-arm64;;
@@ -765,13 +864,13 @@ EOF
     #esac
     pssh "
     if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/kubeseal ]; then
-        curl -fsSL https://github.com/bitnami-labs/sealed-secrets/releases/download/v$KUBESEAL_VERSION/kubeseal-$KUBESEAL_VERSION-linux-$ARCH.tar.gz |
-        sudo tar -zxvf- -C /usr/local/bin kubeseal
+        curl -fsSL $URL |
+        sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -zx kubeseal
         kubeseal --version
     fi"
 
     ##VERSION## https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/velero/releases
-    VELERO_VERSION=1.11.0
+    VELERO_VERSION=1.13.2
     pssh "
     if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/velero ]; then
         curl -fsSL https://github.com/vmware-tanzu/velero/releases/download/v$VELERO_VERSION/velero-v$VELERO_VERSION-linux-$ARCH.tar.gz |
@@ -781,13 +880,21 @@ EOF
     fi"
 
     ##VERSION## https://github.com/doitintl/kube-no-trouble/releases
-    KUBENT_VERSION=0.7.0
+    KUBENT_VERSION=0.7.2
     pssh "
     if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/kubent ]; then
         curl -fsSL https://github.com/doitintl/kube-no-trouble/releases/download/${KUBENT_VERSION}/kubent-${KUBENT_VERSION}-linux-$ARCH.tar.gz |
         sudo tar -zxvf- -C /usr/local/bin kubent
         kubent --version
     fi"
+
+    # Ngrok. Note that unfortunately, this is the x86_64 binary.
+    # We might have to rethink how to handle this for multi-arch environments.
+    pssh "
+    if [ ! -x /usr/local/bin/ngrok ]; then
+        curl -fsSL https://bin.equinox.io/c/bNyj1mQVY4c/ngrok-v3-stable-linux-amd64.tgz |
+        sudo tar -zxvf- -C /usr/local/bin ngrok
+    fi"
 }
 
 _cmd kubereset "Wipe out Kubernetes configuration on all nodes"
@@ -835,6 +942,15 @@ _cmd_inventory() {
     FIXME
 }
 
+_cmd logins "Show login information for a group of instances"
+_cmd_logins() {
+    TAG=$1
+    need_tag $TAG
+
+    cat tags/$TAG/logins.jsonl \
+    | jq -r '"\(.password)\tssh -l \(.login)\(if .port then " -p \(.port)" else "" end)\t\(.ipaddrs)"'
+}
+
 _cmd maketag "Generate a quasi-unique tag for a group of instances"
 _cmd_maketag() {
     if [ -z $USER ]; then
@@ -885,6 +1001,9 @@ _cmd_stage2() {
     cd tags/$TAG/stage2
     terraform init -upgrade
     terraform apply -auto-approve
+    terraform output -raw logins_jsonl > ../logins.jsonl
+    terraform output -raw ips_txt > ../ips.txt
+    echo "stage2_ok" > status
 }
 
 _cmd standardize "Deal with non-standard Ubuntu cloud images"
@@ -921,12 +1040,19 @@ _cmd_standardize() {
     # Disable unattended upgrades so that they don't mess up with the subsequent steps
     pssh sudo rm -f /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades
 
-    # Digital Ocean's cloud init disables password authentication; re-enable it.
+    # Some cloud providers think that it's smart to disable password authentication.
+    # We need to re-neable it, though.
+    # Digital Ocecan
     pssh "
     if [ -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-cloud-init.conf ]; then
         sudo rm /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/50-cloud-init.conf
         sudo systemctl restart ssh.service
     fi"
+    # AWS
+    pssh "if [ -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/60-cloudimg-settings.conf ]; then
+        sudo rm /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/60-cloudimg-settings.conf
+        sudo systemctl restart ssh.service
+    fi"
 
     # Special case for oracle since their iptables blocks everything but SSH
     pssh "
@@ -962,11 +1088,12 @@ _cmd_tailhist () {
     # halfway through and we're actually trying to download it again.
     pssh "
     set -e
+    sudo apt-get install unzip -y
     wget -c https://github.com/joewalnes/websocketd/releases/download/v0.3.0/websocketd-0.3.0-linux_$ARCH.zip
     unzip websocketd-0.3.0-linux_$ARCH.zip websocketd
     sudo mv websocketd /usr/local/bin/websocketd
-    sudo mkdir -p /tmp/tailhist
-    sudo tee /root/tailhist.service <<EOF
+    sudo mkdir -p /opt/tailhist
+    sudo tee /opt/tailhist.service <<EOF
 [Unit]
 Description=tailhist
 
@@ -974,16 +1101,16 @@ Description=tailhist
 WantedBy=multi-user.target
 
 [Service]
-WorkingDirectory=/tmp/tailhist
+WorkingDirectory=/opt/tailhist
 ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/websocketd --port=1088 --staticdir=. sh -c \"tail -n +1 -f /home/$USER_LOGIN/.history || echo 'Could not read history file. Perhaps you need to \\\"chmod +r .history\\\"?'\"
 User=nobody
 Group=nogroup
 Restart=always
 EOF
-    sudo systemctl enable /root/tailhist.service --now
+    sudo systemctl enable /opt/tailhist.service --now
     "
 
-    pssh -I sudo tee /tmp/tailhist/index.html <lib/tailhist.html
+    pssh -I sudo tee /opt/tailhist/index.html <lib/tailhist.html
 }
 
 _cmd tools "Install a bunch of useful tools (editors, git, jq...)"
@@ -1056,8 +1183,8 @@ _cmd_tags() {
         cd tags
         echo "[#] [Status] [Tag] [Mode] [Provider]"
         for tag in *; do
-            if [ -f $tag/ips.txt ]; then
-                count="$(wc -l < $tag/ips.txt)"
+            if [ -f $tag/logins.jsonl ]; then
+                count="$(wc -l < $tag/logins.jsonl)"
             else
                 count="?"
             fi
@@ -1220,7 +1347,7 @@ EOF"
 _cmd www "Run a web server to access card HTML and PDF"
 _cmd_www() {
     cd www
-    IPADDR=$(curl -sL canihazip.com/s)
+    IPADDR=$(curl -fsSL canihazip.com/s || echo localhost)
     info "The following files are available:"
     for F in *; do
         echo "http://$IPADDR:8000/$F"

prepare-labs/lib/make-login-cards.py

@@ -1,32 +1,22 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
+import json
 import os
 import sys
 import yaml
 import jinja2
 
-
 # Read settings from user-provided settings file
 context = yaml.safe_load(open(sys.argv[1]))
 
-ips = list(open("ips.txt"))
-clustersize = context["clustersize"]
+context["logins"] = []
+for line in open("logins.jsonl"):
+    if line.strip():
+        context["logins"].append(json.loads(line))
 
 print("---------------------------------------------")
-print("   Number of IPs: {}".format(len(ips)))
-print(" VMs per cluster: {}".format(clustersize))
+print("   Number of cards: {}".format(len(context["logins"])))
 print("---------------------------------------------")
 
-assert len(ips)%clustersize == 0
-
-clusters = []
-
-while ips:
-    cluster = ips[:clustersize]
-    ips = ips[clustersize:]
-    clusters.append(cluster)
-
-context["clusters"] = clusters
-
 template_file_name = context["cards_template"]
 template_file_path = os.path.join(
     os.path.dirname(__file__),
@@ -35,23 +25,23 @@ template_file_path = os.path.join(
     template_file_name
     )
 template = jinja2.Template(open(template_file_path).read())
-with open("ips.html", "w") as f:
-	f.write(template.render(**context))
-print("Generated ips.html")
+with open("cards.html", "w") as f:
+    f.write(template.render(**context))
+print("Generated cards.html")
 
 
 try:
     import pdfkit
     paper_size = context["paper_size"]
     margin = {"A4": "0.5cm", "Letter": "0.2in"}[paper_size]
-    with open("ips.html") as f:
-        pdfkit.from_file(f, "ips.pdf", options={
+    with open("cards.html") as f:
+        pdfkit.from_file(f, "cards.pdf", options={
             "page-size": paper_size,
             "margin-top": margin,
             "margin-bottom": margin,
             "margin-left": margin,
             "margin-right": margin,
             })
-    print("Generated ips.pdf")
+    print("Generated cards.pdf")
 except ImportError:
-    print("WARNING: could not import pdfkit; did not generate ips.pdf")
+    print("WARNING: could not import pdfkit; did not generate cards.pdf")

prepare-labs/lib/pssh.sh

@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ pssh() {
 
     echo "[parallel-ssh] $@"
 
+    # There are some routers that really struggle with the number of TCP
+    # connections that we open when deploying large fleets of clusters.
+    # We're adding a 1 second delay here, but this can be cranked up if
+    # necessary - or down to zero, too.
+    sleep ${PSSH_DELAY_PRE-1}
+
     $(which pssh || which parallel-ssh) -h $HOSTFILE -l ubuntu \
         --par ${PSSH_PARALLEL_CONNECTIONS-100} \
         --timeout 300 \

prepare-labs/map-dns.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+DOMAINS=domains.txt
+IPS=ips.txt
+
+. ./dns-cloudflare.sh
+
+paste "$DOMAINS" "$IPS" | while read domain ips; do
+  if ! [ "$domain" ]; then
+    echo "⚠️ No more domains!"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  _clear_zone "$domain"
+  _populate_zone "$domain" $ips
+done
+echo "✅ All done."

prepare-labs/settings/admin-monokube.env

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+CLUSTERSIZE=1
+
+CLUSTERPREFIX=monokube
+
+# We're sticking to this in the first DMUC lab,
+# because it still works with Docker, and doesn't
+# require a ServiceAccount signing key.
+KUBEVERSION=1.19.11
+
+USER_LOGIN=k8s
+USER_PASSWORD=training
+
+STEPS="
+  wait
+  standardize
+  clusterize
+  tools
+  docker
+  disabledocker
+  createuser
+  webssh
+  tailhist
+  kubebins
+  kubetools
+  ips
+"

prepare-labs/settings/admin-oldversion.env

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ USER_PASSWORD=training
 
 # For a list of old versions, check:
 # https://kubernetes.io/releases/patch-releases/#non-active-branch-history
-KUBEVERSION=1.22.5
+KUBEVERSION=1.28.9
 
 STEPS="
   wait
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ STEPS="
   createuser
   webssh
   tailhist
-  kube
+  kubepkgs
+  kubeadm
   kubetools
   kubetest
 "

prepare-labs/settings/admin-polykube.env

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-CLUSTERSIZE=1
+CLUSTERSIZE=3
 
-CLUSTERPREFIX=dmuc
+CLUSTERPREFIX=polykube
 
 USER_LOGIN=k8s
 USER_PASSWORD=training
@@ -10,12 +10,11 @@ STEPS="
   standardize
   clusterize
   tools
-  docker
-  disabledocker
+  kubepkgs
+  kubebins
   createuser
   webssh
   tailhist
-  kubebins
   kubetools
   ips
 "

prepare-labs/settings/admin-test.env

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ STEPS="
   createuser
   webssh
   tailhist
-  kube
+  kubepkgs
+  kubeadm
   kubetools
   kubetest
-"
+"

prepare-labs/settings/konk.env

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+CLUSTERSIZE=5
+
+USER_LOGIN=k8s
+USER_PASSWORD=
+
+STEPS="stage2"

prepare-labs/settings/kubernetes.env

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ STEPS="
   createuser
   webssh
   tailhist
-  kube
+  kubepkgs
+  kubeadm
   kubetools
   kubetest
-"
+"

prepare-labs/settings/largekube.env

@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ STEPS="
   createuser
   webssh
   tailhist
-  kube
+  kubepkgs
+  kubeadm
   kubetools
   kubetest
 "

prepare-labs/settings/mk8s.env

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-CLUSTERSIZE=2
-
 USER_LOGIN=k8s
 USER_PASSWORD=
 

prepare-labs/settings/portal.env

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+#export TF_VAR_node_size=GP2.4
+#export TF_VAR_node_size=g6-standard-6
+#export TF_VAR_node_size=m7i.xlarge
+
+
 CLUSTERSIZE=1
 
 CLUSTERPREFIX=CHANGEME

prepare-labs/setup-admin-clusters.sh

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ STUDENTS=2
 #export TF_VAR_location=eu-north-1
 export TF_VAR_node_size=S
 
-SETTINGS=admin-dmuc
+SETTINGS=admin-monokube
 TAG=$PREFIX-$SETTINGS
 ./labctl create \
 	--tag $TAG \
@@ -15,15 +15,7 @@ TAG=$PREFIX-$SETTINGS
 	--settings settings/$SETTINGS.env \
 	--students $STUDENTS
 
-SETTINGS=admin-kubenet
-TAG=$PREFIX-$SETTINGS
-./labctl create \
-	--tag $TAG \
-	--provider $PROVIDER \
-	--settings settings/$SETTINGS.env \
-	--students $STUDENTS
-
-SETTINGS=admin-kuberouter
+SETTINGS=admin-polykube
 TAG=$PREFIX-$SETTINGS
 ./labctl create \
 	--tag $TAG \

prepare-labs/templates/cards.html

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 {%- set url = url
     | default("http://FIXME.container.training/") -%}
 {%- set pagesize = pagesize
-    | default(9) -%}
+    | default(10) -%}
 {%- set lang = lang
     | default("en") -%}
 {%- set event = event
@@ -15,79 +15,36 @@
 {%- set backside = backside
     | default(False) -%}
 {%- set image = image
-    | default("kube") -%}
+    | default(False) -%}
 {%- set clusternumber = clusternumber
     | default(None) -%}
-{%- if qrcode == True -%}
-    {%- set qrcode = "https://container.training/q" -%}
-{%- elif qrcode -%}
-    {%- set qrcode = qrcode -%}
-{%- endif -%}
+{%- set thing = thing
+    | default("lab environment") -%}
 
-{# You can also set img_bottom_src instead. #}
-{%- set img_logo_src = {
-	"docker": "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/www.breadware.com/integrations/docker.png",
-	"swarm": "https://cdn.wp.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/docker-swarm-hero2.png",
-	"kube": "https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/13629408",
-	"enix": "https://enix.io/static/img/logos/logo-domain-cropped.png",
-    }[image] -%}
-{%- if lang == "en" and clustersize == 1 -%}
-	{%- set intro -%}
-	Here is the connection information to your very own
-	machine for this {{ event }}.
-	You can connect to this VM with any SSH client.
-	{%- endset -%}
-    {%- set listhead -%}
-    Your machine is:
-	{%- endset -%}
-{%- endif -%}
-{%- if lang == "en" and clustersize != 1 -%}
-	{%- set intro -%}
-	Here is the connection information to your very own
-	cluster for this {{ event }}.
-	You can connect to each VM with any SSH client.
-	{%- endset -%}
-    {%- set listhead -%}
-    Your machines are:
-	{%- endset -%}
-{%- endif -%}
-{%- if lang == "fr" and clustersize == 1 -%}
-	{%- set intro -%}
-	Voici les informations permettant de se connecter à votre
-	machine pour cette formation.
-	Vous pouvez vous connecter à cette machine virtuelle
-	avec n'importe quel client SSH.
-	{%- endset -%}
-    {%- set listhead -%}
-    Adresse IP:
-	{%- endset -%}
-{%- endif -%}
-{%- if lang == "en" and clusterprefix != "node" -%}
-	{%- set intro -%}
-    Here is the connection information for the
-    <strong>{{ clusterprefix }}</strong> environment.
-	{%- endset -%}
-{%- endif -%}
-{%- if lang == "fr" and clustersize != 1 -%}
-	{%- set intro -%}
-	Voici les informations permettant de se connecter à votre
-	cluster pour cette formation.
-	Vous pouvez vous connecter à chaque machine virtuelle
-	avec n'importe quel client SSH.
-	{%- endset -%}
-    {%- set listhead -%}
-	Adresses IP:
-	{%- endset -%}
-{%- endif -%}
-{%- if lang == "en"  -%}
-	{%- set slides_are_at -%}
-	You can find the slides at:
-	{%- endset -%}
+{%- if lang == "en" -%}
+    {%- set intro -%}
+    Here is the connection information to your very own
+    {{ thing }} for this {{ event }}.
+    You can connect to it with any SSH client.
+    {%- endset -%}
 {%- endif -%}
 {%- if lang == "fr" -%}
-	{%- set slides_are_at -%}
-  	Le support de formation est à l'adresse suivante :
-	{%- endset -%}
+    {%- set intro -%}
+    Voici les informations permettant de se connecter à votre
+    {{ thing }} pour cette formation.
+    Vous pouvez vous y connecter
+    avec n'importe quel client SSH.
+    {%- endset -%}
+{%- endif -%}
+{%- if lang == "en"  -%}
+    {%- set slides_are_at -%}
+    You can find the slides at:
+    {%- endset -%}
+{%- endif -%}
+{%- if lang == "fr" -%}
+    {%- set slides_are_at -%}
+      Le support de formation est à l'adresse suivante :
+    {%- endset -%}
 {%- endif -%}
 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
 <html>
@@ -102,25 +59,21 @@
 }
 body {
     /* this is A4 minus 0.5cm margins */
-	width: 20cm;
-	height: 28.7cm;
+    width: 20cm;
+    height: 28.7cm;
 }
 {% elif paper_size == "Letter" %}
 @page {
-	size: Letter;
-	margin: 0.2in;
+    size: Letter; /* 8.5in x 11in */
 }
 body {
-	/* this is Letter minus 0.2in margins */
-	width: 8.6in;
-	heigth: 10.6in;
+    width: 6.75in; /* two cards wide */
+    margin-left: 0.875in; /* (8.5in - 6.75in)/2 */
+    margin-top: 0; /* NOTE: we have to manually specify a top margin of e.g. 0.1875in when printing */
 }
 {% endif %}
 
-
 body, table {
-    margin: 0;
-    padding: 0;
     line-height: 1em;
     font-size: 15px;
     font-family: 'Slabo 27px';
@@ -134,47 +87,45 @@ table {
     padding-left: 0.4em;
 }
 
-div {
+td:first-child {
+    width: 10.5em;
+}
+
+div.card {
     float: left;
-    border: 1px dotted black;
-    {% if backside %}
-    height: 33%;
-    {% endif %}
-    /* columns * (width+left+right) < 100% */
+    border: 0.01in dotted black;
     /*
-    width: 24.8%;
+      columns * (width+left+right) < 100% 
+      height: 33%;
+      width: 24.8%;
+      width: 33%;
     */
-    /**/
-    width: 33%;
-    /**/    
+    width: 3.355in; /* 3.375in minus two 0.01in borders */
+    height: 2.105in; /* 2.125in minus two 0.01in borders */
 }
 
 p {
     margin: 0.8em;
 }
 
-div.back {
-	border: 1px dotted grey;
+div.front {
+    {% if image %}
+    background-image: url("{{ image }}");
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    background-size: 1in;
+    background-position-x: 2.8in;
+    background-position-y: center;
+    {% endif %}
 }
 
 span.scale {
-	white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-img.logo {
-    height: 4.5em;
-    float: right;
- }
-
-img.bottom {
-    height: 2.5em;
-    display: block;
-    margin: 0.5em auto;
+    white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
 .qrcode img {
-    width: 40%;
-    margin: 1em;
+    height: 5.8em;
+    padding: 1em 1em 0.5em 1em;
+    float: left;
 }
 
 .logpass {
@@ -189,101 +140,97 @@ img.bottom {
     height: 0;
 }
 </style>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/davidshimjs/qrcodejs/gh-pages/qrcode.min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="qrcode.min.js"></script>
 <script type="text/javascript">
 function qrcodes() {
-	[].forEach.call(
-		document.getElementsByClassName("qrcode"),
-		(e, index) => {
-			new QRCode(e, {
-				text: "{{ qrcode }}",
-				correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.L
-			});
-		}
-	);
+    [].forEach.call(
+        document.getElementsByClassName("qrcode"),
+        (e, index) => {
+            new QRCode(e, {
+                text: "{{ qrcode }}",
+                correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.L
+            });
+        }
+    );
 }
 
 function scale() {
-	[].forEach.call(
-		document.getElementsByClassName("scale"),
-		(e, index) => {
-			var text_width = e.getBoundingClientRect().width;
-			var box_width = e.parentElement.getBoundingClientRect().width;
-			var percent = 100 * box_width / text_width + "%";
-			e.style.fontSize = percent;
-		}
-	);
+    [].forEach.call(
+        document.getElementsByClassName("scale"),
+        (e, index) => {
+            var text_width = e.getBoundingClientRect().width;
+            var box_width = e.parentElement.getBoundingClientRect().width;
+            var percent = 100 * box_width / text_width + "%";
+            e.style.fontSize = percent;
+        }
+    );
 }
 </script>
 </head>
 <body onload="qrcodes(); scale();">
-{% for cluster in clusters %}
-    <div>
+{% for login in logins %}
+    <div class="card front">
         <p>{{ intro }}</p>
         <p>
-            {% if img_logo_src %}
-            <img class="logo" src="{{ img_logo_src }}" />
-            {% endif %}
             <table>
-            	{% if clusternumber != None %}
-	            <tr><td>cluster:</td></tr>
-	            <tr><td class="logpass">{{ clusternumber + loop.index }}</td></tr>
-            	{% endif %}
-                <tr><td>login:</td></tr>
-                <tr><td class="logpass">{{ user_login }}</td></tr>
-                <tr><td>password:</td></tr>
-                <tr><td class="logpass">{{ user_password }}</td></tr>
-            </table>
-
-        </p>
-        <p>
-            {{ listhead }}
-            <table>
-                {% for node in cluster %}
-                <tr>
-                	<td>{{ clusterprefix }}{{ loop.index }}:</td>
-                	<td>{{ node }}</td>
-                </tr>
-                {% endfor %}
+              <tr>
+                <td>login:</td>
+                <td>password:</td>
+              </tr>
+              <tr>
+                <td class="logpass">{{ login.login }}</td>
+                <td class="logpass">{{ login.password }}</td>
+              </tr>
+              <tr>
+                <td>IP address:</td>
+                {% if login.port %}
+                <td>port:</td>
+                {% endif %}
+              </tr>
+              <tr>
+                <td class="logpass">{{ login.ipaddrs.split("\t")[0] }}</td>
+                {% if login.port %}
+                <td class="logpass">{{ login.port }}</td>
+                {% endif %}
+              </tr>
             </table>
         </p>
-
         <p>
             {% if url %}
-        	{{ slides_are_at }}
+            {{ slides_are_at }}
             <p>
                 <span class="scale">{{ url }}</span>
             </p>
             {% endif %}
-            {% if img_bottom_src %}
-            <img class="bottom" src="{{ img_bottom_src }}" />
-            {% endif %}
         </p>
     </div>
     {% if loop.index%pagesize==0 or loop.last %}
         <span class="pagebreak"></span>
         {% if backside %}
-			{% for x in range(pagesize) %}
-		        <div class="back">
-				<p>Thanks for attending
-				"Getting Started With Kubernetes and Container Orchestration"
-				during CONFERENCE in Month YYYY!</p>
-				<p>If you liked that workshop,
-				I can train your team, in person or
-				online, with custom courses of
-				any length and any level.
-				</p>
-	            {% if qrcode %}
-	            <p>If you're interested, please scan that QR code to contact me:</p>
-				<span class="qrcode"></span>
+            {% for x in range(pagesize) %}
+                <div class="card back">
+                {{ backside }}
+                {#
+                <p>Thanks for attending
+                "Getting Started With Kubernetes and Container Orchestration"
+                during CONFERENCE in Month YYYY!</p>
+                <p>If you liked that workshop,
+                I can train your team, in person or
+                online, with custom courses of
+                any length and any level.
+                </p>
+                {% if qrcode %}
+                <p>If you're interested, please scan that QR code to contact me:</p>
+                <span class="qrcode"></span>
                 {% else %}
-				<p>If you're interested, you can contact me at:</p>
-				{% endif %}
-				<p>jerome.petazzoni@gmail.com</p>
-		        </div>
-			{% endfor %}
-		<span class="pagebreak"></span>
-		{% endif %}
+                <p>If you're interested, you can contact me at:</p>
+                {% endif %}
+                <p>jerome.petazzoni@gmail.com</p>
+                #}
+                </div>
+            {% endfor %}
+        <span class="pagebreak"></span>
+        {% endif %}
     {% endif %}
 {% endfor %}
 </body>

prepare-labs/templates/cards.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+cards_template: cards.html
+paper_size: Letter
+url: https://2024-11-qconsf.container.training
+event: workshop
+backside: |
+  <div class="qrcode"></div>
+  <p>
+    Thanks for attending the Asynchronous Architecture Patterns workshop at QCON!
+  </p>
+  <p>
+    If you'd like me to send you a copy of the recording of the workshop
+    and of the training materials,
+    please scan that QR code to leave me your
+    contact information. Thank you!
+  </p>
+qrcode: https://2024-11-qconsf.container.training/q
+thing: Kubernetes cluster
+image: logo-bento.svg

prepare-labs/terraform/list-locations/exoscale

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+exo zone

prepare-labs/terraform/many-kubernetes/locals.tf

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ resource "random_string" "_" {
 resource "time_static" "_" {}
 
 locals {
-  min_nodes_per_pool = var.nodes_per_cluster
-  max_nodes_per_pool = var.nodes_per_cluster * 2
+  min_nodes_per_pool = var.min_nodes_per_cluster
+  max_nodes_per_pool = var.max_nodes_per_cluster
   timestamp          = formatdate("YYYY-MM-DD-hh-mm", time_static._.rfc3339)
   tag                = random_string._.result
   # Common tags to be assigned to all resources

prepare-labs/terraform/many-kubernetes/stage2.tmpl

@@ -217,16 +217,27 @@ resource "kubernetes_certificate_signing_request_v1" "cluster_admin_${index}" {
 
 %{ endfor ~}
 
-output "ip_addresses_of_nodes" {
+output "ips_txt" {
   value = join("\n", [
   %{ for index, cluster in clusters ~}
-    join("\t", concat(
-      [
-        random_string.shpod_${index}.result,
-        "ssh -l k8s -p $${kubernetes_service.shpod_${index}.spec[0].port[0].node_port}"
-      ],
+    join("\n", concat(
       split(" ", file("./externalips.${index}"))
     )),
   %{ endfor ~}
+  ""
+  ])
+}
+
+output "logins_jsonl" {
+  value = join("\n", [
+  %{ for index, cluster in clusters ~}
+    jsonencode({
+      login = "k8s",
+      password = random_string.shpod_${index}.result,
+      port = kubernetes_service.shpod_${index}.spec[0].port[0].node_port,
+      ipaddrs = replace(file("./externalips.${index}"), " ", "\t"),
+    }),
+  %{ endfor ~}
+  ""
   ])
 }

prepare-labs/terraform/many-kubernetes/variables.tf

@@ -7,11 +7,16 @@ variable "how_many_clusters" {
   default = 2
 }
 
-variable "nodes_per_cluster" {
+variable "min_nodes_per_cluster" {
   type    = number
   default = 2
 }
 
+variable "max_nodes_per_cluster" {
+  type    = number
+  default = 4
+}
+
 variable "node_size" {
   type    = string
   default = "M"

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/aws/provider.tf

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 terraform {
   required_providers {
     aws = {
-      source = "hashicorp/aws"
+      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
+      version = "~> 4.47.0"
     }
   }
 }

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/azure/common.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../common.tf

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/azure/config.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../providers/azure/config.tf

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/azure/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+resource "azurerm_resource_group" "_" {
+  name     = var.cluster_name
+  location = var.location
+}
+
+resource "azurerm_kubernetes_cluster" "_" {
+  name       = var.cluster_name
+  location   = var.location
+  dns_prefix = var.cluster_name
+  identity {
+    type = "SystemAssigned"
+  }
+  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group._.name
+  default_node_pool {
+    name                = "x86"
+    node_count          = var.min_nodes_per_pool
+    min_count           = var.min_nodes_per_pool
+    max_count           = var.max_nodes_per_pool
+    vm_size             = local.node_size
+    enable_auto_scaling = true
+  }
+}

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/azure/outputs.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+output "cluster_id" {
+  value = azurerm_kubernetes_cluster._.id
+}
+
+output "has_metrics_server" {
+  value = true
+}
+
+output "kubeconfig" {
+  value     = azurerm_kubernetes_cluster._.kube_config_raw
+  sensitive = true
+}

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/azure/provider.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+terraform {
+  required_providers {
+    azurerm = {
+      source = "hashicorp/azurerm"
+    }
+  }
+}

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/azure/variables.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../providers/azure/variables.tf

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/oci/main.tf

@@ -11,17 +11,23 @@ data "oci_containerengine_cluster_option" "_" {
 locals {
   compartment_id     = oci_identity_compartment._.id
   kubernetes_version = data.oci_containerengine_cluster_option._.kubernetes_versions[0]
+  images = [
+    for image in data.oci_containerengine_node_pool_option._.sources : image
+    if can(regex("OKE", image.source_name))
+    && can(regex(substr(local.kubernetes_version, 1, -1), image.source_name))
+    && !can(regex("GPU", image.source_name))
+    && !can(regex("aarch64", image.source_name))
+  ]
+
 }
 
 data "oci_identity_availability_domains" "_" {
   compartment_id = local.compartment_id
 }
 
-data "oci_core_images" "_" {
-  compartment_id           = local.compartment_id
-  operating_system         = "Oracle Linux"
-  operating_system_version = "8"
-  shape                    = local.shape
+data "oci_containerengine_node_pool_option" "_" {
+  compartment_id      = local.compartment_id
+  node_pool_option_id = oci_containerengine_cluster._.id
 }
 
 resource "oci_containerengine_cluster" "_" {
@@ -56,7 +62,7 @@ resource "oci_containerengine_node_pool" "_" {
     }
   }
   node_source_details {
-    image_id    = data.oci_core_images._.images[0].id
+    image_id    = local.images[0].image_id
     source_type = "image"
   }
 }

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/ovh/common.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../common.tf

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/ovh/config.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../providers/ovh/config.tf

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/ovh/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+resource "ovh_cloud_project_kube" "_" {
+  name    = var.cluster_name
+  region  = var.location
+  version = local.k8s_version
+}
+
+resource "ovh_cloud_project_kube_nodepool" "_" {
+  kube_id       = ovh_cloud_project_kube._.id
+  name          = "x86"
+  flavor_name   = local.node_size
+  desired_nodes = var.min_nodes_per_pool
+  min_nodes     = var.min_nodes_per_pool
+  max_nodes     = var.max_nodes_per_pool
+}
+
+locals {
+  k8s_version = "1.26"
+}

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/ovh/outputs.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+output "cluster_id" {
+  value = ovh_cloud_project_kube._.id
+}
+
+output "has_metrics_server" {
+  value = false
+}
+
+output "kubeconfig" {
+  sensitive = true
+  value     = ovh_cloud_project_kube._.kubeconfig
+}

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/ovh/provider.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+terraform {
+  required_providers {
+    ovh = {
+      source = "ovh/ovh"
+    }
+  }
+}

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/ovh/variables.tf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../providers/ovh/variables.tf

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/scaleway/main.tf

@@ -1,10 +1,23 @@
+resource "scaleway_vpc_private_network" "_" {
+}
+
+# This is a kind of hack to use a custom security group with Kapsulse.
+# See https://www.scaleway.com/en/docs/containers/kubernetes/reference-content/secure-cluster-with-private-network/
+
+resource "scaleway_instance_security_group" "_" {
+  name                    = "kubernetes ${split("/", scaleway_k8s_cluster._.id)[1]}"
+  inbound_default_policy  = "accept"
+  outbound_default_policy = "accept"
+}
+
 resource "scaleway_k8s_cluster" "_" {
-  name = var.cluster_name
-  #region                     = var.location
+  name                        = var.cluster_name
   tags                        = var.common_tags
   version                     = local.k8s_version
+  type                        = "kapsule"
   cni                         = "cilium"
   delete_additional_resources = true
+  private_network_id          = scaleway_vpc_private_network._.id
 }
 
 resource "scaleway_k8s_pool" "_" {
@@ -17,6 +30,7 @@ resource "scaleway_k8s_pool" "_" {
   max_size    = var.max_nodes_per_pool
   autoscaling = var.max_nodes_per_pool > var.min_nodes_per_pool
   autohealing = true
+  depends_on = [ scaleway_instance_security_group._ ]
 }
 
 data "scaleway_k8s_version" "_" {

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/vcluster/main.tf

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ resource "helm_release" "_" {
   create_namespace = true
   repository       = "https://charts.loft.sh"
   chart            = "vcluster"
+  version          = "0.19.7"
   set {
     name  = "service.type"
     value = "NodePort"

prepare-labs/terraform/one-kubernetes/vcluster/outputs.tf

@@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ locals {
   guest_api_server_port    = local.node_port
   guest_api_server_url_new = "https://${local.guest_api_server_host}:${local.guest_api_server_port}"
   guest_api_server_url_old = yamldecode(local.kubeconfig_raw).clusters[0].cluster.server
-  kubeconfig               = replace(local.kubeconfig_raw, local.guest_api_server_url_old,  local.guest_api_server_url_new)
+  kubeconfig               = replace(local.kubeconfig_raw, local.guest_api_server_url_old, local.guest_api_server_url_new)
 }

prepare-labs/terraform/providers/hetzner/variables.tf

@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ $ hcloud server-type list | grep shared
 variable "node_sizes" {
   type = map(any)
   default = {
-    S = "cx11"
-    M = "cx21"
-    L = "cx31"
+    S = "cpx11"
+    M = "cpx21"
+    L = "cpx31"
   }
 }
 

prepare-labs/terraform/providers/ovh/variables.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+variable "node_sizes" {
+  type = map(any)
+  default = {
+    S = "d2-4"
+    M = "d2-4"
+    L = "d2-8"
+  }
+}
+
+variable "location" {
+  type    = string
+  default = "BHS5"
+}

prepare-labs/terraform/providers/vcluster/variables.tf

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 variable "node_sizes" {
-  type = map(any)
+  type    = map(any)
   default = {}
 }
 

prepare-labs/terraform/virtual-machines/common.tf

@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ resource "local_file" "ip_addresses" {
 resource "local_file" "clusters" {
   content = join("", formatlist("%s\n", [
     for cid in range(1, 1 + var.how_many_clusters) :
-    join(" ",
+    join("\t",
       [for nid in range(1, 1 + var.nodes_per_cluster) :
         local.ip_addresses[format("c%03dn%03d", cid, nid)]
   ])]))
-  filename        = "clusters.txt"
+  filename        = "clusters.tsv"
   file_permission = "0600"
 }

prepare-labs/terraform/virtual-machines/openstack/main.tf

@@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
 resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "_" {
   for_each    = local.nodes
   name        = each.value.node_name
-  image_name  = var.image
+  image_name  = data.openstack_images_image_v2._.name
   flavor_name = each.value.node_size
-  key_pair = openstack_compute_keypair_v2._.name
+  key_pair    = openstack_compute_keypair_v2._.name
   network {
     port = openstack_networking_port_v2._[each.key].id
   }
 }
 
+data "openstack_images_image_v2" "_" {
+  most_recent = true
+  properties = {
+    os      = "ubuntu"
+    version = "24.04"
+  }
+}
+
 resource "openstack_networking_port_v2" "_" {
   for_each              = local.nodes
   network_id            = openstack_networking_network_v2._.id

prepare-labs/terraform/virtual-machines/openstack/provider.tf

@@ -31,10 +31,6 @@ variable "external_network_id" {
   type = string
 }
 
-variable "image" {
-  type = string
-}
-
 variable "node_sizes" {
   type    = map(any)
   default = {}

prepare-labs/test-all-one-kubernetes.sh

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
 # another set of clusters while a first one is still running)
 # you should set the TF_VAR_cluster_name environment variable.
 
+if ! [ "$TF_VAR_cluster_name" ]; then
+  echo "Please set TF_VAR_cluster_name. Thanks."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
 cd terraform/one-kubernetes
 
 case "$1" in

slides/1.yml

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Docker Intensif
-
-chat: "[Mattermost](https://highfive.container.training/mattermost)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://2023-05-enix.container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- self-paced
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-- logistics.md
-- containers/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-- shared/chat-room-im.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
-- shared/toc.md
-- # DAY 1
-  #- containers/Docker_Overview.md
-  #- containers/Docker_History.md
-  - containers/Training_Environment.md
-  #- containers/Installing_Docker.md
-  - containers/First_Containers.md
-  - containers/Background_Containers.md
-  - containers/Initial_Images.md
-  - containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md
-  - containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md
-  - containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md
-  - containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md
-- # DAY 2
-  - containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md
-  - containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md
-  - containers/Container_Network_Model.md
-  - containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Composefile.md
-- # DAY 3
-  - containers/Start_And_Attach.md
-  - containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md
-  - containers/Labels.md
-  - containers/Getting_Inside.md
-  - containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md
-  - containers/Advanced_Dockerfiles.md
-  - containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md
-  - containers/Publishing_To_Docker_Hub.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md
-- # DAY 4
-  - containers/Buildkit.md
-  - containers/Network_Drivers.md
-  - containers/Namespaces_Cgroups.md
-  #- containers/Copy_On_Write.md
-  - containers/Orchestration_Overview.md
-  #- containers/Docker_Machine.md
-  #- containers/Init_Systems.md
-  #- containers/Application_Configuration.md
-  #- containers/Logging.md
-  #- containers/Containers_From_Scratch.md
-  #- containers/Container_Engines.md
-  #- containers/Pods_Anatomy.md
-  #- containers/Ecosystem.md
-  - shared/thankyou.md
-  #- containers/links.md

slides/2.yml

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Fondamentaux Kubernetes
-
-chat: "[Mattermost](https://highfive.container.training/mattermost)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://2023-05-enix.container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- self-paced
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-- logistics.md
-- k8s/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-- shared/chat-room-im.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
-- shared/prereqs.md
-- shared/handson.md
-#- shared/webssh.md
-- shared/connecting.md
-- exercises/k8sfundamentals-brief.md
-- exercises/yaml-brief.md
-- exercises/localcluster-brief.md
-- exercises/healthchecks-brief.md
-- shared/toc.md
-- # 1
-  #- k8s/versions-k8s.md
-  - shared/sampleapp.md
-  #- shared/composescale.md
-  #- shared/hastyconclusions.md
-  - shared/composedown.md
-  - k8s/concepts-k8s.md
-  - k8s/kubectlget.md
-  - k8s/kubectl-run.md
-  - k8s/kubectlexpose.md
-  - k8s/service-types.md
-  - k8s/kubenet.md
-  - k8s/shippingimages.md
-  #- k8s/buildshiprun-selfhosted.md
-  - k8s/buildshiprun-dockerhub.md
-  - exercises/k8sfundamentals-details.md
-  - k8s/ourapponkube.md
-  #- k8s/exercise-wordsmith.md
-- # 2
-  - shared/yaml.md
-  - k8s/labels-annotations.md
-  - k8s/kubectl-logs.md
-  - k8s/logs-cli.md
-  - k8s/yamldeploy.md
-  - k8s/namespaces.md
-  - shared/declarative.md
-  - k8s/declarative.md
-  - k8s/deploymentslideshow.md
-  - k8s/setup-overview.md
-  - k8s/setup-devel.md
-  #- k8s/setup-managed.md
-  #- k8s/setup-selfhosted.md
-  - k8s/localkubeconfig.md
-  - k8s/accessinternal.md
-  - k8s/kubectlproxy.md
-  - exercises/yaml-details.md
-  - exercises/localcluster-details.md
-- # 3
-  #- k8s/kubectlscale.md
-  - k8s/scalingdockercoins.md
-  - shared/hastyconclusions.md
-  - k8s/daemonset.md
-  - k8s/rollout.md
-  - k8s/healthchecks.md
-  #- k8s/healthchecks-more.md
-  - k8s/dashboard.md
-  - k8s/k9s.md
-  - k8s/tilt.md
-  - exercises/healthchecks-details.md
-- # 4
-  - k8s/ingress.md
-  #- k8s/ingress-tls.md
-  #- k8s/ingress-advanced.md
-  - k8s/volumes.md
-  #- k8s/exercise-configmap.md
-  #- k8s/build-with-docker.md
-  #- k8s/build-with-kaniko.md
-  - k8s/configuration.md
-  - k8s/secrets.md
-  - k8s/batch-jobs.md
-  - shared/thankyou.md

slides/3.yml

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Packaging d'applications
-  pour Kubernetes
-
-chat: "[Mattermost](https://highfive.container.training/mattermost)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://2023-05-enix.container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- self-paced
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-- logistics-julien.md
-- k8s/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-- k8s/prereqs-advanced.md
-- shared/handson.md
-- shared/webssh.md
-- shared/connecting.md
-#- shared/chat-room-im.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom.md
-- shared/toc.md
--
-  - k8s/demo-apps.md
-  - k8s/kustomize.md
-  - k8s/helm-intro.md
-  - k8s/helm-chart-format.md
-  - k8s/helm-create-basic-chart.md
-  - exercises/helm-generic-chart-details.md
--
-  - k8s/helm-create-better-chart.md
-  - k8s/helm-dependencies.md
-  - k8s/helm-values-schema-validation.md
-  - k8s/helm-secrets.md
-  - exercises/helm-umbrella-chart-details.md
--
-  - k8s/ytt.md
-  - shared/thankyou.md

slides/4.yml

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Kubernetes Avancé
-
-chat: "[Mattermost](https://highfive.container.training/mattermost)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://2023-05-enix.container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- self-paced
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-- logistics.md
-- k8s/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-- shared/chat-room-im.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom.md
-- k8s/prereqs-advanced.md
-- shared/handson.md
-- shared/webssh.md
-- shared/connecting.md
-- shared/toc.md
-- exercises/netpol-brief.md
-- exercises/sealed-secrets-brief.md
-- exercises/kyverno-ingress-domain-name-brief.md
-- #1
-  - k8s/demo-apps.md
-  - k8s/netpol.md
-  - k8s/authn-authz.md
-  - k8s/sealed-secrets.md
-  - k8s/cert-manager.md
-  - k8s/cainjector.md
-  - k8s/ingress-tls.md
-  - exercises/netpol-details.md
-  - exercises/sealed-secrets-details.md
-- #2
-  - k8s/extending-api.md
-  - k8s/crd.md
-  - k8s/operators.md
-  - k8s/admission.md
-  - k8s/cainjector.md
-  - k8s/kyverno.md
-  - exercises/kyverno-ingress-domain-name-details.md
-- #3
-  - k8s/resource-limits.md
-  - k8s/metrics-server.md
-  - k8s/cluster-sizing.md
-  - k8s/horizontal-pod-autoscaler.md
-  - k8s/apiserver-deepdive.md
-  - k8s/aggregation-layer.md
-  - k8s/hpa-v2.md
-- #4
-  - k8s/statefulsets.md
-  - k8s/consul.md
-  - k8s/pv-pvc-sc.md
-  - k8s/volume-claim-templates.md
-  #- k8s/eck.md
-  #- k8s/portworx.md
-  - k8s/openebs.md
-  - k8s/stateful-failover.md
-  - k8s/operators-design.md
-  - k8s/operators-example.md
-  - k8s/owners-and-dependents.md
-  - k8s/events.md
-  - k8s/finalizers.md
-  - shared/thankyou.md

slides/5.yml

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Opérer Kubernetes
-
-chat: "[Mattermost](https://highfive.container.training/mattermost)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://2023-05-enix.container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- self-paced
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-- logistics-ludovic.md
-- k8s/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-- shared/chat-room-im.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
-- shared/toc.md
-# DAY 1
--
-  - k8s/prereqs-advanced.md
-  - shared/handson.md
-  - k8s/architecture.md
-  - k8s/deploymentslideshow.md
-  - k8s/dmuc.md
--
-  - k8s/multinode.md
-  - k8s/cni.md
-  - k8s/interco.md
--
-  - k8s/cni-internals.md
-  - k8s/apilb.md
-  - k8s/internal-apis.md
-  - k8s/staticpods.md
-  - k8s/cluster-upgrade.md
-  - k8s/cluster-backup.md
-  #- k8s/cloud-controller-manager.md
--
-  - k8s/control-plane-auth.md
-  - k8s/user-cert.md
-  - k8s/csr-api.md
-  - k8s/openid-connect.md
-  - k8s/pod-security-intro.md
-  - k8s/pod-security-policies.md
-  - k8s/pod-security-admission.md
-  - shared/thankyou.md
-#-
-#  |
-#  # (Extra content)
-#  - k8s/apiserver-deepdive.md
-#  - k8s/setup-overview.md
-#  - k8s/setup-devel.md
-#  - k8s/setup-managed.md
-#  - k8s/setup-selfhosted.md

slides/_redirects

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #/ /kube-halfday.yml.html 200!
 #/ /kube-fullday.yml.html 200!
 #/ /kube-twodays.yml.html 200!
+/ /mq.yml.html 200!
 
 # And this allows to do "git clone https://container.training".
 /info/refs service=git-upload-pack https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack
@@ -12,16 +13,12 @@
 #/kubernetesmastery https://www.udemy.com/course/kubernetesmastery/?couponCode=DOCKERALLDAY
 
 # Shortlink for the QRCode
-/q /qrcode.html 200
+/q https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScYloWur4uVhKgVNIdUrfHZ8pk_mBmPcQwmbhjK2FlR9KWDCA/viewform
 
 # Shortlinks for next training in English and French
 #/next https://www.eventbrite.com/e/livestream-intensive-kubernetes-bootcamp-tickets-103262336428
-/next https://skillsmatter.com/courses/700-advanced-kubernetes-concepts-workshop-jerome-petazzoni
+/next https://qconsf.com/training/nov2024/asynchronous-architecture-patterns-scale-ml-and-other-high-latency-workloads
 /hi5 https://enix.io/fr/services/formation/online/
 /us https://www.ardanlabs.com/live-training-events/deploying-microservices-and-traditional-applications-with-kubernetes-march-28-2022.html
 /uk https://skillsmatter.com/workshops/827-deploying-microservices-and-traditional-applications-with-kubernetes-with-jerome-petazzoni
 
-# Survey form
-/please https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfIYSgrV7tpfBNm1hOaprjnBHgWKn5n-k5vtNXYJkOX1sRxng/viewform
-
-/ /highfive.html 200!

slides/autopilot/package.json

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
   "name": "container-training-pub-sub-server",
   "version": "0.0.1",
   "dependencies": {
-    "express": "^4.16.2",
-    "socket.io": "^4.6.1",
-    "socket.io-client": "^4.5.1"
+    "express": "^4.21.1",
+    "socket.io": "^4.8.0",
+    "socket.io-client": "^4.7.5"
   }
 }

slides/compose.yaml

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-version: "2"
-
 services:
   www:
     image: nginx

slides/containers/Buildkit.md

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
 - In multi-stage builds, all stages can be built in parallel
 
-  (example: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod; [before] and [after])
+  (example: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod; [before][shpod-before-parallel] and [after][shpod-after-parallel])
 
 - Stages are built only when they are necessary
 
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@
 
 - Files are cached in the builder
 
-[before]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod/blob/c6efedad6d6c3dc3120dbc0ae0a6915f85862474/Dockerfile
-[after]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod/blob/d20887bbd56b5fcae2d5d9b0ce06cae8887caabf/Dockerfile
+[shpod-before-parallel]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod/blob/c6efedad6d6c3dc3120dbc0ae0a6915f85862474/Dockerfile
+[shpod-after-parallel]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod/blob/d20887bbd56b5fcae2d5d9b0ce06cae8887caabf/Dockerfile
 
 ---
 
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ docker buildx build … \
 
 - Must not use binary downloads with hard-coded architectures!
 
-  (streamlining a Dockerfile for multi-arch: [before], [after])
+  (streamlining a Dockerfile for multi-arch: [before][shpod-before-multiarch], [after][shpod-after-multiarch])
 
-[before]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod/blob/d20887bbd56b5fcae2d5d9b0ce06cae8887caabf/Dockerfile
-[after]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod/blob/c50789e662417b34fea6f5e1d893721d66d265b7/Dockerfile
+[shpod-before-multiarch]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod/blob/d20887bbd56b5fcae2d5d9b0ce06cae8887caabf/Dockerfile
+[shpod-after-multiarch]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/shpod/blob/c50789e662417b34fea6f5e1d893721d66d265b7/Dockerfile
 
 ---
 

slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md

@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ class: extra-details
 
   (and won't end up in the resulting image)
 
-- See the [documentation] for the little details
+- See the [documentation][dockerignore] for the little details
 
   (exceptions can be made with `!`, multiple directory levels with `**`...)
 
-[documentation]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#dockerignore-file
+[dockerignore]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#dockerignore-file
 
 ???
 

slides/containers/Docker_Overview.md

@@ -113,22 +113,16 @@ class: pic
 ## Results
 
 * [Dev-to-prod reduced from 9 months to 15 minutes (ING)](
-  https://www.docker.com/sites/default/files/CS_ING_01.25.2015_1.pdf)
+  https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/docker-case-studies/CS_ING_01.25.2015_1.pdf)
 
 * [Continuous integration job time reduced by more than 60% (BBC)](
-  https://www.docker.com/sites/default/files/CS_BBCNews_01.25.2015_1.pdf)
+  https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/docker-case-studies/CS_BBCNews_01.25.2015_1.pdf)
 
 * [Deploy 100 times a day instead of once a week (GILT)](
-  https://www.docker.com/sites/default/files/CS_Gilt%20Groupe_03.18.2015_0.pdf)
+  https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/docker-case-studies/CS_Gilt_Groupe_03.18.2015_0.pdf)
 
 * [70% infrastructure consolidation (MetLife)](
-  https://www.docker.com/customers/metlife-transforms-customer-experience-legacy-and-microservices-mashup)
-
-* [60% infrastructure consolidation (Intesa Sanpaolo)](
-  https://blog.docker.com/2017/11/intesa-sanpaolo-builds-resilient-foundation-banking-docker-enterprise-edition/)
-
-* [14x application density; 60% of legacy datacenter migrated in 4 months (GE Appliances)](
-  https://www.docker.com/customers/ge-uses-docker-enable-self-service-their-developers)
+  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bwt3xigvlj0)
 
 * etc.
 

slides/exercises/ingress-controller-brief.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-## Exercise — Ingress
+## Exercise — Ingress Controller
 
 - Add an ingress controller to a Kubernetes cluster
 

slides/exercises/ingress-controller-details.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Exercise — Ingress
+# Exercise — Ingress Controller
 
 - We want to expose a couple of web apps through an ingress controller
 
@@ -128,4 +128,4 @@ This is similar to the previous scenario, but with two significant changes:
 
 1. We only want to run the ingress controller on nodes that have the role `ingress`.
 
-2. We don't want to use `hostNetwork`, but a list of `externalIPs` instead.
+2. We want to either use `hostPort`, or a list of `externalIPs` (not `hostNetwork`).

slides/exercises/netpol-details.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Exercise — Network Policies
 
-We want to to implement a generic network security mechanism.
+We want to implement a generic network security mechanism.
 
 Instead of creating one policy per service, we want to
 create a fixed number of policies, and use a single label

slides/exercises/polykuberbac-brief.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+## Exercise — Enable RBAC
+
+- Enable RBAC on a manually-deployed control plane
+
+- This involves:
+
+  - generating different certificates
+
+  - distributing the certificates to the controllers
+
+  - enabling the proper authorizers in API server

slides/exercises/polykuberbac-details.md

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# Exercise — Enable RBAC
+
+- We want to enable RBAC on the "polykube" cluster
+
+  (it doesn't matter whether we have 1 or multiple nodes)
+
+- Ideally, we want to have, for instance:
+
+  - one key, certificate, and kubeconfig for a cluster admin
+
+  - one key, certificate, and kubeconfig for a user
+    <br/>
+    (with permissions in a single namespace)
+
+- Bonus points: enable the NodeAuthorizer too!
+
+- Check the following slides for hints
+
+---
+
+## Step 1
+
+- Enable RBAC itself!
+
+--
+
+- This is done with an API server command-line flag
+
+--
+
+- Check [the documentation][kube-apiserver-doc] to see the flag
+
+--
+
+- For now, only enable `--authorization-mode=RBAC`
+
+[kube-apiserver-doc]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-apiserver/
+
+---
+
+## Step 2
+
+- Our certificate doesn't work anymore, we need to generate a new one
+
+--
+
+- We need a certificate that will have *some* (ideally *all*) permissions
+
+--
+
+- Two options:
+
+  - use the equivalent of "root" (identity that completely skips permission checks)
+
+  - a "non-root" identity but which is granted permissions with RBAC
+
+--
+
+- The "non-root" option looks nice, but to grant permissions, we need permissions
+
+- So let's start with the equivalent of "root"!
+
+--
+
+- The Kubernetes equivalent of `root` is the group `system:masters`
+
+---
+
+## Step 2, continued
+
+- We need to generate a certificate for a user belonging to group `system:masters`
+
+--
+
+- In Kubernetes certificates, groups are encoded with the "organization" field
+
+--
+
+- That corresponds to `O=system:masters`
+
+--
+
+- In other words we need to generate a new certificate, but with a subject of:
+
+  `/CN=admin/O=system:masters/` (the `CN` doesn't matter)
+
+- That certificate should be able to interact with the API server, like before
+
+---
+
+## Step 3
+
+- Now, all our controllers have permissions issues
+
+- We need to either:
+
+  - use that `system:masters` cert everywhere
+
+  - generate different certs for every controller, with the proper identities
+
+- Suggestion: use `system-masters` everywhere to begin with
+
+  (and make sure the cluster is back on its feet)
+
+---
+
+## Step 4
+
+At this point, there are two possible forks in the road:
+
+1. Generate certs for the control plane controllers
+
+   (`kube-controller-manager`, `kube-scheduler`)
+
+2. Generate cert(s) for the node(s) and enable `NodeAuthorizer`
+
+Good luck!

slides/exercises/reqlim-brief.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+## Exercise — Requests and Limits
+
+- Check current resource allocation and utilization
+
+- Make sure that all workloads have requests (and perhaps limits)
+
+- Make sure that all *future* workloads too!

slides/exercises/reqlim-details.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Exercise — Requests and Limits
+
+By default, if we don't specify *resource requests*,
+our workloads will run in `BestEffort` quality of service.
+
+`BestEffort` is very bad for production workloads,
+because the scheduler has no idea of the actual resource
+requirements of our apps, and won't be able to make
+smart decisions about workload placement.
+
+As a result, when the cluster gets overloaded, 
+containers will be killed, pods will be evicted,
+and service disruptions will happen.
+
+Let's solve this!
+
+---
+
+## Check current state
+
+- Check *allocations*
+
+  (i.e. which pods have requests and limits for CPU and memory)
+
+- Then check *utilization*
+
+  (i.e. actual resource usage)
+
+- Possible tools: `kubectl`, plugins like `view-allocations`, Prometheus...
+
+---
+
+## Follow best practices
+
+- We want to make sure that *all* workloads have requests
+
+  (and perhaps limits, too!)
+
+- Depending on the workload:
+
+  - edit its YAML manifest
+
+  - adjust its Helm values
+
+  - add LimitRange in its Namespace
+
+- Then check again to confirm that the job has been done properly!
+
+---
+
+## Be future-proof!
+
+- We want to make sure that *future* workloads will have requests, too
+
+- How can that be implemented?

slides/find-duplicate-markdown-links.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+for LINK in $(cat */*.md | sed -n 's/^\[\(.*\)\]:.*/\1/p' | sort | uniq -d); do
+  grep '^\['"$LINK"'\]:' */*.md
+done
+

slides/highfive.html

@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <style>
-      td { 
-        background: #ccc; 
-        padding: 1em;
-      }
-</style>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <table>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mardi 9 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="1.yml.html">Docker Intensif</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mercredi 10 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="1.yml.html">Docker Intensif</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Jeudi 11 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="1.yml.html">Docker Intensif</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Vendredi 12 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="1.yml.html">Docker Intensif</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Lundi 15 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="2.yml.html">Fondamentaux Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mardi 16 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="2.yml.html">Fondamentaux Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mercredi 17 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="2.yml.html">Fondamentaux Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Lundi 22 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="2.yml.html">Fondamentaux Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mardi 23 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="4.yml.html">Kubernetes Avancé</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mercredi 24 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="4.yml.html">Kubernetes Avancé</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Jeudi 25 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="4.yml.html">Kubernetes Avancé</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Vendredi 26 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="4.yml.html">Kubernetes Avancé</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mardi 30 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="3.yml.html">Packaging d'applications pour Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mercredi 31 mai 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="3.yml.html">Packaging d'applications pour Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Jeudi 1er juin 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="3.yml.html">Packaging d'applications pour Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mardi 6 juin 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="5.yml.html">Opérer Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-      <tr>
-        <td>Mercredi 7 juin 2023</td>
-        <td>
-          <a href="5.yml.html">Opérer Kubernetes</a>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-  </body>
-</html>

slides/index.yaml

@@ -981,10 +981,6 @@
 #  event: LISA
 #  title: Deploying and Scaling Applications with Docker Swarm
 
-#2015-09-24-strangeloop
-
-
-
 - title: Introduction to Docker and Containers
   slides: intro-selfpaced.yml.html
 

slides/interstitials.txt

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/Container-Ship-Freighter-Navigation-Elbe-Romance-1782991.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/ShippingContainerSFBay.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/aerial-view-of-containers.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/blue-containers.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/chinook-helicopter-container.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/container-cranes.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/container-housing.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/containers-by-the-water.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/distillery-containers.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/lots-of-containers.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/plastic-containers.JPG
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/train-of-containers-1.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/train-of-containers-2.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/two-containers-on-a-truck.jpg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/wall-of-containers.jpeg
-https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/catene-de-conteneurs.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/Container-Ship-Freighter-Navigation-Elbe-Romance-1782991.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/ShippingContainerSFBay.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/aerial-view-of-containers.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/blue-containers.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/chinook-helicopter-container.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/container-cranes.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/container-housing.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/containers-by-the-water.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/distillery-containers.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/lots-of-containers.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/plastic-containers.JPG
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/train-of-containers-1.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/train-of-containers-2.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/two-containers-on-a-truck.jpg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/wall-of-containers.jpeg
+https://prettypictures.container.training/containers/catene-de-conteneurs.jpg

slides/intro-fullday.yml

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Introduction
-  to Containers
-
-chat: "[Slack](https://dockercommunity.slack.com/messages/C7GKACWDV)"
-#chat: "[Gitter](https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/workshop-yyyymmdd-city)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- self-paced
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-- logistics.md
-- containers/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-- shared/chat-room-im.md
-#- shared/chat-room-slack.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
-- shared/toc.md
--
-  #- containers/Docker_Overview.md
-  #- containers/Docker_History.md
-  - containers/Training_Environment.md
-  #- containers/Installing_Docker.md
-  - containers/First_Containers.md
-  - containers/Background_Containers.md
-  #- containers/Start_And_Attach.md
-  - containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md
-  #- containers/Labels.md
-  - containers/Getting_Inside.md
-  - containers/Initial_Images.md
--
-  - containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md
-  - containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md
-  - containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md
-  - containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md
--
-  - containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md
-  #- containers/Network_Drivers.md
-  - containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md
-  - containers/Container_Network_Model.md
-  - shared/yaml.md
-  - containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Composefile.md
--
-  - containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md
-  #- containers/Publishing_To_Docker_Hub.md
-  - containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md
-  #- containers/Docker_Machine.md
-  #- containers/Advanced_Dockerfiles.md
-  #- containers/Buildkit.md
-  #- containers/Init_Systems.md
-  #- containers/Application_Configuration.md
-  #- containers/Logging.md
-  #- containers/Namespaces_Cgroups.md
-  #- containers/Copy_On_Write.md
-  #- containers/Containers_From_Scratch.md
-  #- containers/Container_Engines.md
-  #- containers/Pods_Anatomy.md
-  #- containers/Ecosystem.md
-  #- containers/Orchestration_Overview.md
-  - shared/thankyou.md
-  - containers/links.md

slides/intro-selfpaced.yml

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Introduction
-  to Containers
-
-chat: "[Slack](https://dockercommunity.slack.com/messages/C7GKACWDV)"
-#chat: "[Gitter](https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/workshop-yyyymmdd-city)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- in-person
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-# - shared/logistics.md
-- containers/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-#- shared/chat-room-im.md
-#- shared/chat-room-slack.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
-- shared/toc.md
-- - containers/Docker_Overview.md
-  - containers/Docker_History.md
-  - containers/Training_Environment.md
-  - containers/Installing_Docker.md
-  - containers/First_Containers.md
-  - containers/Background_Containers.md
-  - containers/Start_And_Attach.md
-- - containers/Initial_Images.md
-  - containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md
-  - containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md
-  - containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md
-  - containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md
-- - containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md
-  - containers/Publishing_To_Docker_Hub.md
-  - containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md
-- - containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md
-  - containers/Labels.md
-  - containers/Getting_Inside.md
-- - containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md
-  - containers/Network_Drivers.md
-  - containers/Container_Network_Model.md
-  #- containers/Connecting_Containers_With_Links.md
-  - containers/Ambassadors.md
-- - containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md
-  - containers/Windows_Containers.md
-  - containers/Working_With_Volumes.md
-  - shared/yaml.md
-  - containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Composefile.md
-  - containers/Docker_Machine.md
-- - containers/Advanced_Dockerfiles.md
-  - containers/Buildkit.md
-  - containers/Init_Systems.md
-  - containers/Application_Configuration.md
-  - containers/Logging.md
-  - containers/Resource_Limits.md
-- - containers/Namespaces_Cgroups.md
-  - containers/Copy_On_Write.md
-  #- containers/Containers_From_Scratch.md
-- - containers/Container_Engines.md
-  - containers/Pods_Anatomy.md
-  - containers/Ecosystem.md
-  - containers/Orchestration_Overview.md
-  - shared/thankyou.md
-  - containers/links.md

slides/intro-twodays.yml

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-title: |
-  Introduction
-  to Containers
-
-chat: "[Slack](https://dockercommunity.slack.com/messages/C7GKACWDV)"
-#chat: "[Gitter](https://gitter.im/jpetazzo/workshop-yyyymmdd-city)"
-
-gitrepo: github.com/jpetazzo/container.training
-
-slides: https://container.training/
-
-#slidenumberprefix: "#SomeHashTag — "
-
-exclude:
-- self-paced
-
-content:
-- shared/title.md
-- logistics.md
-- containers/intro.md
-- shared/about-slides.md
-- shared/chat-room-im.md
-#- shared/chat-room-slack.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-meeting.md
-#- shared/chat-room-zoom-webinar.md
-- shared/toc.md
-- # DAY 1
-  - containers/Docker_Overview.md
-  #- containers/Docker_History.md
-  - containers/Training_Environment.md
-  - containers/First_Containers.md
-  - containers/Background_Containers.md
-  - containers/Initial_Images.md
--
-  - containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md
-  - containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md
-  - containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md
-  - containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md
--
-  - containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md
-  - containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md
-  - containers/Publishing_To_Docker_Hub.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md
--
-  - containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md
-  - containers/Labels.md
-  - containers/Start_And_Attach.md
-  - containers/Getting_Inside.md
-  - containers/Resource_Limits.md
-- # DAY 2
-  - containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md
-  - containers/Network_Drivers.md
-  - containers/Container_Network_Model.md
--
-  - containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md
-  - containers/Working_With_Volumes.md
-  - shared/yaml.md
-  - containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md
-  - containers/Exercise_Composefile.md
--
-  - containers/Installing_Docker.md
-  - containers/Container_Engines.md
-  - containers/Init_Systems.md
-  - containers/Advanced_Dockerfiles.md
-  - containers/Buildkit.md
--
-  - containers/Application_Configuration.md
-  - containers/Logging.md
-  - containers/Orchestration_Overview.md
--
-  - shared/thankyou.md
-  - containers/links.md
-#-
-  #- containers/Docker_Machine.md
-  #- containers/Ambassadors.md
-  #- containers/Namespaces_Cgroups.md
-  #- containers/Copy_On_Write.md
-  #- containers/Containers_From_Scratch.md
-  #- containers/Pods_Anatomy.md
-  #- containers/Ecosystem.md

slides/k8s/admission.md

@@ -20,19 +20,21 @@
 
 ## Use cases
 
-Some examples ...
+- Defaulting
 
-- Stand-alone admission controllers
+  *injecting image pull secrets, sidecars, environment variables...*
 
-  *validating:* policy enforcement (e.g. quotas, naming conventions ...)
+- Policy enforcement and best practices
 
-  *mutating:* inject or provide default values (e.g. pod presets)
+  *prevent: `latest` images, deprecated APIs...*
 
-- Admission controllers part of a greater system
+  *require: PDBs, resource requests/limits, labels/annotations, local registry...*
 
-  *validating:* advanced typing for operators
+- Problem mitigation
 
-  *mutating:* inject sidecars for service meshes
+  *block nodes with vulnerable kernels, inject log4j mitigations...*
+
+- Extended validation for operators
 
 ---
 
@@ -198,6 +200,64 @@ Some examples ...
 
   (the Node "echo" app, the Flask app, and one ngrok tunnel for each of them)
 
+- We will need an ngrok account for the tunnels
+
+  (a free account is fine)
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## What's ngrok?
+
+- Ngrok provides secure tunnels to access local services
+
+- Example: run `ngrok http 1234`
+
+- `ngrok` will display a publicly-available URL (e.g. https://xxxxyyyyzzzz.ngrok.app)
+
+- Connections to https://xxxxyyyyzzzz.ngrok.app will terminate at `localhost:1234`
+
+- Basic product is free; extra features (vanity domains, end-to-end TLS...) for $$$
+
+- Perfect to develop our webhook!
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Ngrok in production
+
+- Ngrok was initially known for its local webhook development features
+
+- It now supports production scenarios as well
+
+  (load balancing, WAF, authentication, circuit-breaking...)
+
+- Including some that are very relevant to Kubernetes
+
+  (e.g. [ngrok Ingress Controller](https://github.com/ngrok/kubernetes-ingress-controller)
+
+---
+
+## Ngrok tokens
+
+- If you're attending a live training, you might have an ngrok token
+
+- Look in `~/ngrok.env` and if that file exists, copy it to the stack:
+
+.lab[
+
+```bash
+cp ~/ngrok.env ~/container.training/webhooks/admission/.env
+```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Starting the whole stack
+
 .lab[
 
 - Go to the webhook directory:
@@ -216,28 +276,6 @@ Some examples ...
 
 ---
 
-class: extra-details
-
-## What's ngrok?
-
-- Ngrok provides secure tunnels to access local services
-
-- Example: run `ngrok http 1234`
-
-- `ngrok` will display a publicly-available URL (e.g. https://xxxxyyyyzzzz.ngrok.io)
-
-- Connections to https://xxxxyyyyzzzz.ngrok.io will terminate at `localhost:1234`
-
-- Basic product is free; extra features (vanity domains, end-to-end TLS...) for $$$
-
-- Perfect to develop our webhook!
-
-- Probably not for production, though
-
-  (webhook requests and responses now pass through the ngrok platform)
-
----
-
 ## Update the webhook configuration
 
 - We have a webhook configuration in `k8s/webhook-configuration.yaml`
@@ -543,6 +581,23 @@ Shell to the rescue!
 
   (it should only allow values of `red`, `green`, `blue`)
 
+---
+
+## Coming soon...
+
+- Kubernetes Validating Admission Policies
+
+- Integrated with the Kubernetes API server
+
+- Lets us define policies using [CEL (Common Expression Language)][cel-spec]
+
+- Available in beta in Kubernetes 1.28 <!-- ##VERSION## -->
+
+- Check this [CNCF Blog Post][cncf-blog-vap] for more details
+
+[cncf-blog-vap]: https://www.cncf.io/blog/2023/09/14/policy-management-in-kubernetes-is-changing/
+[cel-spec]: https://github.com/google/cel-spec
+
 ???
 
 :EN:- Dynamic admission control with webhooks

slides/k8s/architecture.md

@@ -141,12 +141,6 @@ class: pic
 
 class: pic
 
-![](images/control-planes/non-dedicated-stacked-nodes.svg)
-
----
-
-class: pic
-
 ![](images/control-planes/advanced-control-plane.svg)
 
 ---
@@ -157,6 +151,12 @@ class: pic
 
 ---
 
+class: pic
+
+![](images/control-planes/non-dedicated-stacked-nodes.svg)
+
+---
+
 # The Kubernetes API
 
 [

slides/k8s/argocd.md

@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+# ArgoCD
+
+- We're going to implement a basic GitOps workflow with ArgoCD
+
+- Pushing to the default branch will automatically deploy to our clusters
+
+- There will be two clusters (`dev` and `prod`)
+
+- The two clusters will have similar (but slightly different) workloads
+
+![ArgoCD Logo](images/argocdlogo.png)
+
+---
+
+## ArgoCD concepts
+
+ArgoCD manages **applications** by **syncing** their **live state** with their **target state**.
+
+- **Application**: a group of Kubernetes resources managed by ArgoCD.
+  <br/>
+  Also a custom resource (`kind: Application`) managing that group of resources.
+
+- **Application source type**: the **Tool** used to build the application (Kustomize, Helm...)
+
+- **Target state**: the desired state of an **application**, as represented by the git repository.
+
+- **Live state**: the current state of the application on the cluster.
+
+- **Sync status**: whether or not the live state matches the target state.
+
+- **Sync**: the process of making an application move to its target state.
+  <br/>
+  (e.g. by applying changes to a Kubernetes cluster)
+
+(Check [ArgoCD core concepts](https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/core_concepts/) for more definitions!)
+
+---
+
+## Getting ready
+
+- Let's make sure we have two clusters
+
+- It's OK to use local clusters (kind, minikube...)
+
+- We need to install the ArgoCD CLI ([argocd-packages], [argocd-binaries])
+
+- **Highly recommended:** set up CLI completion!
+
+- Of course we'll need a Git service, too
+
+---
+
+## Setting up ArgoCD
+
+- The easiest way is to use upstream YAML manifests
+
+- There is also a [Helm chart][argocd-helmchart] if we need more customization
+
+.lab[
+
+- Create a namespace for ArgoCD and install it there:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl create namespace argocd
+  kubectl apply --namespace argocd -f \
+      https://raw.githubusercontent.com/argoproj/argo-cd/stable/manifests/install.yaml
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Logging in with the ArgoCD CLI
+
+- The CLI can talk to the ArgoCD API server or to the Kubernetes API server
+
+- For simplicity, we're going to authenticate and communicate with the Kubernetes API
+
+.lab[
+
+- Authenticate with the ArgoCD API (that's what the `--core` flag does):
+  ```bash
+  argocd login --core
+  ```
+
+- Check that everything is fine:
+  ```bash
+  argocd version
+  ```
+]
+
+--
+
+🤔 `FATA[0000] error retrieving argocd-cm: configmap "argocd-cm" not found`
+
+---
+
+## ArgoCD CLI shortcomings
+
+- When using "core" authentication, the ArgoCD CLI uses our current Kubernetes context
+
+  (as defined in our kubeconfig file)
+
+- That context need to point to the correct namespace
+
+  (the namespace where we installed ArgoCD)
+
+- In fact, `argocd login --core` doesn't communicate at all with ArgoCD!
+
+  (it only updates a local ArgoCD configuration file)
+
+---
+
+## Trying again in the right namespace
+
+- We will need to run all `argocd` commands in the `argocd` namespace
+
+  (this limitation only applies to "core" authentication; see [issue 14167][issue14167])
+
+.lab[
+
+- Switch to the `argocd` namespace:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl config set-context --current --namespace argocd
+  ```
+
+- Check that we can communicate with the ArgoCD API now:
+  ```bash
+  argocd version
+  ```
+
+]
+
+- Let's have a look at ArgoCD architecture!
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+![ArgoCD Architecture](images/argocd_architecture.png)
+
+---
+
+## ArgoCD API Server
+
+The API server is a gRPC/REST server which exposes the API consumed by the Web UI, CLI, and CI/CD systems. It has the following responsibilities:
+
+- application management and status reporting
+
+- invoking of application operations (e.g. sync, rollback, user-defined actions)
+
+- repository and cluster credential management (stored as K8s secrets)
+
+- authentication and auth delegation to external identity providers
+
+- RBAC enforcement
+
+- listener/forwarder for Git webhook events
+
+---
+
+## ArgoCD Repository Server
+
+The repository server is an internal service which maintains a local cache of the Git repositories holding the application manifests. It is responsible for generating and returning the Kubernetes manifests when provided the following inputs:
+
+- repository URL
+
+- revision (commit, tag, branch)
+
+- application path
+
+- template specific settings: parameters, helm values...
+
+---
+
+## ArgoCD Application Controller
+
+The application controller is a Kubernetes controller which continuously monitors running applications and compares the current, live state against the desired target state (as specified in the repo). 
+
+It detects *OutOfSync* application state and optionally takes corrective action. 
+
+It is responsible for invoking any user-defined hooks for lifecycle events (*PreSync, Sync, PostSync*).
+
+---
+
+## Preparing a repository for ArgoCD
+
+- We need a repository with Kubernetes YAML manifests
+
+- You can fork [kubercoins] or create a new, empty repository
+
+- If you create a new, empty repository, add some manifests to it
+
+---
+
+## Add an Application
+
+- An Application can be added to ArgoCD via the web UI or the CLI
+
+  (either way, this will create a custom resource of `kind: Application`)
+
+- The Application should then automatically be deployed to our cluster
+
+  (the application manifests will be "applied" to the cluster)
+
+.lab[
+
+- Let's use the CLI to add an Application:
+  ```bash
+    argocd app create kubercoins \ 
+           --repo https://github.com/`<your_user>/<your_repo>`.git \
+           --path . --revision `<branch>` \
+           --dest-server https://kubernetes.default.svc \
+           --dest-namespace kubercoins-prod
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Checking progress
+
+- We can see sync status in the web UI or with the CLI
+
+.lab[
+
+- Let's check app status with the CLI:
+  ```bash
+  argocd app list
+  ```
+
+- We can also check directly with the Kubernetes CLI:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl get applications
+  ```
+
+]
+
+- The app is there and it is `OutOfSync`!
+
+---
+
+## Manual sync with the CLI
+
+- By default the "sync policy" is `manual`
+
+- It can also be set to `auto`, which would check the git repository every 3 minutes
+
+  (this interval can be [configured globally][pollinginterval])
+
+- Manual sync can be triggered with the CLI
+
+.lab[
+
+- Let's force an immediate sync of our app:
+  ```bash
+    argocd app sync kubercoins
+  ```
+]
+
+🤔 We're getting errors!
+
+---
+
+## Sync failed
+
+We should receive a failure:
+
+`FATA[0000] Operation has completed with phase: Failed`
+
+And in the output, we see more details:
+
+`Message: one or more objects failed to apply,`
+<br/>
+`reason: namespaces "kubercoins-prod" not found`
+
+---
+
+## Creating the namespace
+
+- There are multiple ways to achieve that
+
+- We could generate a YAML manifest for the namespace and add it to the git repository
+
+- Or we could use "Sync Options" so that ArgoCD creates it automatically!
+
+- ArgoCD provides many "Sync Options" to handle various edge cases
+
+- Some [others](https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user-guide/sync-options/) are: `FailOnSharedResource`, `PruneLast`, `PrunePropagationPolicy`...
+
+---
+
+## Editing the app's sync options
+
+- This can be done through the web UI or the CLI
+
+.lab[
+
+- Let's use the CLI once again:
+  ```bash
+  argocd app edit kubercoins
+  ```
+
+- Add the following to the YAML manifest, at the root level:
+  ```yaml
+    syncPolicy:
+      syncOptions:
+        - CreateNamespace=true
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Sync again
+
+.lab[
+
+- Let's retry the sync operation:
+  ```bash
+  argocd app sync kubercoins
+  ```
+
+- And check the application status:
+  ```bash
+  argocd app list
+  kubectl get applications
+  ```
+
+]
+
+- It should show `Synced` and `Progressing`
+
+- After a while (when all pods are running correctly) it should be `Healthy`
+
+---
+
+## Managing Applications via the Web UI
+
+- ArgoCD is popular in large part due to its browser-based UI
+
+- Let's see how to manage Applications in the web UI
+
+.lab[
+
+- Expose the web dashboard on a local port:
+  ```bash
+  argocd admin dashboard
+  ```
+
+- This command will show the dashboard URL; open it in a browser
+
+- Authentication should be automatic
+
+]
+
+Note: `argocd admin dashboard` is similar to `kubectl port-forward` or `kubectl-proxy`.
+
+(The dashboard remains available as long as `argocd admin dashboard` is running.)
+
+---
+
+## Adding a staging Application
+
+- Let's add another Application for a staging environment
+
+- First, create a new branch (e.g. `staging`) in our kubercoins fork
+
+- Then, in the ArgoCD web UI, click on the "+ NEW APP" button
+
+  (on a narrow display, it might just be "+", right next to buttons looking like 🔄 and ↩️)
+
+- See next slides for details about that form!
+
+---
+
+## Defining the Application
+
+| Field            | Value                                      |
+|------------------|--------------------------------------------|
+| Application Name | `kubercoins-stg`                           |
+| Project Name     | `default`                                  |
+| Sync policy      | `Manual`                                   |
+| Sync options     | check `auto-create namespace`              |
+| Repository URL   | `https://github.com/<username>/<reponame>` |
+| Revision         | `<branchname>`                             |
+| Path             | `.`                                        |
+| Cluster URL      | `https://kubernetes.default.svc`           |
+| Namespace        | `kubercoins-stg`                           |
+
+Then click on the "CREATE" button (top left).
+
+---
+
+## Synchronizing the Application
+
+- After creating the app, it should now show up in the app tiles
+
+  (with a yellow outline to indicate that it's out of sync)
+
+- Click on the "SYNC" button on the app tile to show the sync panel
+
+- In the sync panel, click on "SYNCHRONIZE"
+
+- The app will start to synchronize, and should become healthy after a little while
+
+---
+
+## Making changes
+
+- Let's make changes to our application manifests and see what happens
+
+.lab[
+
+- Make a change to a manifest
+
+  (for instance, change the number of replicas of a Deployment)
+
+- Commit that change and push it to the staging branch
+
+- Check the application sync status:
+  ```bash
+  argocd app list
+  ```
+
+]
+
+- After a short period of time (a few minutes max) the app should show up "out of sync"
+
+---
+
+## Automated synchronization
+
+- We don't want to manually sync after every change
+
+  (that wouldn't be true continuous deployment!)
+
+- We're going to enable "auto sync"
+
+- Note that this requires much more rigorous testing and observability!
+
+  (we need to be sure that our changes won't crash our app or even our cluster)
+
+- Argo project also provides [Argo Rollouts][rollouts]
+
+  (a controller and CRDs to provide blue-green, canary deployments...)
+
+- Today we'll just turn on automated sync for the staging namespace
+
+---
+
+## Enabling auto-sync
+
+- In the web UI, go to *Applications* and click on *kubercoins-stg*
+
+- Click on the "DETAILS" button (top left, might be just a "i" sign on narrow displays)
+
+- Click on "ENABLE AUTO-SYNC" (under "SYNC POLICY")
+
+- After a few minutes the changes should show up!
+
+---
+
+## Rolling back
+
+- If we deploy a broken version, how do we recover?
+
+- "The GitOps way": revert the changes in source control
+
+  (see next slide)
+
+- Emergency rollback:
+
+  - disable auto-sync (if it was enabled)
+
+  - on the app page, click on "HISTORY AND ROLLBACK"
+    <br/>
+    (with the clock-with-backward-arrow icon)
+
+  - click on the "..." button next to the button we want to roll back to
+
+  - click "Rollback" and confirm
+
+---
+
+## Rolling back with GitOps
+
+- The correct way to roll back is rolling back the code in source control
+
+```bash
+git checkout staging
+git revert HEAD
+git push origin staging
+```
+
+---
+
+## Working with Helm
+
+- ArgoCD supports different tools to process Kubernetes manifests:
+
+  Kustomize, Helm, Jsonnet, and [Config Management Plugins][cmp]
+
+- Let's how to deploy Helm charts with ArgoCD!
+
+- In the [kubercoins] repository, there is a branch called [helm-branch]
+
+- It provides a generic Helm chart, in the [generic-service] directory
+
+- There are service-specific values YAML files in the [values] directory
+
+- Let's create one application for each of the 5 components of our app!
+
+---
+
+## Creating a Helm Application
+
+- The example below uses "upstream" kubercoins
+
+- Feel free to use your own fork instead!
+
+.lab[
+
+- Create an Application for `hasher`:
+  ```bash
+    argocd app create hasher \
+           --repo https://github.com/jpetazzo/kubercoins.git \
+           --path generic-service --revision helm \
+           --dest-server https://kubernetes.default.svc \
+           --dest-namespace kubercoins-helm \
+           --sync-option CreateNamespace=true \
+           --values ../values/hasher.yaml \
+           --sync-policy=auto
+  ```
+
+]
+
+---
+
+## Deploying the rest of the application
+
+- Option 1: repeat the previous command (updating app name and values)
+
+- Option 2: author YAML manifests and apply them
+
+---
+
+## Additional considerations
+
+- When running in production, ArgoCD can be integrated with an [SSO provider][sso]
+
+  - ArgoCD embeds and bundles [Dex] to delegate authentication
+
+  - it can also use an existing OIDC provider (Okta, Keycloak...)
+
+- A single ArgoCD instance can manage multiple clusters 
+
+  (but it's also fine to have one ArgoCD per cluster)
+
+- ArgoCD can be complemented with [Argo Rollouts][rollouts] for advanced rollout control
+
+  (blue/green, canary...)
+
+---
+
+## Acknowledgements
+
+Many thanks to
+Anton (Ant) Weiss ([antweiss.com](https://antweiss.com), [@antweiss](https://twitter.com/antweiss))
+and
+Guilhem Lettron
+for contributing an initial version and suggestions to this ArgoCD chapter.
+
+All remaining typos, mistakes, or approximations are mine (Jérôme Petazzoni). 
+
+[argocd-binaries]: https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/releases/latest
+[argocd-helmchart]: https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/argo/argocd-apps
+[argocd-packages]: https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/cli_installation/
+[cmp]: https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/operator-manual/config-management-plugins/
+[Dex]: https://github.com/dexidp/dex
+[generic-service]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/kubercoins/tree/helm/generic-service
+[helm-branch]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/kubercoins/tree/helm
+[issue14167]: https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd/issues/14167
+[kubercoins]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/kubercoins
+[pollinginterval]: https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq/#how-often-does-argo-cd-check-for-changes-to-my-git-or-helm-repository
+[rollouts]: https://argoproj.github.io/rollouts/
+[sso]: https://argo-cd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/operator-manual/user-management/#sso
+[values]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/kubercoins/tree/helm/values
+
+???
+
+:EN:- Implementing gitops with ArgoCD
+:FR:- Workflow gitops avec ArgoCD

slides/k8s/authn-authz.md

@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ class: extra-details
 - To learn more about Kubernetes attacks and threat models around RBAC:
 
   📽️ [Hacking into Kubernetes Security for Beginners](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLsCm9GVIQg)
-  by [Ellen Körbes](https://twitter.com/ellenkorbes)
+  by [V Körbes](https://twitter.com/veekorbes)
   and [Tabitha Sable](https://twitter.com/TabbySable)
 
 ---

slides/k8s/bento-cnpg.md

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# Bento & PostgreSQL
+
+- Bento can also use SQL databases for input/output
+
+- We're going to demonstrate that by writing to a PostgreSQL database
+
+- That database will be deployed with the Cloud Native PostGres operator
+
+  (https://cloudnative-pg.io/)
+
+---
+
+## CNPG in a nutshell
+
+- Free, open source
+
+- Originally created by [EDB] (EnterpriseDB, well-known PgSQL experts)
+
+- Non-exhaustive list of features:
+
+  - provisioning of Postgres servers, replicas, bouncers
+
+  - automatic failover
+
+  - backups (full backups and WAL shipping)
+
+  - provisioning from scratch, from backups, PITR
+
+  - manual and automated switchover (e.g. for node maintenance)
+
+  - and many more!
+
+[EDB]: https://www.enterprisedb.com/workload/kubernetes
+
+---
+
+## What we're going to do
+
+1. Install CNPG.
+
+2. Provision a Postgres cluster.
+
+3. Configure Bento to write to that cluster.
+
+4. Set up a Grafana dashboard to see the data.
+
+---
+
+## 1️⃣ Installing CNPG
+
+Many options available, see the [documentation][cnpg-install]:
+
+- raw YAML manifests
+
+- kubectl CNPG plugin (`kubectl cnpg install generate`)
+
+- Helm chart
+
+- OLM
+
+[cnpg-install]: https://cloudnative-pg.io/documentation/1.24/installation_upgrade/
+
+---
+
+## 2️⃣ Provisioning a Postgres cluster
+
+Minimal manifest:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: postgresql.cnpg.io/v1
+kind: Cluster
+metadata:
+  name: db
+spec:
+  storage:
+    size: 1Gi
+```
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## For production...
+
+We might also add:
+
+- `spec.monitoring.enablePodMonitor: true`
+
+- `spec.instances: 2`
+
+- `resources.{requests,limits}.{cpu,memory}`
+
+- `walStorage.size`
+
+- `backup`
+
+- `postgresql.parameters`
+
+See [this manifest][cluster-maximal] for a detailed example.
+
+[cluster-maximal]: https://github.com/jpetazzo/pozok/blob/main/cluster-maximal.yaml
+
+---
+
+## 3️⃣ Configuring Bento to write to SQL
+
+- We'll use the [`sql_insert`][sql-insert] output
+
+- If our cluster is named `mydb`, there will be a Secret `mydb-app`
+
+- This Secret will contain a `uri` field
+
+- That field can be used as the `dns` in the Bento configuration
+
+- We will also need to create the table that we want to use
+
+  (see next slide for instructions)
+
+[sql-insert]: https://warpstreamlabs.github.io/bento/docs/components/outputs/sql_insert
+
+---
+
+## Creating a table
+
+- If we just want to store the city name and its population:
+  ```sql
+      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cities (
+        city varchar(100) NOT NULL,
+        population integer
+      );
+  ```
+
+- This statement can be executed:
+
+  - manually, by getting a `psql` shell with `kubectl cnpg psql mydb app`
+
+  - automatically, with Bento's `init_statatement`
+
+---
+
+## 4️⃣ Viewing the table in Grafana
+
+- In Grafana, in the home menu on the lift, click "connections"
+
+- Add a PostgreSQL data source
+
+- Enter the host:port, database, user, password
+
+- Then add a visualization using that data source
+
+  (it should be relatively self-explanatory!)
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Automating it all
+
+- Expose PostgreSQL credentials through environment variables
+
+  (in the Bento container)
+
+- Use the `${...}` syntax in Bento to use these environment variables
+
+- Export the Grafana dashboard to a JSON file
+
+- Store the JSON file in a ConfigMap, with label `grafana_dashboard=1`
+
+- Create that ConfigMap in the namespace where Grafana is running
+
+- Similarly, data sources (like the Redis and the PostgreSQL one) can be defined in YAML
+
+- And that YAML can be put in a ConfigMap with label `grafana_datasource=1`

slides/k8s/bento-enrichment.md

@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+# Calling APIs from Bento
+
+- We want to ask our LLM who's the mayor of each of these cities
+
+- We'll use a prompt that will usually ensure a short answer
+
+  (so that it's faster; we don't want to wait 30 seconds per city!)
+
+- We'll test the prompt with the Ollama CLI
+
+- Then we'll craft a proper HTTP API query
+
+- Finally, we'll configure an [enrichment workflow][enrichment] in Bento
+
+---
+
+## Test our prompt
+
+Assuming that our earlier Ollama Deployment is still running:
+
+```bash
+kubectl exec deployment/ollama -- \
+ollama run qwen2:1.5b "
+Who is the mayor of San Francisco?
+Just give the name by itself on a single line.
+If you don't know, don't say anything.
+"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Turn the prompt into an HTTP API query
+
+Note: to install `http` in an Alpine container, run `apk add httpie`.
+
+```bash
+http http://ollama.default:11434/api/generate \
+model=qwen2:1.5b stream:=false prompt="
+Who is the mayor of Paris?
+Just give the name by itself on a single line.
+If you don't know, don't say anything.
+"
+```
+
+We get a JSON payload, and we want to use the `response` field.
+
+---
+
+## Configure an enrichment workflow
+
+The [Bento documentation][enrichment] is really good!
+
+We need to set up:
+
+- a `branch` processor
+
+- a `request_map` to transform the city into an Ollama request
+
+- an `http` processor to submit the request to Ollama
+
+- a `result_map` to transform the Ollama response
+
+---
+
+## Without the `branch` processor
+
+<pre class="mermaid">
+flowchart LR
+
+  CITY["
+    city: Paris
+    country: France
+    population: 1106000
+    iso2: FR
+    ...
+    "]
+
+  REQ["
+    model: qwen2:1.5b
+    stream: false
+    prompt: Who is the mayor of Paris?
+    "]
+
+  REP["
+    response: Anne Hidalgo
+    eval_count: ...
+    prompt_eval_count: ...
+    (other ollama fields)
+    "]
+
+  CITY@{ shape: card}
+  REQ@{ shape: card}
+  REP@{ shape: card}
+
+  style CITY text-align: left
+  style REQ text-align: left
+  style REP text-align: left
+
+  mapping@{ shape: diam }
+  http["http processor"]@{ shape: diam }
+
+  CITY --> mapping --> REQ --> http --> REP
+</pre>
+
+- We transform the `city` into an Ollama request
+
+- The `http` processor submits the request to Ollama
+
+- The final output is the Ollama response
+
+---
+
+## With the `branch` processor
+
+<pre class="mermaid">
+flowchart LR
+
+  CITY["
+    city: Paris
+    country: France
+    population: 1106000
+    iso2: FR
+    ...
+    "]
+
+  REQ["
+    model: qwen2:1.5b
+    stream: false
+    prompt: Who is the mayor of Paris?
+    "]
+
+  REP["
+    response: Anne Hidalgo
+    eval_count: ...
+    prompt_eval_count: ...
+    (other ollama fields)
+    "]
+
+  OUT["
+    city: Paris
+    country: France
+    population: 1106000
+    iso2: FR
+    ...
+    mayor: Anne Hidalgo
+    "]
+
+  CITY@{ shape: card}
+  REQ@{ shape: card}
+  REP@{ shape: card}
+  OUT@{ shape: card}
+
+  style CITY text-align: left
+  style REQ text-align: left
+  style REP text-align: left
+  style OUT text-align: left
+
+  branch@{ shape: diam }
+  request_map@{ shape: diam }
+  result_map@{ shape: diam }
+  http["http processor"]@{ shape: diam }
+
+  CITY --> branch
+  branch --> result_map
+  branch --> request_map
+  request_map --> REQ
+  REQ --> http
+  http --> REP
+  REP --> result_map
+  result_map --> OUT
+</pre>
+
+- The `branch` processor allows doing the processing "on the side"
+
+- `request_map` and `result_map` transform the message before/after processing
+
+- Then, the result is combined with the original message (the `city`)
+
+---
+
+```yaml
+input:
+  csv:
+    paths: ["cities.csv"]
+pipeline:
+  processors:
+    - branch:
+        request_map: |
+          root.model = "qwen2:1.5b"
+          root.stream = false
+          root.prompt = (
+            "Who is the mayor of %s? ".format(this.city) +
+            "Just give the name by itself on a single line. " +
+            "If you don't know, don't say anything."
+            )
+        processors:
+          - http:
+              url: http://ollama:11434/api/generate
+              verb: POST
+        result_map: |
+          root.mayor = this.response
+```
+
+---
+
+## Trying it out
+
+- Save the YAML on the previous page into a configuration file
+
+- Run Bento with that configuration file
+
+- What happens?
+
+--
+
+🤔 We're seeing errors due to timeouts
+
+```
+ERRO HTTP request to 'http://ollama...' failed: http://ollama...:
+Post "http://ollama...": context deadline exceeded
+(Client.Timeout exceeded while awaiting headers)
+```
+
+---
+
+## 🙋 Choose your own adventure
+
+How should we address errors?
+
+- Option 1: increase the timeout in the [http][bento-http] processor
+
+- Option 2: use a [retry][bento-retry] processor in the pipeline
+
+- Option 3: use a [reject_errored][bento-reject] output
+
+---
+
+## 🏗️ Let's build something!
+
+- We want to process 1000 cities with our LLM
+
+  (guessing who the mayor is, or something similar)
+
+- Store the output wherever we want
+
+  (Redis, CSV file, JSONL files...)
+
+- Deal correctly with errors
+
+  (we'll check that there are, indeed, 1000 cities in the output)
+
+- Scale out to process faster
+
+  (scale ollama to e.g. 10 replicas, enable parallelism in Bento)
+
+---
+
+class: title
+
+🍱 Lunch time! 🍱
+
+---
+
+## What happened?
+
+- If your Ollama pods have *resource requests*:
+
+  → your cluster may have auto-scaled
+
+- If your Ollama pods don't have *resource requests*:
+
+  → you probably have a bunch of container restarts, due to out-of-memory errors
+
+🤔 What's that about?
+
+[bento-http]: https://warpstreamlabs.github.io/bento/docs/components/processors/http/
+[bento-inputs]: https://warpstreamlabs.github.io/bento/docs/components/inputs/about/
+[bento-reject]: https://warpstreamlabs.github.io/bento/docs/components/outputs/reject_errored
+[bento-retry]: https://warpstreamlabs.github.io/bento/docs/components/processors/retry
+[bento-switch]: https://warpstreamlabs.github.io/bento/docs/components/processors/switch/
+[enrichment]: https://warpstreamlabs.github.io/bento/cookbooks/enrichments/
+[output-http-server]: https://warpstreamlabs.github.io/bento/docs/components/outputs/http_server
+[redpanda-acquires-benthos]: https://www.redpanda.com/press/redpanda-acquires-benthos
+[warpstream-forks-benthos]: https://www.warpstream.com/blog/announcing-bento-the-open-source-fork-of-the-project-formerly-known-as-benthos
+

slides/k8s/bento-hpa.md

@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+# Autoscaling with KEDA
+
+- Cluster autoscaling = automatically add nodes *when needed*
+
+- *When needed* = when Pods are `Pending`
+
+- How do these pods get created?
+
+- When the Ollama Deployment is scaled up
+
+  - ... manually (e.g. `kubectl scale`)
+
+  - ... automatically (that's what we want to investigate now!)
+
+---
+
+## Ways to implement autoscaling
+
+- Custom code
+
+  (e.g. crontab checking some value every few minutes and scaling accordingly)
+
+- Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler v1
+
+  (aka `kubectl autoscale`)
+
+- Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler v2 with custom metrics
+
+  (e.g. with Prometheus Adapter)
+
+- Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler v2 with external metrics
+
+  (e.g. with KEDA)
+
+---
+
+## Custom code
+
+- No, we're not going to do that!
+
+- But this would be an interesting exercise in RBAC
+
+  (setting minimal amount of permissions for the pod running our custom code)
+
+---
+
+## HPAv1
+
+Pros: very straightforward
+
+Cons: can only scale on CPU utilization
+
+How it works:
+
+- periodically measures average CPU *utilization* across pods
+
+- if utilization is above/below a target (default: 80%), scale up/down
+
+---
+
+## HPAv1 in practice
+
+- Create the autoscaling policy:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl autoscale deployment ollama --max=1000
+  ```
+  (The `--max` is required; it's a safety limit.)
+
+- Check it:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl describe hpa
+  ```
+
+- Send traffic, wait a bit: pods should be created automatically
+
+---
+
+## HPAv2 custom vs external
+
+- Custom metrics = arbitrary metrics attached to Kubernetes objects
+
+- External metrics = arbitrary metrics not related to Kubernetes objects
+
+--
+
+🤔
+
+---
+
+## HPAv2 custom metrics
+
+- Examples:
+
+  - on Pods: CPU, RAM, network traffic...
+
+  - on Ingress: requests per second, HTTP status codes, request duration...
+
+  - on some worker Deployment: number of tasks processed, task duration...
+
+- Requires an *adapter* to:
+
+  - expose the metrics through the Kubernetes *aggregation layer*
+
+  - map the actual metrics source to Kubernetes objects
+
+Example: the [Prometheus adapter][prometheus-adapter]
+
+[prometheus-adapter]: https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/prometheus-adapter
+
+---
+
+## HPAv2 custom metrics in practice
+
+- We're not going to cover this here
+
+  (too complex / not enough time!)
+
+- If you want more details, check [my other course material][hpav2slides]
+
+[hpav2slides]: https://2024-10-enix.container.training/4.yml.html#toc-scaling-with-custom-metrics
+
+---
+
+## HPAv2 external metrics
+
+- Examples:
+
+  - arbitrary Prometheus query
+
+  - arbitrary SQL query
+
+  - number of messages in a queue
+
+  - and [many, many more][keda-scalers]
+
+- Also requires an extra components to expose the metrics
+
+Example: [KEDA (https://keda.sh/)](https://keda.sh)
+
+[keda-scalers]: https://keda.sh/docs/latest/scalers/
+
+---
+
+## HPAv2 external metrics in practice
+
+- We're going to install KEDA
+
+- And set it up to autoscale depending on the number of messages in Redis
+
+---
+
+## Installing KEDA
+
+Multiple options (details in the [documentation][keda-deploy]):
+
+- YAML
+
+- Operator Hub
+
+- Helm chart 💡
+
+```bash
+helm upgrade --install --repo https://kedacore.github.io/charts \
+ --namespace keda-system --create-namespace keda keda
+```
+
+[keda-deploy]: https://keda.sh/docs/latest/deploy/
+
+---
+
+## Scaling according to Redis
+
+- We need to create a KEDA Scaler
+
+- This is done with a "ScaledObject" manifest
+
+- [Here is the documentation][keda-redis-lists] for the Redis Lists Scaler
+
+- Let's write that manifest!
+
+[keda-redis-lists]: https://keda.sh/docs/latest/scalers/redis-lists/
+
+---
+
+## `keda-redis-scaler.yaml`
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: keda.sh/v1alpha1
+kind: ScaledObject
+metadata:
+  name: ollama
+spec:
+  scaleTargetRef:
+    name: ollama
+  triggers:
+  - type: redis
+    metadata:
+      address: redis.`default`.svc:6379
+      listName: cities
+      listLength: "10"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Notes
+
+- We need to update the `address` field with our namespace
+
+  (unless we are running in the `default` namespace)
+
+- Alternative: use `addressFromEnv` and set an env var in the Ollama pods
+
+- `listLength` gives the target ratio of `messages / replicas`
+
+- In our example, KEDA will scale the Deployment to `messages / 100`
+
+  (rounded up!)
+
+---
+
+## Trying it out
+
+- Apply the ScaledObject manifest
+
+- Start a Bento pipeline loading e.g. 100-1000 cities in Redis
+
+  (100 on smaller clusters / slower CPUs, 1000 on bigger / faster ones)
+
+- Check pod and nod resource usage
+
+- What do we see?
+
+--
+
+🤩 The Deployment scaled up automatically!
+
+--
+
+🤔 But Pod resource usage remains very low (A few busy pods, many idle)
+
+--
+
+💡 Bento doesn't submit enough requests in parallel!
+
+---
+
+# Improving throughput
+
+We're going to review multiple techniques:
+
+1. Increase parallelism inside the Bento pipeline.
+
+2. Run multiple Bento consumers.
+
+3. Couple consumers and processors more tightly.
+
+---
+
+## 1️⃣ Increase pipeline parallelism
+
+- Set `parallel` to `true` in the `http` processor
+
+- Wrap the input around a `batched` input
+
+  (otherwise, we don't have enough messages in flight)
+
+- Increase `http` timeout significantly (e.g. to 5 minutes)
+
+---
+
+## Results
+
+🎉 More messages flow through the pipeline
+
+🎉 Many requests happen in parallel
+
+🤔 Average Pod and Node CPU utilization is higher, but not maxed out
+
+🤔 HTTP queue size (measured with HAProxy metrics) is relatively high
+
+🤔 Latency is higher too
+
+Why?
+
+---
+
+## Too many requests in parallel
+
+- Ealier, we didn't have enough...
+
+- ...Now, we have too much!
+
+- However, for a very big request queue, it still wouldn't be enough
+
+💡 We currently have a fixed parallelism. We need to make it dynamic!
+
+---
+
+## 2️⃣ Run multiple Bento consumers
+
+- Restore the original Bento configuration
+
+  (flip `parallel` back to `false`; remove the `batched` input)
+
+- Run Bento in a Deployment
+
+  (e.g. with the [Bento Helm chart][bento-helm-chart])
+
+- Autoscale that Deployment like we autoscaled the Ollama Deployment
+
+[bento-helm-chart]: https://github.com/warpstreamlabs/bento-helm-chart
+
+---
+
+## Results
+
+🤔🤔🤔 Pretty much the same as before!
+
+(High throughput, high utilization but not maxed out, high latency...)
+
+--
+
+🤔🤔🤔 Why?
+
+---
+
+## Unbalanced load balancing
+
+- All our requests go through the `ollama` Service
+
+- We're still using the default Kubernetes service proxy!
+
+- It doesn't spread the requests properly across all the backends
+
+---
+
+## 3️⃣ Couple consumers and processors
+
+What if:
+
+--
+
+instead of sending requests to a load balancer,
+
+--
+
+each queue consumer had its own Ollama instance?
+
+---
+
+## Current architecture
+
+<pre class="mermaid">
+flowchart LR
+  subgraph P1["Pod"]
+    H1["HAProxy"] --> O1["Ollama"]
+  end
+  subgraph P2["Pod"]
+    H2["HAProxy"] --> O2["Ollama"]
+  end
+  subgraph P3["Pod"]
+    H3["HAProxy"] --> O3["Ollama"]
+  end
+  Q["Queue<br/>(Redis)"] <--> C["Consumer<br/>(Bento)"] --> LB["Load Balancer<br/>(kube-proxy)"]
+  LB --> H1 & H2 & H3
+</pre>
+
+---
+
+## Proposed architecture
+
+<pre class="mermaid">
+flowchart LR
+  subgraph P1["Consumer Pod"]
+    C1["Bento"] --> H1["HAProxy"] --> O1["Ollama"]
+  end
+  subgraph P2["Consumer Pod"]
+    C2["Bento"] --> H2["HAProxy"] --> O2["Ollama"]
+  end
+  subgraph P3["Consumer Pod"]
+    C3["Bento"] --> H3["HAProxy"] --> O3["Ollama"]
+  end
+  Queue["Queue"] <--> C1 & C2 & C3
+</pre>
+
+---
+
+## 🏗️ Let's build something!
+
+- Let's implement that architecture!
+
+- See next slides for hints / getting started
+
+---
+
+## Hints
+
+We need to:
+
+- Update the Bento consumer configuration to talk to localhost
+
+- Store that configuration in a ConfigMap
+
+- Add a Bento container to the Ollama Deployment
+
+- Profit!
+
+---
+
+## Results
+
+🎉 Node and Pod utilization is maximized
+
+🎉 HTTP queue size is bounded
+
+🎉 Deployment autoscales up and down
+
+---
+
+## ⚠️ Scaling down
+
+- Eventually, there are less messages in the queue
+
+- The HPA scales down the Ollama Deployment
+
+- This terminates some Ollama Pods
+
+🤔 What happens if these Pods were processing requests?
+
+--
+
+- The requests might be lost!
+
+---
+
+## Avoiding lost messages
+
+Option 1:
+
+- cleanly shutdown the consumer
+
+- make sure that Ollama can complete in-flight requests
+
+  (by extending its grace period)
+
+- find a way to terminate Ollama when no more requests are in flight
+
+Option 2:
+  
+- use *message acknowledgement*

slides/k8s/bento-intro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+# Getting started with Bento
+
+How can we move to a message queue architecture...
+
+*...without rewriting a bunch of code?*
+
+🤔
+
+---
+
+## Bento
+
+https://bento.dev/
+
+"Fancy stream processing made operationally mundane"
+
+"Written in Go, deployed as a static binary, declarative configuration. Open source and cloud native as utter heck."
+
+With ✨ amazing ✨ documentation 😍
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Tiny bit of history
+
+- Original project: Benthos
+
+- May 30, 2024: [Redpanda acquires Benthos][redpanda-acquires-benthos]
+
+  - Benthos is now Redpanda Connect
+
+  - some parts have been relicensed as commercial products
+
+- May 31, 2024: [Warpstream forks Benthos][warpstream-forks-benthos]
+
+  - that fork is named "Bento"
+
+  - it's fully open source
+
+- We're going to use Bento here, but Redpanda Connect should work fine too!
+
+---
+
+## Bento concepts
+
+- Message stream processor
+
+- Each pipeline is configured by a YAML configuration that defines:
+
+  - input (where do we get the messages?)
+
+  - pipeline (optional: how do we transform the messages?)
+
+  - output (where do we put the messages afterwards?)
+
+- Once Bento is started, it runs the pipelines forever
+
+  (except for pipelines that have a logical end, e.g. reading from a file)
+
+- Embedded language (Bloblang) to manipulate/transform messages
+
+---
+
+## Messages
+
+- Typically JSON objects
+
+  (but raw strings are also possible)
+
+- Nesting, arrays, etc. are OK
+
+---
+
+## Getting started with Bento
+
+We're going to:
+
+1. Import a bunch of cities from a CSV file into a Redis queue.
+
+2. Read back these cities using a web server.
+
+3. Use an "enrichment workflow" to query our LLM for each city.
+
+---
+
+## 1️⃣ Importing cities
+
+Let's break down the work:
+
+- download the data set
+
+- create the Bento configuration
+
+- deploy Redis
+
+- start Bento
+
+---
+
+## Downloading the data set
+
+- Example database:
+
+  https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/juanmah/world-cities
+
+- Let's download and uncompress the data set:
+  ```bash
+  curl -fsSL https://www.kaggle.com/api/v1/datasets/download/juanmah/world-cities |
+    funzip > cities.csv
+  ```
+
+  (Ignore the "length error", it's harmless!)
+
+- Check the structure of the data set:
+  ```bash
+  head cities.csv
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Creating the Bento configuration
+
+- We need to find which `input` and `output` to use
+
+- Check the list with `bento list` or the [documentation][bento-inputs]
+
+- Then run `bento create INPUTNAME/PIPELINENAME/OUTPUTNAME`
+
+- Generate a configuration file:
+  ```bash
+  bento create csv//redis_list > csv2redis.yaml
+  ```
+
+- Edit that configuration file; look for the `(required)` parameters
+
+  (Everything else can go away!)
+
+---
+
+## Resulting configuration
+
+If we trim all the default values, here is the result:
+
+```yaml
+input:
+  csv:
+    paths: ["cities.csv"]
+output:
+  redis_list:
+    url: redis://redis:6379 # No default (required)
+    key: cities
+```
+
+We'll call that value `csv2redis.yaml`.
+
+---
+
+## Deploying Redis
+
+- Create a Deployment:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl create deployment redis --image redis
+  ```
+
+- Expose it:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl expose deployment redis --port 6379
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Starting Bento
+
+Option 1: run it manually in a pod, to see what's going on.
+
+```bash
+bento --config csv2redis.yaml
+```
+
+Option 2: run it with e.g. the Bento Helm chart.
+
+*We're not going to do that yet, since this particular pipeline has a logical end.*
+
+*(The Helm chart is best suited to pipelines that run forever.)*
+
+---
+
+## Expected output
+
+.small[
+```
+INFO Running main config from specified file       @service=bento bento_version="" path=csv2redis.yaml
+INFO Launching a Bento instance, use CTRL+C to close  @service=bento
+INFO Listening for HTTP requests at: http://0.0.0.0:4195  @service=bento
+INFO Input type csv is now active                  @service=bento label="" path=root.input
+INFO Output type redis_list is now active          @service=bento label="" path=root.output
+INFO Pipeline has terminated. Shutting down the service  @service=bento
+```
+]
+
+The pipeline should complete in just a few seconds.
+
+---
+
+## Checking what's in Redis
+
+- Connect to our Redis instance:
+  ```bash
+  redis-cli -h redis
+  ```
+
+- List keys:
+  ```redis
+  KEYS *
+  ```
+
+- Check that the `cities` list has approx. 47000 elements:
+  ```redis
+  LLEN cities
+  ```
+
+- Get the first element of the list:
+  ```redis
+  LINDEX cities 0
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Fun with Bloblang
+
+- Let's add a filter to keep only cities with a population above 10,000,000
+
+- Add the following block to the Bento configuration:
+
+```yaml
+pipeline:
+  processors:
+    - switch:
+        - check: this.population == ""
+          processors:
+            - mapping: root = deleted()
+        - check: this.population.int64() < 10000000
+          processors:
+            - mapping: root = deleted()
+```
+
+(See the [docs][bento-switch] for details about the `switch` processor.)
+
+---
+
+## Testing our processor
+
+- First, delete the existing `cities` list:
+  ```bash
+  redis-cli -h redis DEL cities
+  ```
+
+- Then, run the Bento pipeline again:
+  ```bash
+  bento --config csv2redis.yaml
+  ```
+  (It should complain about a few cities where the population has a decimal point.)
+
+- Check how many cities were loaded:
+  ```bash
+  redis-cli -h redis LLEN cities
+  ```
+  (There should be 47.)
+
+---
+
+## 2️⃣ Consume the queue over HTTP
+
+- We want to "get the next city" in the queue with a simple `curl`
+
+- Our input will be `redis_list`
+
+- Our output will be `http_server`
+
+---
+
+## 🏗️ Let's generate the Bento configuration!
+
+Option 1: `bento create redis_list//http_server`
+
+Option 2: [read the docs][output-http-server]
+
+⚠️ Spoilers on next slide!
+
+---
+
+## `redis2http.yaml`
+
+```yaml
+input:
+  redis_list:
+    url: redis://redis:`6379`
+    key: cities
+output:
+  http_server:
+    path: /nextcity
+```
+
+This will set up an HTTP route to fetch *one* city.
+
+It's also possible to batch, stream...
+
+⚠️ As of November 2024, `bento create` uses port 6397 instead of 6379 for Redis!
+
+---
+
+## Trying it out
+
+- Run Bento with this configuration:
+  ```bash
+  bento --config redis2http.yaml &
+  ```
+
+- Retrieve one city:
+  ```bash
+  curl http://localhost:4195/nextcity
+  ```
+
+- Check what happens after we retrive *all* the cities!

slides/k8s/bento-rmq.md

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# Bento & RabbitMQ
+
+- In some of the previous runs, messages were dropped
+
+  (we start with 1000 messages in `cities` and have e.g. 955 in `mayors`)
+
+- This is caused by various errors during processing
+
+  (e.g. too many timeouts; Bento being shutdown halfway through...)
+
+- ...And by the fact that we are using a Redis queue
+
+  (which doesn't offer delivery guarantees or acknowledgements)
+
+- Can we get something better?
+
+---
+
+## The problem
+
+- Some inputs (like `redis_list`) don't support *acknowledgements*
+
+- When a message is pulled from the queue, it is deleted immediately
+
+- If the message is lost for any reason, it is lost permanently
+
+---
+
+## The solution
+
+- Some inputs (like `amqp_0_9`) support acknowledgements
+
+- When a message is pulled from the queue:
+
+  - it is not visible anymore to other consumers
+
+  - it needs to be explicitly acknowledged
+
+- The acknowledgement is done by Bento when the message reaches the output
+
+- The acknowledgement deletes the message
+
+- No acknowledgement after a while? Consumer crashes/disconnects?
+
+  Message gets requeued automatically!
+
+---
+
+## `amqp_0_9`
+
+- Protocol used by RabbitMQ
+
+- Very simplified behavior:
+
+  - messages are published to an [*exchange*][amqp-exchanges]
+
+  - messages have a *routing key*
+
+  - the exchange routes the message to one (or zero or more) queues
+    </br>(possibly using the routing key or message headers to decide which queue(s))
+
+  - [*consumers*][amqp-consumers] subscribe to queues to receive messages
+
+[amqp-exchanges]: https://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/amqp-concepts#exchanges
+[amqp-consumers]: https://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/amqp-concepts#consumers
+
+---
+
+## Using the default exchange
+
+- There is a default exchange (called `""` - empty string)
+
+- The routing key indicates the name of the queue to deliver to
+
+- The queue needs to exist (we need to create it beforehand)
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Defining custom exchanges
+
+- Create an exchange
+
+  - exchange types: direct, fanout, topic, headers
+
+  - durability: persisted to disk to survive server restart or not?
+
+- Create a binding
+
+  - which exchange?
+
+  - which routing key? (for direct exchanges)
+
+  - which queue?
+
+---
+
+## RabbitMQ on Kubernetes
+
+- RabbitMQ can be deployed on Kubernetes:
+
+  - directly (creating e.g. a StatefulSet)
+
+  - with the RabbitMQ operator
+
+- We're going to do the latter!
+
+- The operator includes the "topology operator"
+
+  (to configure queues, exchanges, and bindings through custom resources)
+
+---
+
+## Installing the RabbitMQ operator
+
+- Let's install it with this Helm chart:
+
+  ```bash
+  helm upgrade --install --repo https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami \
+      --namespace rabbitmq-system --create-namespace \
+      rabbitmq-cluster-operator rabbitmq-cluster-operator
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## Deploying a simple RabbitMQ cluster
+
+- Let's use the YAML manifests in that directory:
+
+  https://github.com/jpetazzo/beyond-load-balancers/tree/main/rabbitmq
+
+- This creates:
+
+  - a `RabbitmqCluster` called `mq`
+
+  - a `Secret` called `mq-default-user` containing access credentials
+
+  - a durable `Queue` named `q1` 
+
+(We can ignore the `Exchange` and the `Binding`, we won't use them.)
+
+---
+
+## 🏗️ Let's build something!
+
+Let's replace the `cities` Redis list with our RabbitMQ queue.
+
+(See next slide for steps and hints!)
+
+---
+
+## Steps
+
+1. Edit the Bento configuration for our "CSV importer".
+
+   (replace the `redis_list` output with `amqp_0_9`)
+
+2. Run that pipeline and confirm that messages show up in RabbitMQ.
+
+3. Edit the Bento configuration for the Ollama consumer.
+
+   (replace the `redis_list` input with `amqp_0_9`)
+
+4. Trigger a scale up of the Ollama consumer.
+
+5. Update the KEDA Scaler to use RabbitMQ instead of Redis.
+
+---
+
+## 1️⃣ Sending messages to RabbitMQ
+
+- Edit our Bento configuration (the one feeding the CSV file to Redis)
+
+- We want the following `output` section:
+  ```yaml
+    output:
+      amqp_0_9:
+        exchange: ""
+        key: q1
+        mandatory: true
+        urls:
+         - "${AMQP_URL}"
+  ```
+
+- Then export the AMQP_URL environment variable using `connection_string` from Secret `mq-default-user`
+
+💡 Yes, we can directly use environment variables in Bento configuration!
+
+---
+
+## 2️⃣ Testing our AMQP output
+
+- Run the Bento pipeline
+
+- To check that our messages made it:
+  ```bash
+  kubectl exec mq-server-0 -- rabbitmqctl list_queues
+  ```
+
+- We can also use Prometheus metrics, e.g. `rabbitmq_queue_messages`
+
+---
+
+## 3️⃣ Receiving messages from RabbitMQ
+
+- Edit our other Bento configuration (the one in the Ollama consumer Pod)
+
+- We want the following `input` section:
+  ```yaml
+    input:
+      amqp_0_9:
+        urls:
+          - `amqp://...:5672/`
+        queue: q1
+  ```
+
+---
+
+## 4️⃣ Triggering Ollama scale up
+
+- If the autoscaler is configured to scale to zero, disable it
+
+  (easiest solution: delete the ScaledObject)
+
+- Then manually scale the Deployment to e.g. 4 Pods
+
+- Check that messages are processed and show up in the output
+ 
+  (it should still be a Redis list at this point)
+
+---
+
+## 5️⃣ Autoscaling on RabbitMQ
+
+- We need to update our ScaledObject
+
+- Check the [RabbitMQ Queue Scaler][keda-rabbitmq]
+
+- Multiple ways to pass the AMQP URL:
+
+  - hardcode it (easier solution for testing!)
+
+  - use `...fromEnv` and set environment variables in target pod
+
+  - create and use a TriggerAuthentication
+
+💡 Since we have the AMQP URL in a Secret, TriggerAuthentication works great!
+
+[keda-rabbitmq]: https://keda.sh/docs/latest/scalers/rabbitmq-queue/

slides/k8s/cainjector.md

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 
   `cert-manager.io/allow-direct-injection: "true"`
 
-- See [cert-manager documentation][docs] for details
+- See [cert-manager documentation] for details
+
+[cert-manager documentation]: https://cert-manager.io/docs/concepts/ca-injector/
 
-[docs]: https://cert-manager.io/docs/concepts/ca-injector/

slides/k8s/cluster-autoscaler.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Cluster autoscaler
+# Scaling up the cluster
 
 - When the cluster is full, we need to add more nodes
 
@@ -221,7 +221,9 @@ THEN add a Node.
 
 ---
 
-## Scaling down in theory
+# Scaling down the cluster
+
+*In theory:*
 
 IF a Node has less than 50% utilization for 10 minutes,
 
@@ -272,9 +274,9 @@ This can be overridden by setting the annotation:
 
 - Can express `minAvailable` or `maxUnavailable`
 
-- See [documentation] for details and examples
+- See [documentation][doc-pdb] for details and examples
 
-[documentation]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/configure-pdb/
+[doc-pdb]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/configure-pdb/
 
 ---
 

slides/k8s/cluster-upgrade.md

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 
 ## What version are we running anyway?
 
-- When I say, "I'm running Kubernetes 1.22", is that the version of:
+- When I say, "I'm running Kubernetes 1.28", is that the version of:
 
   - kubectl
 
@@ -111,6 +111,73 @@
 
 ---
 
+## Important questions
+
+- Should we upgrade the control plane before or after the kubelets?
+
+- Within the control plane, should we upgrade the API server first or last?
+
+- How often should we upgrade?
+
+- How long are versions maintained?
+
+- All the answers are in [the documentation about version skew policy](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/release/version-skew-policy/)!
+
+- Let's review the key elements together ...
+
+---
+
+## Kubernetes uses semantic versioning
+
+- Kubernetes versions look like MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH; e.g. in 1.28.9:
+
+  - MAJOR = 1
+  - MINOR = 28
+  - PATCH = 9
+
+- It's always possible to mix and match different PATCH releases
+
+  (e.g. 1.28.9 and 1.28.13 are compatible)
+
+- It is recommended to run the latest PATCH release
+
+  (but it's mandatory only when there is a security advisory)
+
+---
+
+## Version skew
+
+- API server must be more recent than its clients (kubelet and control plane)
+
+- ... Which means it must always be upgraded first
+
+- All components support a difference of one¹ MINOR version
+
+- This allows live upgrades (since we can mix e.g. 1.28 and 1.29)
+
+- It also means that going from 1.28 to 1.30 requires going through 1.29
+
+.footnote[¹Except kubelet, which can be up to two MINOR behind API server,
+and kubectl, which can be one MINOR ahead or behind API server.]
+
+---
+
+## Release cycle
+
+- There is a new PATCH relese whenever necessary
+
+  (every few weeks, or "ASAP" when there is a security vulnerability)
+
+- There is a new MINOR release every 3 months (approximately)
+
+- At any given time, three MINOR releases are maintained
+
+- ... Which means that MINOR releases are maintained approximately 9 months
+
+- We should expect to upgrade at least every 3 months (on average)
+
+---
+
 ## General guidelines
 
 - To update a component, use whatever was used to install it
@@ -139,73 +206,6 @@
 
 ---
 
-## Important questions
-
-- Should we upgrade the control plane before or after the kubelets?
-
-- Within the control plane, should we upgrade the API server first or last?
-
-- How often should we upgrade?
-
-- How long are versions maintained?
-
-- All the answers are in [the documentation about version skew policy](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/release/version-skew-policy/)!
-
-- Let's review the key elements together ...
-
----
-
-## Kubernetes uses semantic versioning
-
-- Kubernetes versions look like MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH; e.g. in 1.22.17:
-
-  - MAJOR = 1
-  - MINOR = 22
-  - PATCH = 17
-
-- It's always possible to mix and match different PATCH releases
-
-  (e.g. 1.22.17 and 1.22.5 are compatible)
-
-- It is recommended to run the latest PATCH release
-
-  (but it's mandatory only when there is a security advisory)
-
----
-
-## Version skew
-
-- API server must be more recent than its clients (kubelet and control plane)
-
-- ... Which means it must always be upgraded first
-
-- All components support a difference of one¹ MINOR version
-
-- This allows live upgrades (since we can mix e.g. 1.22 and 1.23)
-
-- It also means that going from 1.22 to 1.24 requires going through 1.23
-
-.footnote[¹Except kubelet, which can be up to two MINOR behind API server,
-and kubectl, which can be one MINOR ahead or behind API server.]
-
----
-
-## Release cycle
-
-- There is a new PATCH relese whenever necessary
-
-  (every few weeks, or "ASAP" when there is a security vulnerability)
-
-- There is a new MINOR release every 3 months (approximately)
-
-- At any given time, three MINOR releases are maintained
-
-- ... Which means that MINOR releases are maintained approximately 9 months
-
-- We should expect to upgrade at least every 3 months (on average)
-
----
-
 ## In practice
 
 - We are going to update a few cluster components
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ and kubectl, which can be one MINOR ahead or behind API server.]
   sudo vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
   ```
 
-- Look for the `image:` line, and update it to e.g. `v1.24.1`
+- Look for the `image:` line, and update it to e.g. `v1.30.1`
 
 ]
 
@@ -320,53 +320,29 @@ Note 2: kubeadm itself is still version 1.22.1..
 
 - First things first: we need to upgrade kubeadm
 
-.lab[
+- The Kubernetes package repositories are now split by minor versions
 
-- Upgrade kubeadm:
-  ```
-  sudo apt install kubeadm=1.27.0-00
-  ```
+  (i.e. there is one repository for 1.28, another for 1.29, etc.)
 
-- Check what kubeadm tells us:
-  ```
-  sudo kubeadm upgrade plan
-  ```
+- This avoids accidentally upgrading from one minor version to another
 
-]
+  (e.g. with unattended upgrades or if packages haven't been held/pinned)
 
-Problem: kubeadm doesn't know know how to handle
-upgrades from version 1.22.
-
-This is because we installed version 1.27.
-
-We need to install kubeadm version 1.23.X.
+- We'll need to add the new package repository and unpin packages!
 
 ---
 
-## Downgrading kubeadm
+## Installing the new packages
 
-- We need to go back to kubeadm version 1.23.X.
+- Edit `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list`
 
-.lab[
+  (or copy it to e.g. `kubernetes-1.29.list` and edit that)
 
-- View available versions for package `kubeadm`:
-  ```bash
-  apt show kubeadm -a | grep ^Version | grep 1.23
-  ```
+- `apt-get update`
 
-- Downgrade kubeadm:
-  ```
-  sudo apt install kubeadm=1.23.0-00
-  ```
+- Now edit (or remove) `/etc/apt/preferences.d/kubernetes`
 
-- Check what kubeadm tells us:
-  ```
-  sudo kubeadm upgrade plan
-  ```
-
-]
-
-kubeadm should now agree to upgrade to 1.23.X.
+- `apt-get install kubeadm` should now upgrade `kubeadm` correctly! 🎉
 
 ---
 
@@ -385,7 +361,7 @@ kubeadm should now agree to upgrade to 1.23.X.
 
 - Look for the `image:` line, and restore it to the original value
 
-  (e.g. `v1.22.17`)
+  (e.g. `v1.28.9`)
 
 - Wait for the control plane to come back up
 
@@ -399,9 +375,14 @@ kubeadm should now agree to upgrade to 1.23.X.
 
 .lab[
 
+- Check the upgrade plan:
+  ```bash
+  sudo kubeadm upgrade plan
+  ```
+
 - Perform the upgrade:
   ```bash
-  sudo kubeadm upgrade apply v1.23.0
+  sudo kubeadm upgrade apply v1.29.0
   ```
 
 ]
@@ -418,15 +399,9 @@ kubeadm should now agree to upgrade to 1.23.X.
 
 - Log into node `oldversion2`
 
-- View available versions for package `kubelet`:
-  ```bash
-  apt show kubelet -a | grep ^Version
-  ```
+- Update package lists and APT pins like we did before
 
-- Upgrade kubelet:
-  ```bash
-  sudo apt install kubelet=1.23.0-00
-  ```
+- Then upgrade kubelet
 
 ]
 
@@ -479,13 +454,16 @@ kubeadm should now agree to upgrade to 1.23.X.
 
 .lab[
 
-- Download the configuration on each node, and upgrade kubelet:
+- Execute the whole upgrade procedure on each node:
   ```bash
     for N in 1 2 3; do
       ssh oldversion$N "
-        sudo apt install kubeadm=1.23.0-00 &&
+        sudo sed -i s/1.28/1.29/ /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list &&
+        sudo rm /etc/apt/preferences.d/kubernetes &&
+        sudo apt update &&
+        sudo apt install kubeadm -y &&
         sudo kubeadm upgrade node &&
-        sudo apt install kubelet=1.23.0-00"
+        sudo apt install kubelet -y"
     done
   ```
 ]
@@ -494,7 +472,7 @@ kubeadm should now agree to upgrade to 1.23.X.
 
 ## Checking what we've done
 
-- All our nodes should now be updated to version 1.23.0
+- All our nodes should now be updated to version 1.29
 
 .lab[
 
@@ -507,17 +485,115 @@ kubeadm should now agree to upgrade to 1.23.X.
 
 ---
 
+## And now, was that a good idea?
+
+--
+
+**Almost!**
+
+--
+
+- The official recommendation is to *drain* a node before performing node maintenance
+
+  (migrate all workloads off the node before upgrading it)
+
+- How do we do that?
+
+- Is it really necessary?
+
+- Let's see!
+
+---
+
+## Draining a node
+
+- This can be achieved with the `kubectl drain` command, which will:
+
+  - *cordon* the node (prevent new pods from being scheduled there)
+
+  - *evict* all the pods running on the node (delete them gracefully)
+
+  - the evicted pods will automatically be recreated somewhere else
+
+  - evictions might be blocked in some cases (Pod Disruption Budgets, `emptyDir` volumes)
+
+- Once the node is drained, it can safely be upgraded, restarted...
+
+- Once it's ready, it can be put back in commission with `kubectl uncordon`
+
+---
+
+## Is it necessary?
+
+- When upgrading kubelet from one patch-level version to another:
+
+  - it's *probably fine*
+
+- When upgrading system packages:
+
+  - it's *probably fine*
+
+  - except [when it's not][datadog-systemd-outage]
+
+- When upgrading the kernel:
+
+  - it's *probably fine*
+
+  - ...as long as we can tolerate a restart of the containers on the node
+
+  - ...and that they will be unavailable for a few minutes (during the reboot)
+
+[datadog-systemd-outage]: https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/engineering/2023-03-08-deep-dive-into-platform-level-impact/
+
+---
+
+## Is it necessary?
+
+- When upgrading kubelet from one minor version to another:
+
+  - it *may or may not be fine*
+
+  - in some cases (e.g. migrating from Docker to containerd) it *will not*
+
+- Here's what [the documentation][node-upgrade-docs] says:
+
+  *Draining nodes before upgrading kubelet ensures that pods are re-admitted and containers are re-created, which may be necessary to resolve some security issues or other important bugs.*
+
+- Do it at your own risk, and if you do, test extensively in staging environments!
+
+[node-upgrade-docs]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/cluster-upgrade/#manual-deployments
+
+---
+
+## Database operators to the rescue
+
+- Moving stateful pods (e.g.: database server) can cause downtime
+
+- Database replication can help:
+
+  - if a node contains database servers, we make sure these servers aren't primaries
+
+  - if they are primaries, we execute a *switch over*
+
+- Some database operators (e.g. [CNPG]) will do that switch over automatically
+
+  (when they detect that a node has been *cordoned*)
+
+[CNPG]: https://cloudnative-pg.io/
+
+---
+
 class: extra-details
 
 ## Skipping versions
 
-- This example worked because we went from 1.22 to 1.23
+- This example worked because we went from 1.28 to 1.29
 
-- If you are upgrading from e.g. 1.21, you will have to go through 1.22 first
+- If you are upgrading from e.g. 1.26, you will have to go through 1.27 first
 
-- This means upgrading kubeadm to 1.22.X, then using it to upgrade the cluster
+- This means upgrading kubeadm to 1.27.X, then using it to upgrade the cluster
 
-- Then upgrading kubeadm to 1.23.X, etc.
+- Then upgrading kubeadm to 1.28.X, etc.
 
 - **Make sure to read the release notes before upgrading!**
 

slides/k8s/consul.md

@@ -225,4 +225,4 @@ consul agent -data-dir=/consul/data -client=0.0.0.0 -server -ui \
 :EN:- Scheduling pods together or separately
 :EN:- Example: deploying a Consul cluster
 :FR:- Lancer des pods ensemble ou séparément
-:FR:- Example : lancer un cluster Consul
+:FR:- Exemple : lancer un cluster Consul