Add course conclusion

slides/k8s/lastwords-admin.md

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+# What's next?
+
+- Congratulations!
+
+- We learned a lot about Kubernetes, its internals, its advanced concepts
+
+--
+
+- That was just the easy part
+
+- The hard challenges will revolve around *culture* and *people*
+
+--
+
+- ... What does that mean?
+
+---
+
+## Running an app involves many steps
+
+- Write the app
+
+- Tests, QA ...
+
+- Ship *something* (more on that later)
+
+- Provision resources (e.g. VMs, clusters)
+
+- Deploy the *something* on the resources
+
+- Manage, maintain, monitor the resources
+
+- Manage, maintain, monitor the app
+
+- And much more
+
+---
+
+## Who does what?
+
+- The old "devs vs ops" division has changed
+
+- In some organizations, "ops" are now called "SRE" or "platform" teams
+
+  (and they have very different sets of skills)
+
+- Do you know which team is responsible for each item on the list on the previous page?
+
+- Acknowledge that a lot of tasks are outsourced
+
+  (e.g. if we add "buy / rack / provision machines" in that list)
+
+---
+
+## What do we ship?
+
+- Some organizations embrace "you build it, you run it"
+
+- When "build" and "run" are owned by different teams, where's the line?
+
+- What does the "build" team ship to the "run" team?
+
+- Let's see a few options, and what they imply
+
+---
+
+## Shipping code
+
+- Team "build" ships code
+
+  (hopefully in a repository, identified by a commit hash)
+
+- Team "run" containerizes that code
+
+✔️ no extra work for developers
+
+❌ very little advantage of using containers
+
+---
+
+## Shipping container images
+
+- Team "build" ships container images
+
+  (hopefully built automatically from a source repository)
+
+- Team "run" uses theses images to create e.g. Kubernetes resources
+
+✔️ universal artefact (support all languages uniformly)
+
+✔️ easy to start a single component (good for monoliths)
+
+❌ complex applications will require a lot of extra work
+
+❌ adding/removing components in the stack also requires extra work
+
+❌ complex applications will run very differently between dev and prod
+
+---
+
+## Shipping Compose files
+
+(Or another kind of dev-centric manifest)
+
+- Team "build" ships a manifest that works on a single node
+
+  (as well as images, or ways to build them)
+
+- Team "run" adapts that manifest to work on a cluster
+
+✔️ all teams can start the stack in a reliable, deterministic manner
+
+❌ adding/removing components still requires *some* work (but less than before)
+
+❌ there will be *some* differences between dev and prod
+
+---
+
+## Shipping Kubernetes manifests
+
+- Team "build" ships ready-to-run manifests
+
+  (YAML, Helm Charts, Kustomize ...)
+
+- Team "run" adjusts some parameters and monitors the application 
+
+✔️ parity between dev and prod environments
+
+✔️ "run" team can focus on SLAs, SLOs, and overall quality
+
+❌ requires *a lot* of extra work (and new skills) from the "build" team
+
+❌ Kubernetes is not a very convenient development platform (at least, not yet)
+
+---
+
+## What's the right answer?
+
+- It depends on our teams
+
+  - existing skills (do they know how to do it?)
+
+  - availability (do they have the time to do it?)
+
+  - potential skills (can they learn to do it?)
+
+- It depends on our culture
+
+  - owning "run" often implies being on call
+
+  - do we reward on-call duty without encouraging hero syndrome?
+
+  - do we give resources (time, money) to people to learn?
+
+---
+
+class: extra-details
+
+## Tools to develop on Kubernetes
+
+*If we decide to make Kubernetes the primary development platform, here
+are a few tools that can help us.*
+
+- Docker Desktop
+
+- Draft
+
+- Minikube
+
+- Skaffold
+
+- Tilt
+
+- ...
+
+---
+
+## Where do we run?
+
+- Managed vs. self-hosted
+
+- Cloud vs. on-premises
+
+- If cloud: public vs. private
+
+- Which vendor / distribution to pick?
+
+- Which versions / features to enable?
+
+---
+
+## Some guidelines
+
+- Start small
+
+- Outsource what we don't know
+
+- Start simple, and stay simple as long as possible
+
+  (try to stay away from complex features that we don't need)
+
+- Automate
+
+  (regularly check that we can successfully redeploy by following scripts)
+
+- Transfer knowledge
+
+  (make sure everyone is on the same page / same level)
+
+- Iterate!