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Refactor: extract usage.md from README.md (#357)

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Hidetake Iwata
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# Usage
Kubelogin supports the following options:
```
Usage:
kubelogin get-token [flags]
Flags:
--oidc-issuer-url string Issuer URL of the provider (mandatory)
--oidc-client-id string Client ID of the provider (mandatory)
--oidc-client-secret string Client secret of the provider
--oidc-extra-scope strings Scopes to request to the provider
--token-cache-dir string Path to a directory for token cache (default "~/.kube/cache/oidc-login")
--certificate-authority string Path to a cert file for the certificate authority
--certificate-authority-data string Base64 encoded cert for the certificate authority
--insecure-skip-tls-verify If set, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure
--grant-type string Authorization grant type to use. One of (auto|authcode|authcode-keyboard|password) (default "auto")
--listen-address strings [authcode] Address to bind to the local server. If multiple addresses are set, it will try binding in order (default [127.0.0.1:8000,127.0.0.1:18000])
--skip-open-browser [authcode] Do not open the browser automatically
--open-url-after-authentication string [authcode] If set, open the URL in the browser after authentication
--oidc-redirect-url-hostname string [authcode] Hostname of the redirect URL (default "localhost")
--oidc-auth-request-extra-params stringToString [authcode, authcode-keyboard] Extra query parameters to send with an authentication request (default [])
--username string [password] Username for resource owner password credentials grant
--password string [password] Password for resource owner password credentials grant
-h, --help help for get-token
Global Flags:
--add_dir_header If true, adds the file directory to the header
--alsologtostderr log to standard error as well as files
--log_backtrace_at traceLocation when logging hits line file:N, emit a stack trace (default :0)
--log_dir string If non-empty, write log files in this directory
--log_file string If non-empty, use this log file
--log_file_max_size uint Defines the maximum size a log file can grow to. Unit is megabytes. If the value is 0, the maximum file size is unlimited. (default 1800)
--logtostderr log to standard error instead of files (default true)
--skip_headers If true, avoid header prefixes in the log messages
--skip_log_headers If true, avoid headers when opening log files
--stderrthreshold severity logs at or above this threshold go to stderr (default 2)
-v, --v Level number for the log level verbosity
--vmodule moduleSpec comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging
```
## Options
### Extra scopes
You can set the extra scopes to request to the provider by `--oidc-extra-scope`.
```yaml
- --oidc-extra-scope=email
- --oidc-extra-scope=profile
```
### CA Certificate
You can use your self-signed certificate for the provider.
```yaml
- --certificate-authority=/home/user/.kube/keycloak-ca.pem
- --certificate-authority-data=LS0t...
```
### HTTP Proxy
You can set the following environment variables if you are behind a proxy: `HTTP_PROXY`, `HTTPS_PROXY` and `NO_PROXY`.
See also [net/http#ProxyFromEnvironment](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#ProxyFromEnvironment).
## Authentication flows
Kubelogin support the following flows:
- Authorization code flow
- Authorization code flow with a keyboard
- Resource owner password credentials grant flow
### Authorization code flow
Kubelogin performs the authorization code flow by default.
It starts the local server at port 8000 or 18000 by default.
You need to register the following redirect URIs to the provider:
- `http://localhost:8000`
- `http://localhost:18000` (used if port 8000 is already in use)
You can change the listening address.
```yaml
- --listen-address=127.0.0.1:12345
- --listen-address=127.0.0.1:23456
```
You can change the hostname of redirect URI from the default value `localhost`.
```yaml
- --oidc-redirect-url-hostname=127.0.0.1
```
You can add extra parameters to the authentication request.
```yaml
- --oidc-auth-request-extra-params=ttl=86400
```
When authentication completed, kubelogin shows a message to close the browser.
You can change the URL to show after authentication.
```yaml
- --open-url-after-authentication=https://example.com/success.html
```
You can skip opening the browser if you encounter some environment problem.
```yaml
- --skip-open-browser
```
For Linux users, you change the default browser by `BROWSER` environment variable.
### Authorization code flow with a keyboard
If you cannot access the browser, instead use the authorization code flow with a keyboard.
```yaml
- --grant-type=authcode-keyboard
```
Kubelogin will show the URL and prompt.
Open the URL in the browser and then copy the code shown.
```
% kubectl get pods
Open https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?access_type=offline&client_id=...
Enter code: YOUR_CODE
```
Note that this flow uses the redirect URI `urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob` and some OIDC providers do not support it.
You can add extra parameters to the authentication request.
```yaml
- --oidc-auth-request-extra-params=ttl=86400
```
### Resource owner password credentials grant flow
Kubelogin performs the resource owner password credentials grant flow
when `--grant-type=password` or `--username` is set.
Note that most OIDC providers do not support this flow.
Keycloak supports this flow but you need to explicitly enable the "Direct Access Grants" feature in the client settings.
You can set the username and password.
```yaml
- --username=USERNAME
- --password=PASSWORD
```
If the password is not set, kubelogin will show the prompt for the password.
```yaml
- --username=USERNAME
```
```
% kubectl get pods
Password:
```
If the username is not set, kubelogin will show the prompt for the username and password.
```yaml
- --grant-type=password
```
```
% kubectl get pods
Username: foo
Password:
```
## Run in Docker
You can run [the Docker image](https://quay.io/repository/int128/kubelogin) instead of the binary.
The kubeconfig looks like:
```yaml
users:
- name: oidc
user:
exec:
apiVersion: client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1
command: docker
args:
- run
- --rm
- -v
- /tmp/.token-cache:/.token-cache
- -p
- 8000:8000
- quay.io/int128/kubelogin
- get-token
- --token-cache-dir=/.token-cache
- --listen-address=0.0.0.0:8000
- --oidc-issuer-url=ISSUER_URL
- --oidc-client-id=YOUR_CLIENT_ID
- --oidc-client-secret=YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET
```
Known limitations:
- It cannot open the browser automatically.
- The container port and listen port must be equal for consistency of the redirect URI.