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<!----></a> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/install/flagger-install-on-kubernetes.html" class="sidebar-link">On Kubernetes</a></li><li><a href="/install/flagger-install-on-google-cloud.html" class="sidebar-link">On GKE Istio</a></li><li><a href="/install/flagger-install-on-eks-appmesh.html" class="sidebar-link">On EKS App Mesh</a></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><a href="/usage/how-it-works" class="sidebar-heading clickable"><span>Usage</span> <!----></a> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/usage/how-it-works.html" class="sidebar-link">How it works</a></li><li><a href="/usage/deployment-strategies.html" class="sidebar-link">Deployment Strategies</a></li><li><a href="/usage/metrics.html" class="sidebar-link">Metrics Analysis</a></li><li><a href="/usage/webhooks.html" class="sidebar-link">Webhooks</a></li><li><a href="/usage/alerting.html" class="sidebar-link">Alerting</a></li><li><a href="/usage/monitoring.html" class="sidebar-link">Monitoring</a></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><a href="/tutorials/istio-progressive-delivery" class="sidebar-heading clickable"><span>Tutorials</span> <!----></a> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/tutorials/istio-progressive-delivery.html" class="sidebar-link">Istio Canaries</a></li><li><a href="/tutorials/istio-ab-testing.html" class="sidebar-link">Istio A/B Testing</a></li><li><a href="/tutorials/linkerd-progressive-delivery.html" class="sidebar-link">Linkerd Canaries</a></li><li><a href="/tutorials/appmesh-progressive-delivery.html" class="sidebar-link">App Mesh Canaries</a></li><li><a href="/tutorials/nginx-progressive-delivery.html" class="sidebar-link">NGINX Ingress Canaries</a></li><li><a href="/tutorials/gloo-progressive-delivery.html" class="sidebar-link">Gloo Canaries</a></li><li><a href="/tutorials/contour-progressive-delivery.html" class="sidebar-link">Contour Canaries</a></li><li><a href="/tutorials/kubernetes-blue-green.html" class="sidebar-link">Kubernetes Blue/Green</a></li><li><a href="/tutorials/canary-helm-gitops.html" class="sidebar-link">Canaries with Helm charts and GitOps</a></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><a href="/dev/dev-guide" class="sidebar-heading clickable"><span>Dev</span> <!----></a> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/dev/dev-guide.html" class="sidebar-link">Development Guide</a></li><li><a href="/dev/release-guide.html" class="sidebar-link">Release Guide</a></li><li><a href="/dev/upgrade-guide.html" class="sidebar-link">Upgrade Guide</a></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="crossover-canary-deployments"><a href="#crossover-canary-deployments" aria-hidden="true" class="header-anchor">#</a> Crossover Canary Deployments</h1> <p>This guide shows you how to use Envoy, <a href="https://github.com/mumoshu/crossover" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Crossover<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a> and Flagger to automate canary deployments.</p> <p>Crossover is a minimal Envoy xDS implementation supports <a href="https://smi-spec.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Service Mesh Interface<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>.</p> <h2 id="prerequisites"><a href="#prerequisites" aria-hidden="true" class="header-anchor">#</a> Prerequisites</h2> <p>Flagger requires a Kubernetes cluster <strong>v1.11</strong> or newer and Envoy paired with <a href="https://github.com/mumoshu/crossover" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Crossover<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a> sidecar.</p> <p>Create a test namespace:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>kubectl create ns <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Install Envoy along with the Crossover sidecar with Helm:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>helm repo <span class="token function">add</span> crossover https://mumoshu.github.io/crossover
helm upgrade --install envoy crossover/envoy <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--namespace <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
-f <span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">cat</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">EOF
smi:
apiVersions:
trafficSplits: v1alpha1
upstreams:
podinfo:
smi:
enabled: true
backends:
podinfo-primary:
port: 9898
weight: 100
podinfo-canary:
port: 9898
weight: 0
EOF</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Install Flagger and the Prometheus add-on in the same namespace as Envoy:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>helm repo <span class="token function">add</span> flagger https://flagger.app
helm upgrade -i flagger flagger/flagger <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--namespace <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--set prometheus.install<span class="token operator">=</span>true <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--set <span class="token assign-left variable">meshProvider</span><span class="token operator">=</span>smi:crossover
</code></pre></div><p>Optionally you can enable Slack notifications:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>helm upgrade -i flagger flagger/flagger <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--reuse-values <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--namespace <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--set slack.url<span class="token operator">=</span>https://hooks.slack.com/services/YOUR/SLACK/WEBHOOK <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--set slack.channel<span class="token operator">=</span>general <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--set slack.user<span class="token operator">=</span>flagger
</code></pre></div><h2 id="bootstrap"><a href="#bootstrap" aria-hidden="true" class="header-anchor">#</a> Bootstrap</h2> <p>Flagger takes a Kubernetes deployment and optionally a horizontal pod autoscaler (HPA),
then creates a series of objects (Kubernetes deployments, ClusterIP services, SMI traffic splits).
These objects expose the application on the mesh and drive the canary analysis and promotion.
There's no SMI object you need to create by yourself.</p> <p>Create a deployment and a horizontal pod autoscaler:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>kubectl apply -k github.com/weaveworks/flagger//kustomize/podinfo
</code></pre></div><p>Deploy the load testing service to generate traffic during the canary analysis:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>helm upgrade -i flagger-loadtester flagger/loadtester <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--namespace<span class="token operator">=</span>test
</code></pre></div><p>Create a canary custom resource:</p> <div class="language-yaml extra-class"><pre class="language-yaml"><code><span class="token key atrule">apiVersion</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> flagger.app/v1beta1
<span class="token key atrule">kind</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> Canary
<span class="token key atrule">metadata</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">name</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> podinfo
<span class="token key atrule">namespace</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> test
<span class="token key atrule">spec</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment"># specify mesh provider if it isn't the default one</span>
<span class="token comment"># provider: &quot;smi:crossover&quot;</span>
<span class="token comment"># deployment reference</span>
<span class="token key atrule">targetRef</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">apiVersion</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> apps/v1
<span class="token key atrule">kind</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> Deployment
<span class="token key atrule">name</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> podinfo
<span class="token comment"># the maximum time in seconds for the canary deployment</span>
<span class="token comment"># to make progress before it is rollback (default 600s)</span>
<span class="token key atrule">progressDeadlineSeconds</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">60</span>
<span class="token comment"># HPA reference (optional)</span>
<span class="token key atrule">autoscalerRef</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">apiVersion</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> autoscaling/v2beta1
<span class="token key atrule">kind</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> HorizontalPodAutoscaler
<span class="token key atrule">name</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> podinfo
<span class="token key atrule">service</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment"># ClusterIP port number</span>
<span class="token key atrule">port</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">9898</span>
<span class="token comment"># container port number or name (optional)</span>
<span class="token key atrule">targetPort</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">9898</span>
<span class="token comment"># define the canary analysis timing and KPIs</span>
<span class="token key atrule">analysis</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment"># schedule interval (default 60s)</span>
<span class="token key atrule">interval</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 1m
<span class="token comment"># max number of failed metric checks before rollback</span>
<span class="token key atrule">threshold</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
<span class="token comment"># max traffic percentage routed to canary</span>
<span class="token comment"># percentage (0-100)</span>
<span class="token key atrule">maxWeight</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">50</span>
<span class="token comment"># canary increment step</span>
<span class="token comment"># percentage (0-100)</span>
<span class="token key atrule">stepWeight</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
<span class="token comment"># App Mesh Prometheus checks</span>
<span class="token key atrule">metrics</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">-</span> <span class="token key atrule">name</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> request<span class="token punctuation">-</span>success<span class="token punctuation">-</span>rate
<span class="token comment"># minimum req success rate (non 5xx responses)</span>
<span class="token comment"># percentage (0-100)</span>
<span class="token key atrule">thresholdRange</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">min</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">99</span>
<span class="token key atrule">interval</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 1m
<span class="token punctuation">-</span> <span class="token key atrule">name</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> request<span class="token punctuation">-</span>duration
<span class="token comment"># maximum req duration P99</span>
<span class="token comment"># milliseconds</span>
<span class="token key atrule">thresholdRange</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">max</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">500</span>
<span class="token key atrule">interval</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 30s
<span class="token comment"># testing (optional)</span>
<span class="token key atrule">webhooks</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">-</span> <span class="token key atrule">name</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> acceptance<span class="token punctuation">-</span>test
<span class="token key atrule">type</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> pre<span class="token punctuation">-</span>rollout
<span class="token key atrule">url</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> http<span class="token punctuation">:</span>//flagger<span class="token punctuation">-</span>loadtester.test/
<span class="token key atrule">timeout</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 30s
<span class="token key atrule">metadata</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">type</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> bash
<span class="token key atrule">cmd</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;curl -sd 'test' http://podinfo-canary.test:9898/token | grep token&quot;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">-</span> <span class="token key atrule">name</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> load<span class="token punctuation">-</span>test
<span class="token key atrule">url</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> http<span class="token punctuation">:</span>//flagger<span class="token punctuation">-</span>loadtester.test/
<span class="token key atrule">timeout</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 5s
<span class="token key atrule">metadata</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token key atrule">cmd</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hey -z 1m -q 10 -c 2 -H 'Host: podinfo.test' http://envoy.test:10000/&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Save the above resource as podinfo-canary.yaml and then apply it:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>kubectl apply -f ./podinfo-canary.yaml
</code></pre></div><p>After a couple of seconds Flagger will create the canary objects:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># applied </span>
deployment.apps/podinfo
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/podinfo
canary.flagger.app/podinfo
<span class="token comment"># generated</span>
deployment.apps/podinfo-primary
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/podinfo-primary
service/podinfo
service/podinfo-canary
service/podinfo-primary
trafficsplits.split.smi-spec.io/podinfo
</code></pre></div><p>After the boostrap, the podinfo deployment will be scaled to zero and the traffic to <code>podinfo.test</code>
will be routed to the primary pods. During the canary analysis,
the <code>podinfo-canary.test</code> address can be used to target directly the canary pods.</p> <h2 id="automated-canary-promotion"><a href="#automated-canary-promotion" aria-hidden="true" class="header-anchor">#</a> Automated canary promotion</h2> <p>Flagger implements a control loop that gradually shifts traffic to the canary while measuring
key performance indicators like HTTP requests success rate, requests average duration and pod health.
Based on analysis of the KPIs a canary is promoted or aborted, and the analysis result is published to Slack.</p> <p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/weaveworks/flagger/master/docs/diagrams/flagger-canary-steps.png" alt="Flagger Canary Stages"></p> <p>A canary deployment is triggered by changes in any of the following objects:</p> <ul><li>Deployment PodSpec (container image, command, ports, env, resources, etc)</li> <li>ConfigMaps and Secrets mounted as volumes or mapped to environment variables</li></ul> <p>Trigger a canary deployment by updating the container image:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>kubectl -n <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> image deployment/podinfo <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">podinfod</span><span class="token operator">=</span>stefanprodan/podinfo:3.1.5
</code></pre></div><p>Flagger detects that the deployment revision changed and starts a new rollout:</p> <div class="language-text extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>kubectl -n test describe canary/podinfo
Status:
Canary Weight: 0
Failed Checks: 0
Phase: Succeeded
Events:
New revision detected! Scaling up podinfo.test
Waiting for podinfo.test rollout to finish: 0 of 1 updated replicas are available
Pre-rollout check acceptance-test passed
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 5
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 10
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 15
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 20
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 25
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 30
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 35
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 40
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 45
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 50
Copying podinfo.test template spec to podinfo-primary.test
Waiting for podinfo-primary.test rollout to finish: 1 of 2 updated replicas are available
Routing all traffic to primary
Promotion completed! Scaling down podinfo.test
</code></pre></div><p>When the canary analysis starts, Flagger will call the pre-rollout webhooks before routing traffic to the canary.</p> <p><strong>Note</strong> that if you apply new changes to the deployment during the canary analysis, Flagger will restart the analysis.</p> <p>During the analysis the canary’s progress can be monitored with Grafana.</p> <p>Flagger comes with a Grafana dashboard made for canary analysis. Install Grafana with Helm:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>helm upgrade -i flagger-grafana flagger/grafana <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--namespace<span class="token operator">=</span>test <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
--set <span class="token assign-left variable">url</span><span class="token operator">=</span>http://flagger-prometheus:9090
</code></pre></div><p>Run:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>kubectl port-forward --namespace <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> svc/flagger-grafana <span class="token number">3000</span>:80
</code></pre></div><p>The Envoy dashboard URL is <a href="http://localhost:3000/d/flagger-envoy/envoy-canary?refresh=10s&amp;orgId=1&amp;var-namespace=test&amp;var-target=podinfo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://localhost:3000/d/flagger-envoy/envoy-canary?refresh=10s&amp;orgId=1&amp;var-namespace=test&amp;var-target=podinfo<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></p> <p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/weaveworks/flagger/master/docs/screens/flagger-grafana-appmesh.png" alt="Envoy Canary Dashboard"></p> <p>You can monitor all canaries with:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">watch</span> kubectl get canaries --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME STATUS WEIGHT LASTTRANSITIONTIME
<span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> podinfo Progressing <span class="token number">15</span> <span class="token number">2019</span>-10-02T14:05:07Z
prod frontend Succeeded <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">2019</span>-10-02T16:15:07Z
prod backend Failed <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">2019</span>-10-02T17:05:07Z
</code></pre></div><p>If you’ve enabled the Slack notifications, you should receive the following messages:</p> <p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/weaveworks/flagger/master/docs/screens/slack-canary-notifications.png" alt="Flagger Slack Notifications"></p> <h2 id="automated-rollback"><a href="#automated-rollback" aria-hidden="true" class="header-anchor">#</a> Automated rollback</h2> <p>During the canary analysis you can generate HTTP 500 errors or high latency to test if Flagger pauses the rollout.</p> <p>Trigger a canary deployment:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>kubectl -n <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> image deployment/podinfo <span class="token punctuation">\</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">podinfod</span><span class="token operator">=</span>stefanprodan/podinfo:3.1.2
</code></pre></div><p>Exec into the load tester pod with:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>kubectl -n <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">exec</span> -it deploy/flagger-loadtester <span class="token function">bash</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Generate HTTP 500 errors:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>hey -z 1m -c <span class="token number">5</span> -q <span class="token number">5</span> -H <span class="token string">'Host: podinfo.test'</span> http://envoy.test:10000/status/500
</code></pre></div><p>Generate latency:</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">watch</span> -n <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token function">curl</span> -H <span class="token string">'Host: podinfo.test'</span> http://envoy.test:10000/delay/1
</code></pre></div><p>When the number of failed checks reaches the canary analysis threshold, the traffic is routed back to the primary,
the canary is scaled to zero and the rollout is marked as failed.</p> <div class="language-text extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>kubectl -n test logs deploy/flagger -f | jq .msg
New revision detected! Starting canary analysis for podinfo.test
Pre-rollout check acceptance-test passed
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 5
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 10
Advance podinfo.test canary weight 15
Halt podinfo.test advancement success rate 69.17% &lt; 99%
Halt podinfo.test advancement success rate 61.39% &lt; 99%
Halt podinfo.test advancement success rate 55.06% &lt; 99%
Halt podinfo.test advancement request duration 1.20s &gt; 0.5s
Halt podinfo.test advancement request duration 1.45s &gt; 0.5s
Rolling back podinfo.test failed checks threshold reached 5
Canary failed! Scaling down podinfo.test
</code></pre></div><p>If you’ve enabled the Slack notifications, you’ll receive a message if the progress deadline is exceeded,
or if the analysis reached the maximum number of failed checks:</p> <p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/weaveworks/flagger/master/docs/screens/slack-canary-failed.png" alt="Flagger Slack Notifications"></p></div> <footer class="page-edit"><!----> <!----></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"></div></div>
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