awesome-kubernetes/v2-docs/aws-databases.md

# AWS RDS Databases

!!! info "Architectural Context"
    Detailed reference for AWS RDS Databases in the context of Cloud Providers (Hyperscalers).

## Standard Reference

  - [Why Support of PostgreSQL 9.5 by Amazon RDS is Such Great News](http://blog.rubyroidlabs.com/2016/04/postgresql-9-5)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span>
  - [Creating a DB Instance Running the Oracle Database Engine](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_CreateOracleInstance.html)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span>
  - [Creating an AWS Schema Conversion Tool Project](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/SchemaConversionTool/latest/userguide/CHAP_SchemaConversionTool.Converting.CreateProject.html)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span>
  - [Partitioning MySQL on RDS: "How We Partitioned Airbnb’s Main Database in' Two Weeks](https://medium.com/airbnb-engineering/how-we-partitioned-airbnb-s-main-database-in-two-weeks-55f7e006ff21)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span>
  - [medium: AWS Backup Service for Amazon RDS](https://medium.com/avmconsulting-blog/aws-backup-service-for-amazon-rds-3e6f5827aa66)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span>

## Cloud Infrastructure

### AWS Databases

#### Amazon Aurora

  - [Introducing the Aurora Storage Engine](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/introducing-the-aurora-storage-engine) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — An architectural deep-dive into the specialized, log-structured distributed storage engine of Amazon Aurora. Details how it decouples computing from database storage, replicating blocks six ways across three availability zones.
#### Amazon RDS

  - **(2026)** [==Working with PostgreSQL, MySQL, and MariaDB Read Replicas - Amazon==](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_ReadRepl.html) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span> <span class='md-tag md-tag--primary'>[DOCUMENTATION]</span> 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--success'>[DE FACTO STANDARD]</span> — Exhaustive official guide detailing the design, limits, and monitoring of read-replicas for open-source engines in AWS RDS. Covers cross-region replication strategies and promoting a replica to master during failovers.
  - **(2026)** [==Working with an Amazon RDS DB Instance in a VPC==](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_VPC.WorkingWithRDSInstanceinaVPC.html) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span> <span class='md-tag md-tag--primary'>[DOCUMENTATION]</span> 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--success'>[DE FACTO STANDARD]</span> — The foundational AWS RDS VPC networking architecture reference. Analyzes subnet group designations, public versus private access configurations, and network isolation topologies for secure DB hosting.
  - **(2026)** [**Tutorial: Restoring a DB Instance from a DB Snapshot**](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/CHAP_Tutorials.RestoringFromSnapshot.html) <span class='md-tag md-tag--primary'>[DOCUMENTATION]</span> 🌟🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Official Amazon RDS guide for restoring database environments from snapshots. Details parameter group mappings, VPC/Subnet target assignments, and DB engine storage allocation shifts during reconstruction.
  - **(2026)** [**AWS Tutorials: Create and Connect to a MySQL Database with Amazon RDS**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/hands-on/latest/create-mysql-db/create-mysql-db.html) <span class='md-tag md-tag--primary'>[DOCUMENTATION]</span> 🌟🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — A beginner-to-intermediate hands-on tutorial for launching a MySQL DB instance inside AWS RDS. Walks through security group access policies, DB engine parameters, and application tier connectivity patterns.
  - [Amazon RDS for SQL Server – Support for Windows Authentication](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-rds-for-sql-server-support-for-windows-authentication) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Explains integration patterns between Amazon RDS for SQL Server and AWS Directory Service (Active Directory). Enables Windows-based enterprise authentication profiles directly inside cloud-hosted relational DBs.
  - [besanttechnologies.com: AWS – Relational Database Service](https://www.besanttechnologies.com/amazon-web-services-relational-database)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — A training tutorial covering basic relational database concepts in the cloud. Outlines AWS RDS automated provisioning, scaling limits, backup automation cycles, and failover mechanics.
  - [sysadminxpert.com: How to Enable Slow Query Logs in AWS RDS MySQL](https://sysadminxpert.com/how-to-enable-slow-query-logs-in-aws-rds-mysql)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Explains DB Parameter Group configurations required to identify slow queries in RDS MySQL. Details the collection of metrics, mapping to CloudWatch Logs, and performance fine-tuning tactics.
#### Enterprise Migrations

  - [Oracle Database on the AWS Cloud: Quick Start Reference Deployment](https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2016/10/oracle-database-on-the-aws-cloud-quick-start-reference-deployment) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Announcement and reference guide for launching highly available Oracle Database setups on AWS. Provides pre-built CloudFormation architectures mapping storage configurations and licensing models (BYOL).
### Database Migration

#### Data Replication

  - [AWS Database Migration Service](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/aws-database-migration-service) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[LEGACY]</span> — Curator Insight introduces AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) as a flexible solution for database consolidation and migration. Live Grounding verifies its operational stability for continuous change data capture (CDC) and schema translation with minimal downtime. It remains a crucial component for large-scale legacy-to-cloud modernization programs.
#### Legacy Releases

  - **(2016)** [AWS Schema Conversion Tool now supports PostgreSQL as conversion target](http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2016/01/aws-schema-conversion-tool-postgresql-support) 🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight chronicles the historical release when AWS SCT introduced target support for Amazon RDS PostgreSQL. Live Grounding indicates that this addition laid the groundwork for open-source migrations of commercial PL/SQL and T-SQL. Included for tracing AWS ecosystem historical growth.
  - [AWS Schema Conversion Tool now supports conversions from Oracle DW and Teradata to Amazon Redshift, Embedded Code Conversion, and Cloud native Code Optimization](https://aws.amazon.com/es/about-aws/whats-new/2016/07/aws-schema-conversion-tool-now-supports-conversions-from-oracle-dw-and-teradata-to-amazon-redshift-embedded-code-conversion-and-cloud-native-code-optimization) <span class='md-tag md-tag--warning'>[SPANISH CONTENT]</span> <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[LEGACY]</span> — Curator Insight announces legacy enhancements to AWS SCT, focusing on target conversions to Amazon Redshift. Live Grounding confirms this enabled automation for migrating complex on-premises data warehouses like Teradata and Oracle DW to modern cloud analytics warehouses. [SPANISH CONTENT]
#### Multi-Region Storage

  - [Replicate and transform data in Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL across multiple Regions using AWS DMS](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/replicate-and-transform-data-in-amazon-aurora-postgresql-across-multiple-regions-using-aws-dms) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight explains complex data replication and real-time schema transformations using AWS DMS across geographic zones. Live Grounding demonstrates how DMS filters and manipulates streaming CDC events to populate distinct regional schemas. An advanced implementation reference for global multi-region database architectures.
#### Oracle Migrations

  - [Migrating Oracle databases with near-zero downtime using AWS DMS](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/migrating-oracle-databases-with-near-zero-downtime-using-aws-dms) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight provides blueprint architectures for migrating enterprise-grade Oracle databases with near-zero business impact. Live Grounding details the setup of supplemental logging on Oracle sources and AWS DMS task tuning for high-throughput replication. Outstanding technical playbook for traditional database migrations.
#### Schema Conversion

  - **(2018)** [cloudacademy.com: Migrating Data to AWS Using the AWS Schema Conversion' Tool: A Preview](http://cloudacademy.com/blog/migrating-data-to-aws) 🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight offers a high-level technical evaluation of the AWS Schema Conversion Tool (SCT) workflow. Live Grounding shows its practical usefulness in identifying conversion complexity, scoring schema compatibility, and generating automated migration assessment reports. Practical resource for architecture pre-assessment.
  - [Migrating a commercial database to open source with AWS SCT and AWS DMS](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/migrating-a-commercial-database-to-open-source-with-aws-sct-and-aws-dms) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[LEGACY]</span> — Curator Insight examines how the AWS Schema Conversion Tool (SCT) pairs with DMS to automate SQL dialect conversion. Live Grounding shows that SCT translates legacy stored procedures, views, and functions to Postgres-compatible code before streaming data. Essential for teams driving cloud modernization away from costly commercial engines.
#### Whitepapers

  - **(2019)** [**Whitepaper: Migrating Your Databases to AWS**](https://aws.amazon.com/dms/?audit=2019q1) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span> 🌟🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--secondary'>[CASE STUDY]</span> <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight offers a comprehensive methodology and step-by-step guidance for planning and executing database migrations to AWS. Live Grounding reviews key architectural patterns, conversion tools (AWS SCT), and common anti-patterns. Crucial reading for enterprise modernization and cloud adoption planning.
### Databases

#### Architectural Patterns

  - [thenewstack.io: Diving into AWS Databases: Amazon RDS and DynamoDB Explained](https://thenewstack.io/diving-into-aws-databases-amazon-rds-and-dynamodb-explained)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight compares relational databases (RDS) and non-relational databases (DynamoDB) on AWS. Live Grounding emphasizes the trade-offs of relational constraints and ACID compliance against horizontal scaling and key-value performance. Recommended for architects mapping domain data requirements to cloud storage options.
#### Compliance and Security

  - [Auditing for highly regulated industries using Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/auditing-for-highly-regulated-industries-using-amazon-aurora-postgresql) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight details compliance and auditing methodologies for highly regulated sectors utilizing Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. Live Grounding confirms the deployment patterns involve pgAudit integration, AWS CloudWatch Logs, and database activity streams. It provides actionable reference designs for achieving HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and SOC compliance.
#### Deployments

  - [Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL blue/green deployment using fast database cloning](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/amazon-aurora-postgresql-blue-green-deployment-using-fast-database-cloning) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight outlines zero-downtime database upgrades utilizing Aurora PostgreSQL's fast database cloning mechanism. Live Grounding validates that the strategy leverages copy-on-write storage architecture to create isolated environments for risk-free schema testing and updates. This significantly reduces sync latency and production migration risks.
#### High Availability

  - [New Amazon RDS for MySQL & PostgreSQL Multi-AZ Deployment Option: Improved' Write Performance & Faster Failover](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-rds-multi-az-db-cluster) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight highlights the introduction of Amazon RDS Multi-AZ DB clusters designed with two readable standbys and transaction log replication. Live Grounding demonstrates write performance improvements of up to 2x alongside faster failover times (typically under 35 seconds). This architecture mitigates standard single-standby replication latency bottlenecks.
#### Hybrid Cloud and Edge

  - [New – Create Microsoft SQL Server Instances of Amazon RDS on AWS Outposts](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-create-microsoft-sql-server-instances-of-amazon-rds-on-aws-outposts)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight highlights the expansion of Amazon RDS capabilities to hybrid environments using AWS Outposts. Live Grounding verifies this enables low-latency, on-premises execution of Microsoft SQL Server workloads with cloud-style managed operations. The architecture supports local data residency while utilizing automated backups and scaling.
#### Legacy Releases (1)

  - [Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL Enhancements: Support for new minor versions,' Logical Replication, and Amazon RDS PostgreSQL as a source for AWS DMS](https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2016/09/amazon-rds-for-postgresql-enhancements-support-for-new-minor-versions-logical-replication-and-amazon-rds-postgresql-as-a-source-for-aws-dms)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight details historical native enhancements to Amazon RDS PostgreSQL, including foundational logical replication capability. Live Grounding notes that this 2016 release unlocked the capability to use RDS PostgreSQL as a source for change-data capture in AWS DMS. Included for tracing the lineage of managed PostgreSQL features.
#### Managed MySQL

  - **(2021)** [percona.com: The Benefits of Amazon RDS for MySQL](https://www.percona.com/blog/the-benefits-of-amazon-rds-for-mysql) 🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight emphasizes Percona's neutral evaluation of the trade-offs of hosting MySQL on Amazon RDS. Live Grounding confirms the study analyzes management convenience against limitations in configuration flexibility and performance tuning. Highly useful for database administrators comparing DIY cloud hosting with managed services.
#### Modernization

  - [Modernize database stored procedures to use Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL federated queries, pg_cron, and AWS Lambda](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/modernize-database-stored-procedures-to-use-amazon-aurora-postgresql-federated-queries-pg_cron-and-aws-lambda) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[LEGACY]</span> — Curator Insight details the modernization of legacy stored procedures within PostgreSQL by offloading business logic. Live Grounding shows how pg_cron scheduled jobs trigger serverless AWS Lambda functions via external federated queries. This architectural pattern untangles database compute from core transaction processing.
#### NoSQL

  - [Let’s Architect! Architecting with Amazon DynamoDB](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/lets-architect-architecting-with-amazon-dynamodb) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight presents an architectural masterclass on schema design and partitioning in Amazon DynamoDB. Live Grounding verifies the recommendations cover single-table design, global secondary indexes (GSIs), and write-sharding strategies. It is an indispensable guide for engineers building highly scalable, low-latency microservices.
#### Performance Tuning

  - [migops.com: Is Aurora PostgreSQL really faster and cheaper than RDS PostgreSQL' – Benchmarking](https://www.migops.com/blog/2021/11/26/is-aurora-postgresql-really-faster-and-cheaper-than-rds-postgresql-benchmarking) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight provides an empirical benchmarking study comparing Aurora PostgreSQL with standard RDS PostgreSQL. Live Grounding highlights that the performance gains of Aurora's shared-storage architecture are highly dependent on transaction volume and write-heavy workloads. This resource offers critical sizing and financial analysis for database architects.
#### Security

  - [Securely connect to an Amazon RDS or Amazon EC2 database instance remotely with your preferred GUI](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/securely-connect-to-an-amazon-rds-or-amazon-ec2-database-instance-remotely-with-your-preferred-gui)  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight addresses the configuration challenges of securely managing private databases remotely using visual tools. Live Grounding confirms the methodology relies on SSH tunneling, AWS Systems Manager (SSM) Session Manager, or VPC client VPN endpoints to bypass the need for public IP addresses. This aligns with zero-trust architectural principles.
#### Serverless Architecture

  - [Amazon RDS Proxy – Now Generally Available](https://aws.amazon.com/es/blogs/aws/amazon-rds-proxy-now-generally-available) <span class='md-tag md-tag--warning'>[SPANISH CONTENT]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--success'>[DE FACTO STANDARD]</span> — Curator Insight presents Amazon RDS Proxy as a managed solution to handle high database connection concurrency. Live Grounding validates that RDS Proxy multiplexes connections, bypassing the performance degradation caused by high serverless (AWS Lambda) spin-up events. A critical integration pattern for cloud-native microservices. [SPANISH CONTENT]
### Mobile Development

#### Legacy Releases (2)

  - [Easily model your app data in a NoSQL database with AWS Mobile Hub](https://aws.amazon.com/es/about-aws/whats-new/2016/06/easily-model-your-app-data-in-a-nosql-database-with-aws-mobile-hub) <span class='md-tag md-tag--warning'>[SPANISH CONTENT]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[LEGACY]</span> — Curator Insight details a legacy utility tool (AWS Mobile Hub) that assisted developers in bootstrapping NoSQL data layers. Live Grounding highlights that AWS Mobile Hub has been replaced by the more powerful AWS Amplify framework. Included for legacy archeological reference. [SPANISH CONTENT]
## Cloud Native

### Kubernetes Operators

#### Managed Databases

  - [itnext.io: Manage Redis on AWS from Kubernetes](https://itnext.io/manage-redis-on-aws-from-kubernetes-eeadba7eb889) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span>  <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[COMMUNITY-TOOL]</span> — Curator Insight describes how to manage AWS ElastiCache for Redis directly from Kubernetes. Live Grounding highlights using AWS Controllers for Kubernetes (ACK) or Crossplane to define managed Redis instances as custom resources (CRDs). This unifies stateful cloud infrastructure management within standard GitOps workflows.
## Data Engineering

### Data Warehousing

#### ELT Pipeline

  - **(2020)** [**revenuecat.com: Replicating a postgresql cluster to redshift**](https://www.revenuecat.com/blog/engineering/replicating-a-postgresql-cluster-to-redshift) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span> 🌟🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight presents RevenueCat's engineering experience replicating high-throughput transactional Postgres databases into AWS Redshift. Live Grounding evaluates the trade-offs of AWS DMS, custom streaming code, and data synchronization patterns. Offers real-world insights on scale, column-mapping issues, and operational bottlenecks.
#### Performance Tuning (1)

  - **(2021)** [**Tutorial: Tuning Table Design**](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/tutorial-tuning-tables.html) <span class='md-tag md-tag--critical'>[ADVANCED LEVEL]</span> <span class='md-tag md-tag--primary'>[DOCUMENTATION]</span> 🌟🌟🌟🌟 <span class='md-tag md-tag--info'>[ENTERPRISE-STABLE]</span> — Curator Insight provides the authoritative AWS tutorial on optimizing Amazon Redshift table structures. Live Grounding highlights deep configurations including distribution styles (KEY, ALL, EVEN), sort keys (compound vs interleaved), and compression encodings. Essential reading for data platform engineers scaling cloud-native data warehouses.

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💡 **Explore Related:** [AWS Security](./aws-security.md) | [AWS Storage](./aws-storage.md) | [AWS Backup](./aws-backup.md)