New Relic Gerry version (day 1)

slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md

@@ -100,7 +100,11 @@ _We will give more details about namespaces and cgroups later._
 * But it is easier to use `docker exec`.
 
 ```bash
-$ docker exec -ti ticktock sh
+$ docker ps -lq       # Get Last Container ID
+17e4e95e2702
+$ docker exec 17
+
+$ docker exec -ti $(docker ps -lq) sh  # bash-fu version
 ```
 
 * This creates a new process (running `sh`) _inside_ the container.

slides/containers/High_Level_View.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+
+class: title
+
+# High Level Discussion
+
+![image](images/title-understanding-docker-images.png)
+
+---
+
+## White Board Topics  
+
+* What is the real problem that containers solve?
+* What are the inputs to a Unix Process?
+* What is the init Process?
+* Userland vs Kernel
+* The Root File System
+* What is an Overlay File System?
+* Wrapping it all up to represent a container image
+* Deploying Container images
+

slides/containers/Macro_View.md

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+
+
+class: title
+
+# A Macroscopic View
+
+---
+
+## Macroscopic Items
+
+* The business case for containers
+
+* The problem containers are solving
+
+* What applications need
+
+* What is the OS doing provides?
+
+---
+
+## What do CIOs worry about?
+
+Who are the CIO's customers?
+
+* Business Units: Need Computers to Run Applications
+  * Peak Capacity
+
+* CFO: Demanding Budget Justifications
+  * Spend Less
+
+---
+
+## History of Solutions
+
+For Each Business Application Buy a Machine
+
+* Buy a machine for each application
+
+  * Big enough for Peak Load (CPU, Memory, Disk)
+  
+The Age of VMs
+
+* Buy bigger machines and chop them up into logical machines
+
+  * Distribute your applications as VMs theses machines
+
+* Observe what and when the application load  actually is
+
+  * Possibly rebalance be to inform possibly moving
+
+But Maintaining Machines (Bare Metal or VM) is hard (Patches, Packages, Drivers, etc)
+
+---
+
+## What Developers and Ops worry about
+
+* Getting Software deployed
+
+* Mysterious reasons why deployed application doesn't work
+
+    * Developer to Ops:
+
+        * "Hey it works on my development machine..."
+        
+        * "I don't know why it isn't working for ***you***"
+
+        * "Everything ***looks*** the same"
+
+        * "I have no idea what could be different"  
+
+---
+
+## The History of Software Deployment
+
+Software Deployment is just a reproducible way to install files:
+
+* Cards
+
+* Tapes
+
+* Floppy Disks
+
+* Zip/Tar Files
+
+* Installation "Files" (rpm/deb/msi)
+
+* VM Images
+
+---
+
+## What is the Problem Containers are Solving?
+
+It depends on who you are:
+
+  * For the CIO: Better resource utilization
+
+  * For Ops: Software Distribution
+  
+  * For the Developer & Ops: Reproducible Environment
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+Ummm, but what exactly are containers....
+
+  * Wait a few more slides...
+
+---
+
+## Macroscopic view: Applications and the OS
+
+Applications:
+
+* What are the inputs/outputs to a program?
+
+The OS:
+
+* What does the OS provide?
+
+---
+
+## What are the inputs/outputs to a program?
+
+Explicitly:
+* Command Line Arguments
+* Environment Variables
+* Standard In
+* Standard Out/Err
+
+Implicitly (via the File System):
+
+* Configuration Files
+* Other Installed Applications
+* Any other files
+
+Also Implicitly
+
+* Memory
+* Network
+
+    
+---
+
+
+## What does the OS provide?
+
+* OS Kernel
+    * Kernel loded at boot time
+        * Sets up disk drives, network cards, other hardware, etc
+        * Manages all hardware, processes, memory, etc
+    * Kernel Space
+        * Low level innards of Kernel (fluid internal API)
+        * No direct access by applications of most Kernel functionality
+
+
+* User Space (userland) Processes
+    * Code running outside the Kernel
+    * Very stable shim library access from User Space to Kernel Space (Think "fopen")
+
+* The "init" Process
+    * User Space Process run after Kernel has booted
+    * Always PID 1
+
+---
+
+## OS Processes
+
+* Created when an application is launched
+    *  Each has a unique Process ID (PID)
+
+* Provides it its own logical 'view' of all implicit inputs/output when launching app
+    * File System ( root directory, / )
+    * Memory
+    * Network Adaptors
+    * Other running processes
+
+---
+
+## What do we mean by "The OS"
+
+Different Linux's
+
+* Ubuntu / Debian; Centos / RHEL; Raspberry Pi; etc
+
+What do they have in common?
+
+* They all have a kernel that provides access to Userland (ie fopen)
+
+* They typically have all the commands (bash, sh, ls, grep, ...)
+
+What may be different?
+
+* May use different versions of the Kernel (4.18, 5.4, ...)
+    * Internally different, but providing same Userland API
+
+* Many other bundled commands, packages and package management tools
+    * Namely what makes it 'Debian' vs 'Centos'
+
+---
+
+## What might a 'Minimal' Linux be?
+
+You could actually just have:
+
+* A Linux Kernel
+
+* An application (for simplicity a statically linked C program)
+
+* The kernel configured to run that application as its 'init' process
+
+Would you ever do this?
+
+* Why not? 
+
+    * It certainly would be very secure
+    
+---
+
+## So Finally... What are Containers?
+
+Containers just a Linux process that 'thinks' it is it's own machine
+
+* With its own 'view' of things like:
+    * File System ( root directory, / ), Memory, Network Adaptors, Other running processes
+
+* Leverages our understanding that a (logical) Linux Machine is 
+    * A kernel
+    * A bunch of files ( Maybe a few Environment Variables )
+
+Since it is a process running on a host machine
+
+* It uses the kernel of the host machine
+* And of course you need some tools to create the running container process
+
+---
+
+## Container Runtimes and Container Images
+
+The Linux kernel actually has no concept of a container.
+
+* There have been many 'container' technologies
+
+* See [A Brief History of containers: From the 1970's till now](https://blog.aquasec.com/a-brief-history-of-containers-from-1970s-chroot-to-docker-2016)
+
+* Over the years more capabilities have been added to the kernel to make it easier
+
+<BR>
+A 'Container technology' is:
+
+* A Container Image Format of the unit of software deployment
+    * A bundle of all the files and miscellaneous configuration 
+
+* A Container Runtime Engine
+    * Software that takes a Container Image and creates a running container
+
+---
+
+## The Container Runtime War is now Over
+
+The Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) has standardized containers
+
+* A standard container image format
+
+* A standard for building and configuring container runtimes
+
+* A standard REST API for loading/downloading container image to a registries 
+
+There primary Container Runtimes are:
+
+* containerd: using the 'docker' Command Line Interface (or Kubernetes)
+
+* CRI-O: using the 'podman' Command Line Interface (or Kubernetes/OpenShift)
+
+* Others exists, for example Singularity which has a history in HPC
+
+---
+
+## Linux Namespaces Makes Containers Possible
+
+- Provide processes with their own isolated view of the system.
+
+    - Namespaces limit what you can see (and therefore, what you can use).
+
+- These namespaces are available in modern kernels:
+
+  - pid: processes
+  - net: network
+  - mnt: root file system (ie chroot)
+  - uts: hostname
+  - ipc
+  - user: UID/GID mapping
+  - time: time
+  - cgroup: Resource Monitoring and Limiting
+
+- Each process belongs to one namespace of each type.
+
+---
+
+## Namespaces are always active
+
+- Namespaces exist even when you don't use containers.
+
+- This is a bit similar to the UID field in UNIX processes:
+
+  - all processes have the UID field, even if no user exists on the system
+
+  - the field always has a value / the value is always defined
+    <br/>
+    (i.e. any process running on the system has some UID)
+
+  - the value of the UID field is used when checking permissions
+    <br/>
+    (the UID field determines which resources the process can access)
+
+- You can replace "UID field" with "namespace" above and it still works!
+
+- In other words: even when you don't use containers,
+  <br/>there is one namespace of each type, containing all the processes on the system.
+

slides/containers/Training_Environment_And_Tmux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+
+class: title
+
+# Our training environment
+
+![SSH terminal](images/title-our-training-environment.jpg)
+
+
+---
+
+class: in-person
+
+## Connecting to your Virtual Machine
+
+You need an SSH client.
+
+* On OS X, Linux, and other UNIX systems, just use `ssh`:
+
+```bash
+$ ssh <login>@<ip-address>
+```
+
+* On Windows, if you don't have an SSH client, you can download:
+
+  * Putty (www.putty.org)
+
+  * Git BASH (https://git-for-windows.github.io/)
+
+  * MobaXterm (https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/)
+  
+---
+
+class: in-person
+
+## Connecting to our lab environment
+
+.lab[
+
+- Log into your VM with your SSH client:
+  ```bash
+  ssh `user`@`A.B.C.D`
+  ```
+
+  (Replace `user` and `A.B.C.D` with the user and IP address provided to you)
+
+
+]
+
+You should see a prompt looking like this:
+```
+[A.B.C.D] (...) user@node1 ~
+$
+```
+If anything goes wrong — ask for help!
+
+---
+## Our Docker VM
+
+About the Lab VM
+
+- The VM is created just before the training.
+
+- It will stay up during the whole training.
+
+- It will be destroyed shortly after the training.
+
+- It comes pre-loaded with Docker and some other useful tools.
+
+---
+
+## Why don't we run Docker locally?
+
+- I can log into your VMs to help you with labs
+
+- Installing docker is out of the scope of this class (lots of online docs)
+
+    - It's better to spend time learning containers than fiddling with the installer!
+
+---
+class: in-person
+
+## `tailhist`
+
+- The shell history of the instructor is available online in real time
+
+- Note the IP address of the instructor's virtual machine (A.B.C.D)
+
+- Open http://A.B.C.D:1088 in your browser and you should see the history
+
+- The history is updated in real time  (using a WebSocket connection)
+
+- It should be green when the WebSocket is connected
+
+  (if it turns red, reloading the page should fix it)
+
+- If you want to play with it on your lab machine, tailhist is installed
+
+    - sudo apt install firewalld
+    - sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=1088/tcp
+---
+
+## Checking your Virtual Machine
+
+Once logged in, make sure that you can run a basic Docker command:
+
+.small[
+```bash
+$ docker version
+Client:
+ Version:       18.03.0-ce
+ API version:   1.37
+ Go version:    go1.9.4
+ Git commit:    0520e24
+ Built:         Wed Mar 21 23:10:06 2018
+ OS/Arch:       linux/amd64
+ Experimental:  false
+ Orchestrator:  swarm
+
+Server:
+ Engine:
+  Version:      18.03.0-ce
+  API version:  1.37 (minimum version 1.12)
+  Go version:   go1.9.4
+  Git commit:   0520e24
+  Built:        Wed Mar 21 23:08:35 2018
+  OS/Arch:      linux/amd64
+  Experimental: false
+```
+]
+
+If this doesn't work, raise your hand so that an instructor can assist you!
+
+???
+
+:EN:Container concepts
+:FR:Premier contact avec les conteneurs
+
+:EN:- What's a container engine?
+:FR:- Qu'est-ce qu'un *container engine* ?
+
+
+---
+
+## Doing or re-doing the workshop on your own?
+
+- Use something like
+  [Play-With-Docker](http://play-with-docker.com/) or
+  [Play-With-Kubernetes](https://training.play-with-kubernetes.com/)
+
+  Zero setup effort; but environment are short-lived and
+  might have limited resources
+
+- Create your own cluster (local or cloud VMs)
+
+  Small setup effort; small cost; flexible environments
+
+- Create a bunch of clusters for you and your friends
+    ([instructions](https://@@GITREPO@@/tree/master/prepare-vms))
+
+  Bigger setup effort; ideal for group training
+
+---
+
+class: self-paced
+
+## Get your own Docker nodes
+
+- If you already have some Docker nodes: great!
+
+- If not: let's get some thanks to Play-With-Docker
+
+.lab[
+
+- Go to http://www.play-with-docker.com/
+
+- Log in
+
+- Create your first node
+
+<!-- ```open http://www.play-with-docker.com/``` -->
+
+]
+
+You will need a Docker ID to use Play-With-Docker.
+
+(Creating a Docker ID is free.)
+
+---
+
+## Terminals
+
+Once in a while, the instructions will say:
+<br/>"Open a new terminal."
+
+There are multiple ways to do this:
+
+- create a new window or tab on your machine, and SSH into the VM;
+
+- use screen or tmux on the VM and open a new window from there.
+
+You are welcome to use the method that you feel the most comfortable with.
+
+---
+
+## Tmux cheat sheet
+
+[Tmux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmux) is a terminal multiplexer like `screen`.
+
+*You don't have to use it or even know about it to follow along.
+<br/>
+But some of us like to use it to switch between terminals.
+<br/>
+It has been preinstalled on your workshop nodes.*
+
+- Ctrl-b c → creates a new window
+- Ctrl-b n → go to next window
+- Ctrl-b p → go to previous window
+- Ctrl-b " → split window top/bottom
+- Ctrl-b % → split window left/right
+- Ctrl-b Alt-1 → rearrange windows in columns
+- Ctrl-b Alt-2 → rearrange windows in rows
+- Ctrl-b arrows → navigate to other windows
+- Ctrl-b d → detach session
+- tmux attach → re-attach to session

slides/containers/Understanding_Images.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+
+
+```bash
+$ docker run -it debian
+root@ef22f9437171:/# apt-get update
+
+root@ef22f9437171:/# apt-get install skopeo
+
+root@ef22f9437171:/# apt-get wget curl jq
+
+root@ef22f9437171:/# skopeo login docker.io -u containertraining -p testaccount
+
+$ docker commit $(docker ps -lq) skop
+```
+
+```bash
+root@0ab665194c4f:~# skopeo copy docker://docker.io/containertraining/test-image-0 dir:/root/test-image-0
+root@0ab665194c4f:~# cd /root/test-image-0
+root@0ab665194c4f:~# jq <manifest.json .layers[].digest
+```
+
+
+Stuff in Exploring-images
+    image-test-0/1/2 + jpg
+
+
+

slides/containers/exploring-images/Dockerfile.test-image-0

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+FROM busybox
+
+ADD verifyImageFiles.sh /
+
+WORKDIR /play
+
+RUN echo "== LAYER 0 ==" && \
+    echo "A is for Aardvark" >A && \
+    echo "B is for Beetle" >B && \
+    mkdir C/ && \
+    echo "A is for Cowboy Allan" >C/CA && \
+    mkdir -p C/CB && \
+    echo "A is for Cowboy Buffalo Alex" >C/CB/CBA && \
+    echo "B is for Cowboy Buffalo Bill" >C/CB/CBB && \
+    echo "Z is for Cowboy Zeke" >> C/CZ && \
+    mkdir D/ && \
+    echo "A is for Detective Alisha" >D/DA && \
+    echo "B is for Detective Betty" >D/DB && \
+    echo "E is for Elephant" >E && \
+    find . >../state.layer-0

slides/containers/exploring-images/Dockerfile.test-image-1

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+FROM test-image-0
+
+WORKDIR /play
+   
+RUN echo "== LAYER 1 ==  Change File B, Create File C/CC, Add Dir C/CD, Remove File E, Create Dir F, Add File G, Create Empty Dir H" && \
+    echo "B is for Butterfly" >B && \
+    echo "C is for Cowboy Chuck">C/CC && \
+    mkdir -p C/CD && \
+    echo "A is for Cowboy Dandy Austin" >C/CD/CDA && \
+    rm E && \
+    mkdir F && \
+    echo "A is for Ferret Albert" >F/FA  && \
+    echo "G is for Gorilla" >G && \
+    mkdir H && \
+    find . >../state.layer-1 
+
+

slides/containers/exploring-images/Dockerfile.test-image-2

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+FROM test-image-1
+
+WORKDIR /play
+
+RUN echo "== LAYER 2 ==  Remove File C/CA, Remove Dir G, Remove Dir D / Replace with new Dir D, Remove Dir C/CB, Remove Dir C/CB, Remove Dir F, Add File G, Remove Dir H / Create File H" && \
+    rm C/CA  && \
+    rm -rf C/CB && \
+    echo "Z is for Cowboy Zoe" >> CZ && \
+    rm -rf D && \
+    mkdir -p D && \
+    echo "A is for Duplicitous Albatros" >D/DA && \
+    rm -rf F && \
+    rm G && \
+    echo "G is for Geccos" >G && \
+    rmdir H \
+    echo "H is for Human" >H && \
+    find . >../state.layer-2
+

slides/containers/exploring-images/testplan.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+clear
+
+baseDir=$(pwd)
+
+rm -rf /tmp/exploringImags
+
+mkdir -p /tmp/exploringImags
+
+cd /tmp/exploringImags
+
+
+echo "== LAYER 0 =="
+
+echo "A is for Aardvark" >A
+echo "B is for Beetle" >B
+
+mkdir C/
+echo "A is for Cowboy Allan" >C/CA
+
+mkdir -p C/CB
+echo "A is for Cowboy Buffalo Alex" >C/CB/CBA
+echo "B is for Cowboy Buffalo Bill" >C/CB/CBB
+
+echo "Z is for Cowboy Zeke" >C/CZ
+
+mkdir D/
+echo "A is for Detective Alisha" >D/DA
+echo "B is for Detective Betty" >D/DB
+
+echo "E is for Elephant" >E
+
+find . >../state.layer-0
+tree | grep -v directories | tee ../tree.layer-0
+
+$baseDir/verifyImageFiles.sh 0 $(pwd)
+
+
+echo "== LAYER 1 ==  Change File B, Create File C/CC, Add Dir C/CD, Remove File E, Create Dir F, Add File G, Create Empty Dir H"
+
+echo "B is for Butterfly" >B
+
+echo "C is for Cowboy Chuck">C/CC
+
+mkdir -p C/CD
+echo "A is for Cowboy Dandy Austin" >C/CD/CDA
+
+rm E
+
+mkdir F
+echo "A is for Ferret Albert" >F/FA 
+
+echo "G is for Gorilla" >G
+
+mkdir H
+
+find . >../state.layer-1
+tree | grep -v directories | tee ../tree.layer-1
+
+$baseDir/verifyImageFiles.sh 1 $(pwd)
+
+
+echo "== LAYER 2 ==  Remove File C/CA, Remove Dir G, Remove Dir D Replace with new Dir D, Remove Dir C/CB, Remove Dir C/CB, Add File H/HA, Add File, Create Dir I"
+
+rm C/CA 
+
+rm -rf C/CB
+
+echo "Z is for Cowboy Zoe" >C/CZ
+
+rm -rf D
+mkdir -p D
+echo "A is for Duplicitous Albatros" >D/DA
+
+rm -rf F
+
+rm -rf G
+echo "G is for Geccos" >G
+
+rmdir H
+echo "H is for Human" >H
+
+
+find . >../state.layer-2
+tree | grep -v directories | tee ../tree.layer-2
+
+$baseDir/verifyImageFiles.sh 2 $(pwd)
+

slides/containers/exploring-images/verifyImageFiles.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+
+fileContentsCompare() {
+    layer=$1
+    text=$2
+    file=$(pwd)/$3
+
+    if [ -f "$file" ]; then
+
+        fileContents=$(cat $file)
+
+        if [ "$fileContents" != "$text" ]; then
+            echo In Layer $layer Unexpected contents in file: $file
+            echo -- Contents: $fileContents
+            echo -- Expected: $text
+        fi
+    else 
+        echo Missing File $file in Layer $layer
+    fi
+}
+
+checkLayer() {
+    layer=$1
+
+    find . >/tmp/state
+
+
+    if [[ $(diff /tmp/state $targetDir/../state.layer-$layer) ]]; then
+      echo Directory Structure mismatch in layer: $layer 
+      diff /tmp/state $targetDir/../state.layer-$layer
+    fi
+
+    case $layer in
+        0)
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Aardvark" A
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "B is for Beetle" B
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Cowboy Allan" C/CA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Cowboy Buffalo Alex" C/CB/CBA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "B is for Cowboy Buffalo Bill" C/CB/CBB
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "Z is for Cowboy Zeke"  C/CZ
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Detective Alisha" D/DA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "B is for Detective Betty" D/DB
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "E is for Elephant" E
+            ;;
+
+        # echo "== LAYER 1 ==  Change File B, Create File C/CC, Add Dir C/CD, Remove File E, Create Dir F, Add File G, Create Empty Dir H"
+        1)
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Aardvark" A
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "B is for Butterfly" B                       ## CHANGED FILE B
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Cowboy Allan" C/CA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Cowboy Buffalo Alex" C/CB/CBA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "B is for Cowboy Buffalo Bill" C/CB/CBB
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "C is for Cowboy Chuck" C/CC                 ## ADDED FILE C/CC
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Cowboy Dandy Austin" C/CD/CDA      ## ADDED DIR C/CD, ADDED FILE C/CD/CDA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "Z is for Cowboy Zeke"  C/CZ
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Detective Alisha" D/DA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "B is for Detective Betty" D/DB
+                                                                                    ## REMOVED FILE E
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Ferret Albert" F/FA                ## ADDED DIR F, ADDED FILE F/A
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "G is for Gorilla" G                         ## ADDED G
+                                                                                    ## CREATED EMPTY DIR H
+            ;;
+
+        # echo "== LAYER 2 ==  Remove File C/CA, Remove Dir C/CB, Remove Dir C/CB, Remove Dir D Replace with new Dir D, Delete and Recreatee File G, Add File H/HA Create Dir I"
+        2)  
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Aardvark" A
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "B is for Butterfly" B
+                                                                                    ## REMOVED FILE C/CA
+                                                                                    ## REMOVED DIR C/CB
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "C is for Cowboy Chuck" C/CC
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Cowboy Dandy Austin" C/CD/CDA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "Z is for Cowboy Zoe"  C/CZ                     ## CHANGED FILE C/CZ
+                                                                                    ## REMOVE DIR D
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "A is for Duplicitous Albatros" D/DA         ## RECREATE DIR D, ADD FILE D/DA
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "G is for Geccos" G                          ## DELETED FILE G, ADDED FILE G (Implicit CHANGED)
+            fileContentsCompare $layer "H is for Human"  H                          ## ADDED FILE H
+            ;;
+
+    esac 
+}
+
+
+
+layer=$1
+targetDir=$2
+
+echo VERIFYING LAYER $layer
+
+checkLayer $layer

slides/containers/software-deployment.md

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# Container Based Software Deployment
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+
+![dummmy](containers/software-deployment/slide-1.jpg)	
+
+---
+
+class: pic
+
+
+![dummmy](containers/software-deployment/slide-2.jpg)	
+
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